INTEGRATION 2:

Under this section, we are to study the various techniques of integration by an

[ ]
n+1
x
addition to the elementary one, that is to say;∫ x n dx= +c or;
n+1

[
( ax +b )n+1
]
∫ ( ax+ b ) dx= a ( n+ 1 ) +c . these two techniques still hold for the variables in x ,
n

just that now, to reach them under integration 2 a certain approach (technique)
must have been followed. On the other hand the fundamental integrals of
trigonometrical ratios are also important that is to say notice the following results
depend on the idea “what do we differentiate to get the function in the
integral”;

a) [
∫ sinkθ dθ= −coskθ
k ] + c and ∫ coskθ dθ= [ ]
sinkθ
k
+c ,

sinkθ
b) ∫ tanθ dθ=∫ coskθ dθ
1
¿− ln ( coskθ ) +c
k

1
c) ∫ sec2 θ dθ=tanθ +c and ∫ seckθdθ= k ln ( seckθ +tankθ )+ c
d) ∫ cosecx dx=ln (tan 12 x )+ c
cosθ
e) ∫ cotθ dθ=∫ sinθ dθ ⇒ ln ( sinθ ) +c , among others are very important for
normally look at them at conclusive stages
The techniques that we look at under integration 2 are as below;
1. Change of the variable
2. Function and its derivative
3. Odd and Even powers
4. Inverse trigonometric functions (sine and cosine substitutions)
5. Partial fractions
 6. t−¿substitution
7. Integration by parts

Notice: throughout all the techniques above, we preciously keep close the
technique of differentiation keeping in it in mind that the two are reverse
processes.

Generally, under integration 2 when differentiating,

2 dy
If y=3 x −5 x +11⇒ dx =6 x−5 on cross multiplication this becomes, dy =( 6 x−5 ) dx
this is the style that is commonly used under integration 2

E.g. u=√2 x 2−3 on squaring both sides; u2=( √ 2 x 2−3 ) ⇒ u 2=2 x 2−3
2

From u2=2 x 2−3 on differentiating both sides (on the left hand side we are to respect
u and on the right hand side x )

⇒ 2 udu=4 xdx−0 Hence on reducing both sides by two,udu=2 xdx as the derivative
of ¿ √ 2 x 2−3 . Please digest that idea as we start the techniques.

CHANGE OF VARIABLE:
Change of variable is the technique in which if the integrand is in terms of x and
when letting (abbreviating) the term to differentiate on carrying out the process,
you happen to use any other letter other than the one in context( x )

Examples

1. Find the integral of ∫ x √ 2 x +1 dx

Let u=√2 x +1⇒ u2=2 x+1 ∴ on differentiating 2 udu=2 dx
2
u −1
⇒ udu=dx∧x=
2

( )
2
u −1
∴∫ x √ 2 x+1 dx=∫ ×u ×udu
2

1
¿
2
∫ u ( u −1 ) du
2 2

1
¿ ∫ ( u −u ) du
4 2
2
 [ ]
5 3
1 u u
¿ − +c
2 5 3

[ ]
5 3
1 3u −5 u
¿ +c
2 15
1
1 3
u ( 3 u −5 ) + c ; u=( 2 x +1 )
2 2
¿
30

[ ] {[ ] }
1 3 1 2
1
¿ ( 2 x+1 ) 2 × 3 ( 2 x+ 1 ) 2 −5 + c
30
3
1
¿ ( 2 x+1 )2 ( 3 ( 2 x +1 ) −5 ) +c
30
3
1 2
¿ ( 2 x+1 ) ( 6 x+ 3−5 )+ c
30
3
1 2
¿ ( 2 x+1 ) ( 6 x−2 ) +c
30
3
1
¿ ( 2 x+1 )2 ×2 × ( 3 x−1 ) +c
30
3
1
∴∫ x √ 2 x+1 dx= ( 2 x +1 ) 2 ( 3 x−1 ) +c
15

1
2. Prove that ∫ ( x +2 ) ( x−1 ) dx= 30 ( x −1 ) ( 5 x+ 13 ) +c
4 5

From L.H.S;
du
Let; u=x−1; dx =1 ; on cross multiplication, this becomesdu=dx
¿ u= x−1⇒ x=u+1
∴∫ ( x+ 2 )( x−1 ) dx=∫ ( u+1+2 ) u du
4 4

¿ ∫ ( u+3 ) u du
4

¿ ∫ ( u5 +3 u 4 ) du

[ ]
6 5
u 3u
¿ + +c
6 5

[ ]
6 5
5 u +18 u
¿ +c
30
1 5
¿ u ( 5 u+18 ) +c
30
1 5
¿ ( x−1 ) ( 5 ( x−1 ) +18 ) +c
30
1 5
¿ ( x−1 ) ( 5 x −5+18 ) +c
30
1
¿ ( x−1 )5 ( 5 x +13 )+ c As required.
30
 3. Evaluate the function ;
0

∫ √ x2 +3
x +1
dx
−3
8

Let u=√2 x +1⇒ u2=2 x+1 i . e 2udu=2 dx ⇒ udu=dx

2
u −1
And: x=
2
Notice that; when the integral has limits we perform the process of change
of limits that is to say,
x −3 0
8
u 1 1
4
To obtain u limits we substitute in u=√2 x +1

∫ x +3
dx=∫
1 ( u 2−1
2
+3 )
udu
−3 √ 2 x +1 1 u
8 4

( )
1 2
u −1+ 6
¿∫ du
1 2
4

1
1
¿ ∫ ( u +5 ) du
2
21
4

[ ]
1
1 u3
¿ +5 u
2 3 1
4

¿
1 1
2 3 [( ) (
+5 −
1 5
+
192 4 )]
¿
[
1 16 241
−
2 3 192 ]
261
¿
128

≈ 2.04 (2 dps)
 4. Prove that;
3

∫ x √ x −2 dx= 26
15
2

Let t=√ x−2 ⇒ t =x−2 ,2 tdt=dx∧x=t 2+ 2

2

x 2 3
t 0 1

L.H.S;
3 1
⇒ ∫ x √ x−2dx =∫ ( t +2 ) × t ×2 tdt
2

2 0

1
¿ 2∫ t ( t +2 ) dt
2 2

1
¿ 2∫ ( t +2 t ) dt
4 2

[ ] [( ) ]
1
t5 2 t 3 1 2
¿2 + ⇒2 + −( 0)
5 3 0 5 3

¿2
[ ( 3+10 )
15 ]
2× 13 26
¿ ⇒ as required
15 15

5. Determine;
tanx
∫ √ cos 2 x+1 dx
Let m= √1+cos 2 x ⇒ m2=1+cos 2 x , 2 mdm=−2sin 2 xdx
∴ mdm=−sin 2 xdx
tanx tanx mdm
∫ √ cos 2 x+1 dx=∫ m × −sin 2 x
tanx
¿∫ dm
−2 sinxcosx
sinx 1
¿∫ × dm
cosx −2 sinxcosx
−1
¿∫ 2
dm
2cos x
but; m2=cos 2 x +1 ⇒ m2=2 cos2 x
−1
¿∫ dm⇒ ∫ −m dm
−2
2
m

[ ]
−1
m 1
¿− + c ⇒ + c ; m=√ cos 2 x +1
−1 m

tanx 1
∴∫ dx= +c
√cos 2 x +1 √ cos 2 x+ 1
Practice questions:
3
2
1. Prove that: ∫ x √3 x−1 dx= ( 3 x−1 ) 2 ( 9 x +2 ) +c
135
3

2. Show that: ∫
1
x √ 2 x +3 dx=11.6 ; correct to one decimal place
2

cotθ
3. Find ∫ dθ
√ 1−cos 2 θ
4. Find ; ∫ x ( 3 x−2 ) dx
6

5. Determine the integrands of the following integrals;

x x−1
a) ∫ √ x−2 dx d) ∫ √ 2 x +3 dx
b) ∫ ( x−2 )5 ( x +3 )2 dx e) ∫ x √3 x−4 dx
x ( x−4 )
c) ∫ ( x−2 )2 dx

6. ∫ 2 x √2 x−1 dx Evaluate the following integrals;

1 8

a) ∫ x ( x−1 ) 4
dx
3
x +2
0 c) ∫ dx
4 5 √ 3 x −4
b) ∫ 2 x √ 4−x dx 3
2

d) ∫ ( 2 x−1 ) ( x−2 )
0 3
dx
1

Notice: Please free to pick more practice questions about change of the
variable from understanding pure mathematics
 FUNCTION AND ITS DERIVATIVE:
Under the function and derivative approach, the concept is change of a variable
however what we let or abbreviate must be the function whose derivative has
been observed to co-exist with it in the same integral as its demonstrated in the
examples below;

Examples :

1. Find;
∫ x ( x 2+1 ) dx
2

Let: u=x2 +1 this is because we notice that when we differentiate x 2 we get

the term out side that is to say x hence the whole expression containing x 2 is
abbreviated save for its positive bracket power.
2 du
Now;u=x +1 ⇒ du=2 xdx ∴ xdx= 2
⇒ ∫ x ( x +1 ) dx=∫ ( x +1 ) xdx
2 2 2 2

This is called re arranging the function and derivative before changing the
variable and it becomes;
¿ ∫ u2 ( du2 )
1
¿
2
∫ u2 du

[ ]
3
1 u 2
¿ + c ; u=x +1
2 3
1 2 3
∴∫ x ( x +1 ) dx= ( x +1 ) +c
2 2

6
2. Find ;
∫ 2 x √ x +a dx ;where a is constant
2

Notice that: this time round the function to differentiate has a fraction
power ,we can as well handle it as example 1 , however in this case its
better to abbreviate the whole term with its power inclusive as I do below;
Let u=√ x 2 +a ⇒ u 2=x 2+ a ∴2 udu=2 xdx , derivative of a is zero since it’s a
constant. On rearranging the question we generate it as;
∫ 2 x √ x 2 +a dx=∫ ( √ x 2 +a ) 2 x dx
¿ ∫ u ×2 udu
 ¿ ∫ 2 u du
2

[ ]
3 1
2u
+ c ; u=√ x +a ⇒ u=( x +a )
2 2 2
¿
3
3
2 2
¿ ( x +a ) + c
2
3
3. Show that
1 2
∫ x 3x+ 1 dx= 13 ln2
0

1 2
x dy
L.H.S¿ ∫
3 2 2
dx let; y=x +1 ⇒ dy=3 x dx ∴ x dx=
0
3
x +1 3

x 0 1
y 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x dx
∴∫ 3 dx =∫ 3
0 x +1 0 ( x +1 )

1
2 dy
3
¿∫
1
y
2
1 1
¿ ∫ dy
31 y

At this stage we have met the special function and derivative case, this is an
integral involving natural logarithms of this case;
d ( f (x ) )
thus when you look at the question we are
∫ dx dx=log e ( f (x)) +c∨ln [ f (x )]+ c
f (x)
handling, the deraivative of the denominator is the numerator that is to say;
d (x)
1 dx , back to the question ;
∫ x dx ⇒∫ x
dx=ln ( x ) +c

d( y)
2 2
1 1 1 dy
∴ ∫ dy= 3 ∫
3 1 y y
dy
1

[ ]
2
1
¿ ln ( y )
3 1

1
¿ [ ln 2−ln1 ] ; ln 1=0
3
 1 2
x 1
∴∫ 3
dx = ln 2 , as required
0 x +1 3

4. Find;
∫ sin√ √x x dx
−1
dy 1
Let y= √ x ⇒ = x 2
dx 2

1
⇒ 2 dy= dx
√x
sin √ x 1
∴∫ dx=∫ ( sin √ x ) dx
√ x √x
¿ ∫ sin y ×2 dy

¿ 2∫ ( sin y ) dy

¿ 2 [−cosy ] +c ; y=√ x

sin √ x
∴∫ dx=−2cos √ x +c
√x
5. Prove that;
2x −1
∫ dx= +c
4 ( 4 x 2−7 )
2
( 4 x −7 )
2

Let m=4 x 2−7 ⇒ dm=8 xdx

From the L.H.S;

1 4 ( 2 xdx )
¿ ∫
4 ( 4 x 2−7 )2

1 8 xdx
¿ ∫
4 ( 4 x 2−7 )2

1 dm
¿ ∫
4 m2

1
¿
4
∫ m−2 dm
 [ ]
−1
1 m 2
¿ + c ; m=4 x −7
4 −1

¿−
1
(1
4 4 x −7
2
+c ⇒
−1
4 ( 4 x 2−7 ))+c

6. Evaluate the integral

−1

∫ x 2 e− x dx
3

−x 3
2 −x 2 −x −1 3 3

Let e =u⇒ du=−3 x e dx ∴ x e dx= 3 du

x 0 −1
u 1 e
−1 e
−1
∴∫ x e dx =∫
3
2 −x
du
0 1 3

[ ]
e
−1
¿ u
3 1

−1 1
¿ [ e−1 ] ⇒ (1−e )
3 3

Practice questions:

1. Show that ;
1
∫ x ( 3 x 2+2 )
4 5
dx= ( 3 x 2+ 2 ) +c
30
2. Determine the following integrals;

a) ∫ sec2 x tanx dx h) ∫ sin x ( e cos x ) dx

b) ∫ x 2 √ x 3 +1 dx 1
i) ∫ 2 e dθ
tanθ

3 x −1
2 cos θ
c) ∫ 3 3
dx 1
( x −x +4 ) j) ∫ x −2 e x dx
∫ cos√ x√ x dx k) ∫ 2 e dx
3 x−1
d)
x
e) ∫ ( cos θ ) √sin θ dθ l) ∫ 2
dx
1+ x
3
f) ∫ 2 x ( √ 4 x 2−1 ) dx 1
m) ∫ x−1 dx
x
g) ∫ dx
√ 2 x 2−5
 2 x+3
n) ∫ x+ 2
dx

3. Evaluate the following integrals;

3
x
a) ∫ dx
2 √ x −3
2

1
2
b) x
∫ dx
0 √ 1−x 2
4

c) ∫ e−3 x dx
0
1
2
d) 2x
∫ dx
1 √ 4−x 2
3
x
e) ∫ dx
2 √ x −3
2

∫ x 1 ( x 2−1 )
4
f) dx
−1

Further examples on function and derivative;

Notice that;
x
a
a) Generally; ∫ ax dx= +c ; a is a constant
lna
x x
2 e
⇒ ∫ 2 dx = +c , ∫ e dx= + c ⇒ [ e ]+ c ; lne=1
x x x
ln 2 lne
y
13
⇒ ∫ 13 dy = +c ; among others
y
ln13
Proof or approach:
Let: u=a x applying natural logarithms on both sides;
lnu=xlna⇒ lnu=( lna ) x ; On differentiating both sides this becomes;
1 du
=( lna ) .1
u dx

du x
=( lna ) u ; u=a
dx
d ( a x) x
= (lna ) a ; dividing both sides by lna
dx

1 d (a ) x
x
=a ; introducing integral symbols both sides
( lna ) dx

1 d ( ax ) 1 d (ax )
∫ ( lna ) dx
dx=¿ ∫ a x dx ⇒
( lna )
∫ dx
dx=¿∫ a x dx ¿ ¿

1 x
⇒ ( a )=∫ a x dx
lna
x
a
∴∫ a dx =
x
+c
lna

This is true for any integral of that form:

bx
a
b) Generally ; ∫ abx dx= + c ; a∧b are constants
blna
3x 3x
2 2
⇒ ∫ 2 dx= + c ∴ ∫ 2 dx=
3x 3x
+c
3 ln 2 ln 8
−5 x
e −1 −5 x
⇒ ∫ e dx= + c ∴ ∫ e dx=
−5 x −5 x
e +c
−5 lne 5

Using the same idea in part (a); derive the general approach

Practice questions:

1. Find :
a) ∫ 5 x dx
b) ∫ e−3 x dx
c) ∫ 3 2 x dx
1
3
d) ∫ 7 4 x dx
2

∫ x 2x dx
2

e)
f) ∫ ( 2tanx ) sec2 x dx

ODD AND EVEN POWERS:

ODD POWERS;” under odd powers, we are to handle powers of sine and cosine
functions that follow the pattern / sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9…. however, at this level,
we handle not beyond 5 in this sequence.

Generally,

a) When the power is one, we follow the standard integrals of sine and cosine
functions i.e.;
∫ coskθdθ= [ sinkθ
k ]
+c and ∫ sinkθdθ=
−coskθ
k [ ]
+c ;among others of as

mentioned in the introduction of the whole topic integration.

“usage of the first three fundamental identities is very important”

Notice that: odd powers is an application of “function and its derivatives”

“this is a very important point to note”

Examples: on power 1, under power 1 we are to look at general cases and in a

special way integrals involve the factor formula.

General cases:

1. Find
a) ∫ sinθdθ
b) ∫ cosθdθ
c) ∫ tanθdθ
Solutions:

a) ∫ sinθdθ (b) ∫ cosθdθ (c) ∫ tanθdθ

sinθ
¿ [ −cosθ ] + c ¿ [ sinθ ] +c ¿∫ dθ
cosθ
−sinθ
¿−∫ dθ
cosθ
¿−¿ ( cosθ )+ c
¿∈ ( secθ ) + c
2. Integrate the following with respect to the variable in question:
a) ∫−sin3 xdx= [ cos 3 x
3 ] +c

1
¿ cos 3 x +c
3
 [ ]
1
sin ⁡( +1)
1
(
b) ∫ cos 2 x +1 dx = )
2
1
+c
2

¿ 2 sin ( 12 x +1)+ c

[ ]
7
−cos ⁡( y +3)
∫ sin ( 5 +3 ) dy=
7 5
c) +c
7
5

¿
−5
7
7
(
cos y +3 +c
5 )
1
d) ∫ tan 4 θdθ= 4 ∈( sec 4 θ ) +c
1
e) ∫ cot 3 tdt
1
cos t
3
¿∫ dt
1
sin t
3
1
¿[sin t]
3
¿ +c
1
3

[ 1
¿ 3∈ sin t +c
3 ]
Special cases:

Problems involving the factor formulae under power 1

a) Recall : sinA +sinB =2 sin ( A +2 B ) cos( A−B 2 )

cosA + cosB=2cos (
2 ) ( 2 )
A +B A−B
cos

sinA−sinB=2 cos ( ) sin (

2 )
A +B A−B
2

cosA −cosB=−2 sin (

2 )
A +B A−B
sin ⁡( )
2

Examples:

1. Integrate;
 a) ∫ sin 5 xcos 3 xdx ;since the sine function has a bigger angle ⇒addition of sines
1
→ ∫ 2 sin 5 xcos 3 xdx
2
1
¿
2
∫ ( sin 8 x+ sin 2 x ) dx
¿
2 [
1 −cos 8 x −cos 2 x
8
+
2 ]
+c

¿
2 [
−1 cos 8 x +4 cos 2 x
8 ] +c

−1
¿ [ cos 8 x +4 cos 2 x ] +c
16

∫ cos 2 θcos 2 θdθ ; product of cosines only ⇒“addition of cosines”

1 5
b)
1 5 1
¿
2
∫ 2 cos θcos θdθ
2 2

¿
1
2 ∫ ( ( )
5 1 5 1
cos + θ+ cos − θ dθ
2 2 2 2 ( ))
1
¿
2
∫ ( cos 3 θ+cos 2θ ) dθ
¿
2 [
1 sin 3θ sin 2 θ
3
+
2
+c
]
1 1
¿ sin 3 θ+ sin 2 θ+c
6 4

c) ∫ 2 sin 7 xcos 9 xdx ; cosine has a bigger angle ⇒“subtraction of sines”

¿ ∫ 2 cos 9 xsin7 xdx
¿ ∫ ( sin 16 x−sin 2 x ) dx

¿
[ −cos 16 x −cos 2 x
16
−
2 ]
+c

¿
[ 1
2
1
]
cos 2 x− cos 16 x + c
16

Evaluate;
π π
4 4
a) ∫ sin 3 θsin5 θdθ=−1
2
∫ (−2sin 5 θsin3 θ ) dθ
0 0
π
4
−1
¿ ∫ ( cos 8 θ−cos 2 θ ) dθ
2 0
 [ ]
π
−1 sin 8 θ sin 2θ 4
¿ −
2 8 2 0

[ ]
π
1 1 4
¿ sin 2 θ− sin 8θ
4 16 0

¿
[{ ( )
1
4
π 1
sin 2 × − sin 8 ×
4 16
π
4
− {0 } ( )} ]
1
¿ sin
4
π 1
− sin
2 16 ()
π
4
−0 ()
1
¿ −0
4
1
¿
4

π π
3 3

b) ∫ 2 sin 3 xcos 2 xdx=∫ ( sin 5 x+ sinx ) dx

π π
6 6

[ ]
π
−cos 5 x −cosx 3
¿ +
5 1 π
6

[ ]
π
−1 3
¿ cos 5 x−cosx
5 π
6

¿−
[{ 1
5
cos ( ) ( )} { ( ) ( )}]
5π
3
+cos
π
3
1
− cos
5
π
6
+cos
π
6

¿− [( 1 1 1
5 2 2 5 2 )(
× + − × √ +√
1 − 3 3
2 )]
¿−
[( 10 2)(
+ − √ −√
1 1 3
2 10
3
)]
¿− [ 3 2 √3
5
−
5 ]
2 √ 3−3 1 1
¿ ∴ ⇒ ( 2 √ 3−3 ) ∨ (−3+ 2 √ 3)
5 5 5

Examples on higher powers i.e. 3,5,7… ; to generally appreciate the function and
derivative and the concept under identity these examples cos 2 θ+ sin2 θ=1.

1. Integrate;
a) ∫ sin xdx
3
 ¿ ∫ sin x ∙ sinxdx
2

¿ ∫ ( 1−cos2 x ) sinxdx ;let u=cosx du=−sinxdx

⇒−du=sinxdx
¿ ∫ ( 1−u ) ∙−du 2

[ ]
3
u
¿ ∫ ( u −1 ) du⇒
2
−u +c
3
1
∴∫ sin xdx= cos x−cosx+ c
3 3
3

1
2. Integrate;∫ cos 3 xdx
5

⇒ ∫ cos 5 ( 13 x) dx =∫ (cos 31 x)∙ cos 13 xdx

4

¿∫ ¿ ¿
¿∫ ¿ ¿

Let t=sin 3 x ⇒ dt = 3 cos 3 x ⇒ 3 dt=cos 3 xdx

1 1 1 1

¿ ∫ (1−t ) ∙ 3 dt
2 2

¿ 3∫ ( 1−2 t 2+t 4 ) dt

[ ]
5
2 3 t
¿ 3 t− t + + c
3 5

[
¿ 3 sin
1
3
2
3
1
3 (1
5
1
) (
x− sin3 x + sin5 x +c
3 )]
3. Evaluate;
π
4
a) ∫ cos 3 2 ydy
0
π
4

¿ ∫ cos 2 (2 y ) ∙cos ⁡(2 y )∙ dy

0
π
4

¿ ∫ ( 1−sin2 2 y ) cos 2 y ∙ dy let u=sin 2 y

0

du
=2 cos 2 y
dy
1
du=cos 2 ydy
2
 y 0 π
4
u 0 1

1
2 1
¿ ∫ (1−u )∙ du
0 2

[ ]
1
1 1
¿ u− u3
2 3 0

¿
1
2 [( ) ]
1
1− −0
3

¿
1 2
2 3 ()
⇒
1
3

π π
2 2

b) ∫ sin 5 4 xdx= ∫ (sin4 4 x)∙ sin 4 xdx

−π −π
4 4
π
2

¿ ∫ ( sin2 4 x ) sin 4 xdx

2

−π
4
π
2

¿ ∫ ( 1−cos 2 4 x ) sin 4 x dx
2

−π

Let: y=cos 4 x ; dy =−4 sin 4 xdx ⇒ 4 dy=sin 4 xdx

4
−1

x −π π
4 2
y −1 1
1
2 2 −1
⇒ ∫ ( 1− y ) dy
−1 4
1
−1
¿ ∫
4 −1
( 1−2 y 2 + y 4 ) dy

[ ]
1
−1 2 3 y5
¿ y− y +
4 3 5 −1

¿
−1
4
2 1
3 5[( 2 1
1− + − −1+ −
3 5 )( )]
−4
¿
15
Practice Questions:
1. Find ;
 a) ∫ sin 3 2 x dx d) ∫ cos 5 θ dθ
b) ∫ cos 3 θ dθ e) ∫ sin 5 3 x dx
f) ∫ (sin 7 y ) dy
3 1
5
1
c) ∫ cos 4 x dx

2. Evaluate the following;

π π
4 4
a) ∫ cos 3 2 x dx c) ∫ sin 5 2 β dβ
o 0
π π
2 2

b) ∫ sin 3 4 x dx d) ∫ cos 5 8 θ dθ
−π −π
4 2

EVEN POWERS: under this subsection, we are to handle integrals of sine

and cosine functions raised to powers that respect the sequence; 2, 4, 6…

Concept: recall the double angle formulae under trigonometry. I.e.

cos 2 θ=cos θ−sin θ , cos 2 θ=1−2 sin θ andcos 2 θ=2 cos θ−1. Commonly we use the
2 2 2 2

2 1 2 1
pair sin2 θ and cos 2 θ are the leads ie sin θ= 2 (1−cos 2θ) and cos θ= 2 (1+cos 2θ) and
these hold for any angle i.e.
2 1
From; sin θ= 2 (1−cos 2θ)

⇒ sin
2 1
2
1
( 1 1
( ))
θ= 1−cos 2 θ = ( 1−cosθ )
2 2 2

⇒ sin
2 3
5
1
( 3 1
( )) (
6
θ= 1−cos 2 θ = 1−cos θ
2 5 2 5 )
2 1 1
⇒ sin 11θ= ( 1−cos 2 ( 11θ ) ) = ( 1−cos 22θ )
2 2

2 1 1
Hence generally; sin ( nx )= 2 ( 1−cos 2 ( nx ) )= 2 ( 1−cos 2 nx )

2 1
And from; cos θ= 2 (1+cos 2θ)

⇒ cos
2 1
3
1
( 1 1
( )) (
2
θ= 1+ cos 2 θ = 1+ cos θ
2 3 2 3 )
 ⇒ cos
2 7
4
1
( 7 1
( ))
7
θ= 1+ cos 2 θ = (1+cos θ)
2 4 2 2

2 1 1
⇒ cos 9θ= ( 1+cos 2 ( 9 θ ) )= (1+ cos 18θ)
2 2

2 1 1
Hence generally; cos nθ= 2 ( 1+cos 2 ( nθ ) )= 2 ( 1+cos 2 nθ )

Examples
1
1. Integrate a) ∫ cos θdθ b) ∫ cos (3 x )dx c) ∫ sin 3 θdθ
2 4 4

Solutions

a)
1
∫ sin 2 θdθ= 2 ∫ (1−cos 2θ)dθ
¿
1
2 [
θ−
sin 2 θ
2
+c
]
1 1
¿ θ− sin 2 θ+ c
2 4
b)
∫ cos 4 2 xdx=∫(cos2 2 x )2 dx
[ ]
2
1
¿∫ (1+ cos 4 x) dx
2
1
¿
4
∫ (1+2 cos 4 x +cos 4 x )dx
1
4 [ 1
¿ ∫ ( 1+2 cos 4 x )+ (1+cos 8 x ) dx
2 ]
1 1 1
¿
4
∫ (1+2 cso 4 x + + cos 8 x )dx
2 2

¿
1
4[x+
2 sin 4 x 1
4
+ x+
2
1 sin 8 x
2 8
+c
]
¿
1 3
4 2 [ 1 1
x + sin 4 x + sin 8 x +c
2 16 ]
3 1 1
¿ x + sin 4 x+ sin 8 x+ c
8 8 64

∫ sin 4 13 θdθ=∫ (sin2 13 θ ) dθ

2
c)
 [ ]
2
1 2
¿∫ ( 1−cos θ) dθ
2 3

¿
1
4 [∫ 2 2
1−2 cos θ+ cos2 θ dθ
3 3 ]
¿
1
4 ∫ [
2 1 4
1−2 cos θ+ 1+cos θ dθ
3 2 3 ( )]
¿
1
4
∫ 3
2 [
2 1 4
−2 cos θ+ cos θ dθ
3 2 3 ]
[ ]
2 4
2 sin θ sin θ
1 3 3 1 3
¿ θ− + +c
4 2 2 2 4
3 3

¿
[ 3
8
3 2 3 4
θ− sin θ+ sin θ +c
4 3 32 3 ]
2. Evaluate ;
π

∫ cos 2 2θ dθ
π
2

Solution:
π
1
¿ ∫ (1+cos 4 θ)dθ
π 2
2

[ )]
π

¿
1
2
θ+
1 sin 4 θ
2 4 ( π
2

[ ]
π
1 1
¿ θ+ sinθ
2 8 π
2

¿ ( 12 π + 0)−( 14 π +0)
¿ ( 12 π )−( 14 π)
π
1
∴∫ cos 2 θ dθ= π
2

π 4
2

3. Prove that;
 π
3
1
∫ sin 4 3 x dx= 48 ( 9 π−4 )
−π
6

LH.S;
π
3

¿ ∫ ( sin2 3 x ) dx
2

−π
6

π
3

( )
2
1
¿∫ ( 1−cos 6 x ) dx
−π 2
6

π
3
1
¿ ∫
4 −π
( 1−2cos 6 x+ cos2 6 x ) dx
6

π
3

¿
1
∫
4 −π ( 1
1−2 cos 6 x + ( 1+cos 12 x ) dx
2 )
6

[ ]
3
1 1 1
¿ ∫
4 −π
1−2 cos 6 x+ + cos 12 x dx
2 2
6

π
3

¿
1
∫ 3
4 −π 2 ( 1
−2cos 6 x+ cos 12 x dx
2 )
6

[ )]
π

¿
1 3
4 2
x−2
6 2(
sin 6 x 1 sin 12 x
+
12 ) ( 3
−π
6

¿
1
4 [( 3π 1 π 1
( )
− sin 6. + sin 12.
2 ×3 3 3 24
π
3
− ( )) (
3 (−π ) 1
2× 6 3
− sin 6.
−π
6
1
+ sin 12.
24 (
−π
6 ) ( ))]
¿
1
4 [( ) ( )]
π 1
− −
2 3
−π
4

¿
[
1 π π 1
+ −
4 2 4 3 ]
¿
[
1 3π 1
−
4 4 3 ]
¿
4[
1 9 π −4
12 ]
1
¿ (9 π−4) # As required
48

Practice questions:

1. Integrate
a)
∫ cos2 θdθ
b)
∫ sin 4 2 xdx
c)
1
∫ cos 4 5 θdθ
d)
∫ sin 6 θdθ
2. Evaluate the following.

a)
π
2

∫ sin 2 2 θdθ
−π
2

b)
π

∫ cos 4 3 θdθ
−π
3

c)
π

∫ cos 6 θdθ
0

d)
π

∫ sin2 xdx
−π

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS (FUNCTIONS)

 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS:
Under this subsection, we are to study the sine and tangent substitutions
respectively;

Notice: the first three fundamental identities are important under this subsection
that is to say;

1. sin2 θ+cos 2 θ=1 ,⇒ sin2 θ=1−cos2 θ∨cos 2 θ=1−sin2 θ

Similarly; sinθ=√ 1−cos 2 θ or cosθ= √ 1−sin2 θ

2. 2
1+ tan θ=sec θ , ⇒ tan θ=sec θ−1
2 2 2
Similarly;
√ 1+tan 2
θ=secθ , tanθ=√ sec θ−1 2

3. cot 2 θ+1=cosec2 θ ,⇒ cot2 θ=cosec 2 θ−1 Similarly;

√ cot2 θ+1=cosecθ cotθ= √ cosec 2 θ−1

a) SINE SUBSTITUTION: Generally, integrals that require the use of the

techniques in context are of the form;
1
∫ dx or
√ a −b2 x 2
2

1
∫ 2 2 dx
√ a −x
Now; (i)
∫ 1
√ a −b x
22 2
1
dx = sin−1
b
bx
a
+c ( )
Proof (general approach): “we generally let the term in x be the other term
under the square root times the sine of any angle squared”
1
L . H . S=∫ dx
√ a −b 2 x 2
2

2 2 2 2
let b x =a sin θ⇒ bx=asinθ ; this is the sine substitution
on differentiating ; ⇒ bdx=acosθdθ
a
Now; ∴ dx= b cosθdθ on substitution in the integral:
1 1 a
⇒ ∫ 2 2 2 dx =∫ 2 2 2 × cosθdθ
√ a −b x √ a −a sin θ b
a1
¿∫ × cosθdθ
a √1−sin θ b 2
 1
¿
b
∫ dθ
1
¿ [ θ ] +c ; θ=sin−1
b
bx
a ( )
¿
1
b [ ( )]
sin−1
bx
a
+c ≡ R . H . S

(ii)
∫ 1
√ a −x
2 2
dx=sin−1
x
a
+c ()
Proof (general approach): let x 2=a 2 sin2 λ ………complete the proof referring to
the steps in (i)

b) TANGENT SUBSTITUTION: Generally integrals that require the

tangent substitution are of the form;
1
∫ a 2+b 2 x 2 dx
Or;
1
∫ a 2+ x 2 dx
(i)
1 1
∫ a 2+b 2 x 2 dx= ab [ ( )]
tan−1
bx
a
+c

Proof (general approach):

1
L . H . S=∫ 2 2 2
dx
a +b x

Let : b 2 x 2=a 2 tan2 θ ⇒ bx =atanθ

a
bdx=( a sec θ ) dθ ⇒ dx= sec θdθ
2 2
b

1 1 a
∴∫ dx=∫ 2 2 2 × sec θdθ
2
2 2 2
a +b x a +a tan θ b

1 a
¿∫
2
× sec θdθ
a ( 1+ tan θ ) b
2 2

1
¿
ab
∫ dθ
¿
1
ab
[ θ ] + c ⇒ θ=tan−1 bx
a ( )
¿
1
ab [ ( )]
tan−1
bx
a
+c ≡ R . H . S

(ii)
∫ 1
a +x
22
1
dx = tan−1
a
x
a ()
+ c ; using theideas above , proof ..

Examples:

1. Find the integrals of the following;

a)
1
∫ dx
√ 4−x 2
Let x 2=4 sin2 θ ⇒ x=2 sinθ
dx=2cosθdθ
1 1
∫ dx=∫ ×2 cosθdθ
√ 4−x 2
√ 4−4 sin2 θ
1
¿∫ ×2 cosθdθ
√ 4 ( 1−sin2 θ )
1
¿∫ ×2 cosθdθ
2 √ ( 1−sin θ )
2

¿ ∫ dθ

¿ [ θ ] +c ;θ=sin
−1
( x2 )
∴∫
1
√ 4−x 2
dx= sin−1
[ ( )]
x
2
+c

b)
3
∫ dx
√ 9−4 x 2
Let 4 x 2=9 sin2 u ⇒ 2 x=3 sinu
3
2 dx=3 cosudu ⇒ dx= ( cosu ) du
2
3 1
∴∫ dx=3∫ dx
√9−4 x 2
√ 9−4 x 2
 3 1
¿ 3∫ × cosudu
√9−9 sin u 2 2

1 3
¿ 3∫ × cosudu
3 √ 1−sin u 2
2

3
¿
2
∫ du
3
¿ [ u ] +c ; u=sin−1
2
2x
3 ( )
∴∫
3
√9−4 x
3
dx= sin−1
2 2
2x
3
+c ( )
c)
1
∫ 25+ x 2 dx
Let x 2=25 tan2 θ ⇒ x=5 tanθ
2
dx=5 sec θdθ
1 1
∫ 25+ x 2 dx=∫ 25+25 tan2 θ ×5 sec2 θdθ
1
¿∫
2
× 5 sec θdθ
5 ( 1+ tan θ )
2

¿ ∫ dθ

¿ [ θ ] +c ;θ=tan−1 ( 5x )
[
¿ tan−1 ( 5x )]+c
∴∫
1
25+ x
2
dx= tan−1
[ ( )]
x
5
+c

d)
1
∫ dx
√ 1−4 x−x 2
In such integrals we complete squares to create the standard form
From: 1−4 x−x 2 ⇒−( x2 + 4 x−1 )
¿−[ ( x+ 2 )2−( 2 )2−1 ]
 ¿−[ ( x+ 2 )2−5 ]
2
¿ 5− ( x +2 )

1 1
∫ dx=∫ dx
√ 1−4 x−x 2
√5−( x +2 ) 2

Let ( x +2 )2=5 sin2 θ ⇒ x+ 2=√ 5 sinθ

dx= √ 5 cosθdθ
On substitution;
1
¿∫ × √5 cosθdθ
√5−5 sin2 θ
1
¿∫ × √ 5 cosθdθ
√5 ( √1−sin2 θ )
¿ ∫ dθ

¿ [ θ ] +c ;θ=sin−1
( x√+25 )
∴∫
√1−4 x−x
1
2 [
dx= sin
−1
( x√+25 )]+ c
e)
11
∫ 3 x 2−42 x+ 148 dx
2 2 148
From: 3 x −42 x+ 148⇒ 3 x −14 x + 3 ( )
[
¿ 3 ( x−7 )2−49+
148
3 ]
¿ 3 [ ( x−7 )2 ]+1
11 1
∫ 3 x 2−42 x+ 148 dx=11∫ 3 ( x−7 )2 +1 dx
1
¿ 11∫ 2
dx
1+3 ( x−7 )
Let 3 ( x−7 )2 =1× tan2 θ ⇒ ( x−7 ) √ 3=tanθ
√ 3 dx=sec 2 θ dθ
sec 2 θdθ
dx=
√3
2
1 sec θdθ
¿ 11∫ ×
( 1+ tan θ )
2
√3
11
¿
√3
∫ dθ
 11
¿ [ θ ] + c ; θ=tan−1 [ ( x−7 ) √3 ]
√3
11
¿ { tan−1 [ ( x−7 ) √3 ] }+c
√3
11 11
∴∫ 2 dx= { tan [ ( x −7 ) √ 3 ] }+c
−1

3 x −42 x +148 √3
f) Prove that;
∫
5+2 x
√ 7−16 x 2
5
dx = sin−1
4 √ 7 [ ( )]
4 x −1
+
8
( √ 7−16 x 2 ) + c

Under this type of integrals; you should be able to notice the presence of
a function and derivative plus the sine substitution in the same
integral
∫
5+2 x
√ 7−16 x 2
dx =∫
( 5
√ 7−16 x √ 7−16 x 2 2
+
2x
) dx

5 2x
¿∫ dx +∫ dx
√7−16 x 2
√7−16 x 2
For;
5
∫ dx
√ 7−16 x 2
; let 16 x =7 sin α ⇒ 4 x=√ 7 sinα , 4 dx=√ 7 cosαdα
2 2

∫ 5 2 dx =∫ × √ cosαdα
5 7
√ 7−16 x √ 7−7 sin α 4
2

× √ cosαdα
1 7
¿ 5∫
√7 ( √1−sin2 α ) 4
5
¿
4
∫ dα
5
¿ [ α ] +c ; α =sin−1
4
4x
√7 ( )
¿
5
4 [ ( )]
sin
−1 4 x

√7
+c

For;
2x
∫ dx let u=√ 7−16 x ⇒ u =7−16 x ; 2udu=−32 xdx
2 2 2

√ 7−16 x 2

−udu
2 xdx=
8

2x 2 xdx
⇒∫ dx=∫
√ 7−16 x 2
√ 7−16 x 2
 −udu
8
¿∫
u

1
¿−
8
∫ du
1
¿− [ u ] + c ; u=√ 7−16 x
2
8

−1
¿ ( √ 7−16 x2 ) + c
8

∴∫
5+2 x
√7−16 x 2
5
dx= sin−1
4
4x
√7
+
[ ( )]
−1
8
( √7−16 x 2 ) +c ; as required

g)
4x
∫ dx ; complete this … … … ….
√ 1+ 2 x 2

2. Evaluate the following integrals:

a)
√3
∫ 3+14 x 2 dx
1
2

Let 4 x 2=3 tan2 θ ⇒ 2 x =√3 tanθ

2 dx=√ 3 sec θdθ ⇒ dx=

2 √ 3 sec 2 θdθ
2

x 1 √3
2

( )
−1 2x π −1
tan 2
θ ⇒ tan
√3 6
√3 −1
tan 2
√ 3 sec 2 θdθ
∫ 1 2 dx= ∫ 1
2
×
2
1 3+ 4 x π 3+3 tan θ
2 6

−1
tan 2
1 √ 3 sec 2 θdθ
¿ ∫ ×
π 3 ( 1+ tan2 θ ) 2
6
 −1
tan 2
¿√
3
6
∫ dθ
π
6

[ ]
−1
tan 2

¿
√3 θ
π
6 6

6 [
¿ √ ( tan−1 2 )−
3 π
6
⇒ 0.1685(4 dps) ( )]
√3
1
∴∫ dx=0.1685(4 dps)
1 3+ 4 x 2
2

b) Prove that;
√2
7 21 π
∫ dx =
−1 √ 4−2 x 2
4√2
Let 2 x =4 sin u ⇒ √ 2 x=2 sinu
2 2

√ 2 dx=2 cosu du ⇒dx=

2 cosudu
√2
x −1 √2
u −π π
4 2

−1 π
2 2
7 1 2 cosudu
∫ dx=7 ∫ ×
√2
−1 √ 4−2 x 2
−π
4
√ 4−4 sin u2

π
2
1 2 cosudu
¿7 ∫ ×
−π 2 √ 1−sin u 2
√2
4
π
2
7
¿ ∫ du
√2 −π
4

[ ]
π
7 2
¿ u
√2 −π
4
 ¿
7 π −π
√2 2
−(4
⇒
21 π
4 √2 )
; as required

c)
3

∫ x 2−4dxx+5
2
2 2 2
x −4 x+5 ⇒ ( x −2 ) −4 +5= ( x −2 ) +1
3 3

∫ x 2−4dxx+5 =∫ ( 1 )2 dx
2 2 1+ x−2

Let ( x−2 )2=1 × tan2 y ⇒ x −2=tany ∴ dx=sec 2 y dy

x 2 3
y 0 π
4
π
4
1
¿∫ 2
× sec 2 y dy
0 1+ tan y
π
4

¿ ∫ dy
0

[]
π
y 4
¿
1 0

¿ ( π4 −0)
3
dx π
∴∫ 2
=
2 x −4 x +5 4

d)
−15+ √3
5
1
∫ dx
−14 √−221−150 x−25 x 2
5

229−150 x −25 x 2 ⇒−25 x 2 +6 x+ ( 221

25 )
[
¿−25 ( x+ 3 )2−9+
221
25 ]
[(
¿−25 x+ 3 )2−
4
25 ]
 2
¿ 4−25 ( x +3 )
−15+ √3 −15 + √3
5 5
1 1
∫ dx= ∫ dx
−14 √−221−150 x−25 x 2 −14 √ 4−25 ( x +3 ) 2

5 5

Let 25 ( x+ 3 )2=4 sin2 h ⇒5 ( x+3 )=2 sinh ∴5 dx =2cosh dh

2 coshdh
dx=
5

x −14 −15+ √ 3
5 5
h π π
6 3
π
3
1 2 coshdh
¿∫ ×
π
6
√ 4−4 sin 2
h 5

π
3
1 2 coshdh
¿∫ ×
π 2 √ 1−sin h 2 5
6

π
3
1 2 coshdh
¿∫ ×
π 2 √ 1−sin h 2 5
6

π
3
1
¿
5π
∫ dh
6

¿ −
[
1 π π
5 3 6 ]
1 π π
¿ × ⇒
5 6 30

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

1. Find the following integrals;

 1 1
a) ∫ dx e) ∫ dx
√ 2−3 x 2
√ 4−( x +1 ) 2

3 1
b) ∫ dx f) ∫ x 2−4 x+13 dx
√ 4−5 x 2

2 1
c) ∫ 3+5 x 2 dx g) ∫ dx
(1−9 x ) √ 1−9 x 2
2

1 1
d) ∫ 16+3 x 2 dx h) ∫ dx ¿
√
2−1
¿
x x

2. Evaluate the following integrals.

1
3
a) Show that ∫ dx=0.37 2 dp
0 √ 9−4 x 2
√3
b) ∫ ¿ 1¿ ¿ ¿
0

c) ∫ 2 x √5 x +1 dx
0

2
1
d) ∫ 2
dx ¿
1
4 +25 x ¿

1 1
√
2
3. Prove that ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿ dx= sin−1 x + x 1−x ¿ +C ¿
2 2
x 1 −1
4. Show that ∫ 4
dx= tan ¿ ¿ ¿
2
1+ x

5. Show that ∫
3 x−1
4 +9 x
2
1
{
dx= ln ( 4+ 9 x ) −tan
6
2 −1 3 x
2 ( )}
+c

PARTIAL FRACTIONS:
Integration of partial fractions; integrals that involve the knowledge about partial
fractions require the;

Concepts below:

1. Recall the types of denominators as earlier discussed under partial fractions

in senior five that is to say,
a) LINEAR DENOMINATORS
b) QUADRATIC DENOMINATORS
c) REPEATED DENOMINATORS (linear or quadratic)
2. Under this subsection, we must put into consideration the certain general
methods like;
f '(x)
∫ f ( x ) dx=ln [ f ( x ) ]+ c
( ax +b )n +1
∫ ( ax+ b )n dx= a ( n+1 )
+ c ; among others

3. In any integral, always first check whether the composite fraction is

improper or proper because if improper before the process of partial
fractions, we take long division.
Examples :

1. Find the following integrals

a)
1
∫ x ( x−2) dx
1 A B
Let x( x−2) = x + x−2
1= ( x−2 )+ ( x ) B

1
set x=2 ; 1=2 B ∴ B=
2

−1
Set x=0 ; 1=−2 A ∴ A=
2

−1 1
1 2 2
∴ = +
x (x−2) x x−2

1 −1 1 1 1
⇒∫ dx= ∫ dx+ ∫ dx
x (x−2) 2 x 2 x−2
 −1 1
¿ Inx + ∈ ( x−2 ) +c
2 2

1
¿ { ¿ ( x−2 ) −Inx } +c
2

¿
1
2 { ( )}
¿
x−2
x
+c

1 x−2
¿ ∈
2 x ( )
+c

b)
x−2
∫ ( x 2−4 x−5)( x +1) dx
Note x 2−4 x−5 is factorisable ; then ;
2
∴ ¿ x −4 x−5
2
¿ x + x−5 x −5
¿ x ( x +1 )−5 (x+ 1)
¿(x −5)( x+1)

x −2 x−2
⇒∫ dx=∫ dx
2
(x −4 x−5)(x +1) (x−5)( x +1)(x+1)

x−2 A B C
Let: = + +
( x−5)(x +1) x−5 x +1 (x+ 1)
2 2

2
x−2=(X + 1) A + ( x−5 ) ( x+ 1 ) B+ ( x−5 ) C

1
Set : x=5 ; 3=36 A ∴ A=
12

1
Set : x=−1 ; −3=−6 C ∴ C= 2

Set : x=1 ; −1=4 A±8 B−4 C

1 1
−1=4 × −8 B−4 ×
12 2

1 1 1 1
−1= − −8 B ∴ 8 B= − +1
3 2 2 3

5
8 B=
6
 5
B=
48

1 5 1
x−2 12 48 2
∴∫ 2 dx=∫ dx+∫ dx +∫ dx
( x −4 x +5)(x +1) x−5 x+ 1 (x +1)
2

1 1 5 1 1
¿ ∫
12 x−5
dx + ∫
48 x+ 1
dx + ∫ (x +1) dx
2
−2

[ ]
−1
1 5 1 ( x+1)
¿ ∈ ( x−5 ) + ∈ ( x+1 ) + +c
12 48 2 1×−1

x−2 1 5 1
∴∫ dx= ∈( x−5 )+ ∈ ( x +1 )− +c
2
( x −4 x −5)( x+1) 12 48 2(x +1)

c)
2
x + 2 x +3
∫ ( 2x +2)(x 2
+ 3)
dx
2
2 x +2 x+ 3 A Bx +C
Let ; 2
= + 2
( x +2)(x +3) x+2 x +3
2 x 2+2 x +3=( x 2 +3 ) A+(x +2)(Bx+ C)
Set x=2 ; 2(−2)2 +2 (−2 )+ 3=( (−2)2+ 3 ) + A
7=7 A ∴ A=1
Using co-efficients:
2 2 2
2 x +2 x +3=x A +3 A + x B+ xC +2 xB+ 2C
2 2 2
2 x +2 x +3=( A+ B ) x + ( B+ C ) x+(3 A+2 C) x
Co-efficients of x 2 ; 2= A +B ∴ B=1
Co-efficients of x ; 2=2 B+C ∴ C=0
2
2 x +2 x +3 1 ( 1 ) x +(0)
⇒ 2
= + 2
( x +2)(x + 3) x+ 2 x +3
2
2 x +2 x +3 1 x
⇒∫ dx=∫ dx+∫ 2 dx
2
(x +2)(x + 3) x +2 x +3
1 1 2x
¿∫ dx+ ∫ 2 dx
x +2 2 x +3
1
¿∈ ( x +2 ) + ∈ ( x + 3 ) +c
2
2
3 2
( ) x −x −4 x+ 1
2. Express f x = 2 into partial fractions and hence show that;
x −4
 1 3
∫ f ( x ) dx= 2 x 2−x− 4 loge (x2 −4)+c .
solution:

Note that ; f (x) is an improper fraction:, thus;

3 2
x −x −4 x +1 ( −3
2
={ x −1 )+ 2
x −4 x −4

3
∴ f ( x )=( x−1 )−
(x+ 2)(x +2)

3 A B
Let : ( x +2)(x−2) = x +2 + x−2

3=( x−2 ) A + ( x+ 2 ) B

3
Set x=2 ; 3=4 B ∴ B= 4

3
Set x=2 ; 3=4 A ∴ A= 4

{ }
3 3
4 4
⇒ f ( x ) =( x−1 )− +
x +2 x −2

f ( x )= ( x −1 )− ( ) ( )
3 1
−
3 1
4 x +2 4 x −2

3 1 3 1
Hence : ∫ f (x )dx =∫ (x +1)dx− 4 ∫ x+ 2 dx− 4 ∫ x−2 dx
2
x 3 3
¿ −x− ∈ ( x +2 )− ∈ ( x−3 )+ c
4 4 4
2
x 3
¿ −x− [ ¿ ( x +2 ) +¿ ( x−2 ) ] +c
4 4
 2
x 3
¿ −x− ∈ [ ( x +2 ) ( x−2 ) ] +c
4 4
2
x 3
−x− log e ( x −4 ) + c as required.
2
¿
4 4

3. Evaluate :

∫ 276−9
3
x
x +8
dx
0

N:B the denominator is factorisable following the identity:

3 3 2 2
a + b =(a+ b)(a −ab+b )
3 3 2 2
⇒ (3 x) +(2) =(3 x+ 2)( ( 3 x ) −( 3 x )( 2 )+(2) )
2
¿ ( 3 x+ 2 ) (9 x −6 x+ 4)
1 1
6−9 x 6−9 x
⇒∫ 2
dx=∫ 2
dx
0 27 x + 8 0 (3 x +2)(9 x −6 x +4)

6−9 x A Bx+ C
Let = +
(3 x +2)( 9 x −6 x+ 4) (3 x+ 2) (9 x −6 X + 4)
2 2

6−9 x=( 9 x 2−6 x +4 ) A +(3 x +2)(3 x+ C)

−2
Set x= 3 ; 12= 9 3 −6 3 + 4 A (( ) ( ) )
−2 −2

12=(−6+4 +4 ) A
12=2 A ∴ A=6

Now:
2 2
6−9 x=9 A x −6 Ax+ 4 A +3 B x +3 Cx+2 Bx+2 C
2 2 2 0
6 x −9 x +0 x =( 9 A +3 B ) x + ( 3 C+ 2 B−6 A ) x +(4 A+ 2C ) x
2
x ; 0=9 A +3 B → B=−3 A
B=−3 × 6 →−18
x; −9=3 C+2 B−6 A
−9=3 ×C+ 2×−18−6 ×6
−9+36 +36=3C ∴C=21
6−9 x 6 −18 x +21
⇒ = + 2
(3 x +2)(9 x −6 x+ 4) 3 x+2 9 x −6 x+ 4
2

6−9 x 6 18 x−21
⇒ = − 2
27 x + 8 3 x +2 9 x −6 x+ 4
2

18 x−21 ( 18 x−6 )−17

Now : 2
= 2
9 x −6 x+ 4 9 x −6 x +4
 ¿
( 9 x18−6x−6x +4 )−( 9 x −617 x +4 )
2 2

1 1 1
6−9 x 3 18 x−6 17
Now : ∫ dx =∫ dx−∫ { 2 − 2 }dx
2
0 27 x + 8 0 3 x +2 0 9 x −6 x + 4 9 x −6 x+ 4
1 1 1
3 18 x−6 1
¿ 2∫ dx−∫ 2 dx +17 ∫ 2 dx
0 3 x +2 0 9 x −6 x +4 0 9 x −6 x+ 4

Function and derivative tan- substitution

Dear students complete the solution………

4. Find; (a)
5
2x+
4 x +5 2
∫ x 2+ 2 x +2 =2∫ x 2 +2 x +2
1
2 x +2+
2
¿ 2∫ 2 dx
x +2 x +2
2 x +1 1
¿ 2∫ 2 dx+∫ 2 dx
x +2 x +2 x +2 x +2
………complete please………

(b)

−5

∫ x+
x+3
1
dx
−7

−5 −5
x +1 2
⇒∫ dx=∫ (1− )dx
−7 x +3 −7 x+ 3
 [ ]
−5
x
¿ −2 ln ( x +3 )
1 −7
¿¿
¿ 2+2(¿ (−4 )−¿ (−2 ) )

¿ 2+2[¿ ( −4
−2 )
]

¿ 2+2∈2
¿ 2+¿ 4

Practice questions:

1. Find the following integrals

a)
3 2
∫ x (+x 2−1x )(−2 x +2
x +3 )
dx

b)
5 x +2
∫ ( x−2 )2 ( x+1 ) dx
c)
37
∫ dx
4 ( x−3 ) ( 1+4 x 2 )
d)
2
x −7
∫ ( x−2 ) ( x+ 1 )
dx

e)
3 ( x 2−3 )
∫ ( x−1 ) ( x+ 2 ) dx
f)
3
∫ x 2+x xdx
−20
2. Evaluate the following integrals
a)
5
2
∫ t 2−1 dt
3

b)
6
x
∫ x−2 dx
4

c)
 10

∫ 33t2t+1
+2 t
dt
1

d)
3
x−9
∫ x ( x−1 )( x +3 )
dx
2

e)
7 4
∫ 2 x −17 2x−1 dx
3 ( x−2 ) ( x + 5 )

f)
0 3
x
∫ x−1
dx
−2

t-substitution:
Under t-substitution, we study two cases that is to say;
1
Case1: We always let a variable t=tan 2 ( given angle ) , then we change the variable
and the process of integration rules or follows. Integrals that qualify for this case
are generally of the forms;
a a a
∫ b ± csinθ dθ ,∫ b ± ccosθ dθ∧∫ b ± csinx ± dcosx dx
Where a , b , c∧d are constants and θ , x are the angles given. Also we must recall that
2
1 2t 1−t 2t
when t=tan 2 x then sinx= 2 , cosx = 2 and
tanx= 2 it’s very important to
1+t 1+ t 1−t
1
( )
appreciate the fact that x=2 2 x .

Examples:

1. Find the integral of;

a)
1
∫ 3+5 cosx dx
Solution:

Let
1 1
( 21
)
t=tan x ⇒ dt= sec x dx ∴ dx =
2 2 2
2 dt
21
sec x
2
 2 dt 2 dt
dx= ⇒
1 1+t
2
1+ tan2 x
2
2
1−t
And; cosx = 2
1+ t

Now;
1 1 2 dt
∫ 3+5 cosx dx=∫ ×

( ) 1+t 2
2
1−t
3+5
1+t 2

2 dt
¿∫
3 ( 1+ t ) +5 ( 1−t 2 )
2

2 dt
¿∫ 2
8−2 t

1 1
¿∫ dt ⇒ ∫ dt ; this calls for ∂ fractions
4−t
2
( 2+t )( 2−t )

1 A B
Let; ( 2+ t ) ( 2−t ) = 2+ t + 2−t ⇒ 1=( 2+t ) A + ( 2−t ) B

1
Set; t=2 ; 1=4 A ∴ A= 4

1
Set;t=−2 ; 1=4 B ∴ B= 4

( )
1 1
1 4 4
∴∫ dt =∫ + dt
4−t
2
2+t 2−t

1 1 1 1
¿ ∫ dt+ 4 ∫ 2−t dt
4 2+t

1 1
¿ ln ( 2+t )− ln ( 2−t ) +c
4 4

1
¿
4
[ ln ( 2+t )−ln ( 2−t ) ] +c

1
¿ ln
4
2+t
2−t ( ) 1
+ c ; t=tan x
2
 ( )
1
2+tan
x
1 1 2
∴∫ dx= ln +c
3+5 cosx 4 1
2−tan x
2

2. Show that;
∫ cosec 2x dx=ln ( tan 14 x ) + c
2

x 1
L . H . S=∫ cosec dx ⇒∫ dx
2 1
sin x
2
1 1
( ) 1 1
Let t=tan 2 2 x ⇒ t=tan 4 x ∴ dt = 4 sec 4 x dx ( 21
)
4 dt 4 dt 4 dt 1 2t
dx= ⇒ dx= ∴ dx= ∧sin x=
1 1 1+t
2
2 1+t
2
sec 2 x 1+ tan2 x
4 4
2
1 1+t 4 dt
∴∫ dx =∫ × 2
1 2t 1+t
sin x
2
1
¿ 2∫ dt
t
2 1
¿ 2 lnt+ c ⇒ ln t +c ; t=tan x
4

( )
2
1 1
∴∫ cosec x dx=ln tan x +c
2 4
3. Show that;
π
4
dx 1
∫ 1+sin =
2x 2
0

π
4
dx
L . H . S=∫
0 1+sin 2 x

1 2 dt 2t
Let t=tan 2 ( 2 x ) ⇒ t=tanx∴ dt=sec x dx i. e dx= 2 and sin 2 x= 2
1+t 1+t

x 0 π
4
t 0 1
π π
4 4 1
dx 1 1 dt
∫ 1+sin ⇒∫
2 x 0 1+sin 2 x
dx=∫
2t
×
1+ t 2
0 0
1+
1+t 2
 1
dt
¿∫
2 2
2
; (1+t ) =1+t +2t
0 1+ t +2 t
1
1
¿∫ dt
0 (1+ t )2
1
¿ ∫ ( 1+t ) dt
−2

[ ][ ]
−1 1 1
( 1+t ) −1
¿ =
−1 0 ( 1+ t ) 0

¿
[ −1 −1
2
−
1
1 1
2 2]
⇒ 1− = ≡ R . H . S

4. Find;
11
∫ 1+sin 3 θ dθ
1 3 23
( )
Let t=tan 2 ( 3 θ ) ∴ dt= 2 sec 2 θ dθ and sin 3 θ= 2
1+t
2t

11 11 2 dt
∫ 1+sin 3 θ dθ=∫ ×
( 1+
2t
1+t
2 )3 ( 1+ t 2 )

22 dt
¿∫
3 ( 1+ t 2 +2 t )
Please complete……………………….

Practice questions:

1. Find the following integrals;

a)
∫ cosec3 xdx
b)
1
∫ 1
dθ
5+3 cos θ
2
c)
∫ sec 4 θdθ
d)
17
∫ 1+cosy dy
2. Prove that;
 ∫ secx dx=ln ( 1−t
1+t
)+c ; where ,t=tan 12 x
3. Evaluate;
a)
π
3
1
∫ 1+sin 2x
dx
π
4

b)
π
2

∫ 4 +5dxcosx
0

Case2: We are generally expected to be directed to what to let, however

famously under this case we let t=tan ( given angle ) , change of the variable to ease
the integration process follows. Integrals that qualify for this case are of the forms;
a a a
∫ b ± c sin2 θ dθ ,∫ b ± c cos 2 θ dθ∧∫ b ± c sin2 x ± d cos 2 x dx

Where a , b , c∧d are constants and θ , x are the angles given

Generally, under this case we first of all aim at creating the function and derivative
that is say the tangent function whose derivative is the secant function squared

Examples:

1. Find ;
1
∫ 1+cos 2 x dx
Now to create the secant terms in this question, one should be able to notice
that cos 2 x is the reciprocal of sec 2 x hence we divide the numerator and
denominator by cos 2 x
1
2
1 cos x
∫ 1+cos 2
x
dx=∫
1
2
cos x
dx
2
+ 2
cos x cos x
2
sec x dx
¿∫
2 2
2
; 1+ tan x=sec x
sec x+1
 2
sec x dx
¿∫ 2
2+ tan x

Let m=tanx ⇒ dm=sec 2 x dx

2
sec x dx dm
∴∫ 2
=∫ 2
2+ tan x 2+m

Such an integral calls for the tangent substitution, in this situation we just deduce
the answer by reference to the standard case of that substitution, that is to say;

1 1
∫ a 2+b 2 x 2 dx= ab [ ( )]
tan−1
bx
a
+c

When compared its observed that; a=√ 2 ,b=1

∴∫
dm
=
1
2+ m √2 ×1
2
tan−1
[ ( )]
1× m
√2
+c ; m=tanx

∴∫
1
2
1+cos x
1
dx= tan
√2 ( )
−1 tanx

√2
+c

2. Prove that;
2 ( )
1 −1 1
tan
√2
dx π
∫ 1+ sin 2
=
2 x 8 √2
0

2 ( )
1 −1 1
tan
√2
dx
L . H . S= ∫ 1+ sin 2
2x
0

1
2 ( )
1 −1 1
tan
√2 2
cos 2 x
¿ ∫ 1
2
sin 2 x
dx
0
2
+ 2
cos 2 x cos 2 x

2 ( )
1 −1 1
tan
√2
sec 2 2 x dx
¿ ∫ sec2 2 x + tan2 2 x
0

2 ( ) 2
1 −1 1
tan
√2
sec 2 x dx
¿ ∫ 1+2 2
tan 2 x
0

Let t=tan2 x ⇒ dt =( 2 sec 2 2 x ) dx

 ( )
x 0 1 −1 1
tan
2 √2
t 0 1
√2
( ) 2
[ ( )
]
1 −1 1 1 −1 1
tan tan
2 √2 2 √2 2
sec 2 x dx 1 2 sec 2 x dx
∫ 1+ 2
=
2 tan 2 x 2
∫ 1+2 2
tan 2 x
0 0

1
√2
1 dt
¿ ∫
2 0 1+2 t 2

Further still just refer to the standard integral under tan-substitution

[{ ( )}]
1
1 1 −1 t √ 2 √2
¿ tan
2 √2 1 0

¿
1
(
2√ 2 4
π
) ⇒
π
8 √2
≡R. H .S

Practice questions:

1. Find the exact values of the following integrals(evaluate)

a)
π
3
1
∫ 1+sin 2
x
dx
0

b) Prove that;
π
8

= √ tan−1 ( √ 2 ) +c
dx 2
∫ 1+sin 2
2x 2
0

c)
π
3 2
sin x
∫ 1+cos 2
x
dx
0

2. Find;
a)
1
∫ 1−10 sin2 x dx
b)
dx
∫ cos 2 x−3 sin2 x
c)
 2tanx
∫ 1−2 sin2 x dx
d)
dθ
∫ 1+2 sin2 θ

INTEGRATION BY PARTS:Under this technique, we are to handle

problems that involve functions of the form y=u ( x ) . v (x ) ie the product form of

3 −x −1 −1 1 x 2
twofunctions ;e.g x sin x , x . e ,1. tan x , 1. ln x , x . ln x , x sin x , x . e , x . cos x , t sin 2 x

dv
To integrate such functions we follow the method; ∫ u . dx . dx=¿ proof :

From the product rule;

d (uv ) dv du
=u + v ;Integrating both sides with respect to x ;
dx dx dx

d (uv ) dv du
∫ dx
=∫ u +∫ v
dx dx

dv du
uv=∫ u dx +∫ v dx
dx dx

dv du
∫ u dx dx =uv−∫ v dx dx ; as required

Note:
 dv
 U the function easy to differentiate and dx ~ to the function easy to

integrate.

 The choice is made after critically studying the product one is asked to

integrate.

 U ( x ) must be that function which when on differentiating it, it`s derivative

settles to zero

Example one

1. Integrate x sin 2 x with respect ¿ x ¿

Solution

dv
Let u=x , dx =sin 2 x

du −1
=1 v= cos 2 x
dx 2

du
∫ x sin 2 x dx=uv−∫ v dx dx

¿ x¿

1 1
¿−x cos 2 x + ∫ ( cos 2 x ) dx Apply odd powers techniquie
2 2

1
¿−x cos 2 x +
2 2 [
1 sin2 x
2
+c
]
 1 1
∴∫ x sin 2 x dx =−x cos 2 x + [sin 2 x ]+ c
2 4

Example two

2. Find ∫ ln x dx

⇒ ∫ 1. ln x dx

dv
Let u=ln x =1
dx

du 1
= v=x
dx x

du
From: uv−∫ v dx
dx

∫ ln x dx=( ln x ) ( x )−∫ 1 dx

¿ x ln x −x+ c

∴ ∫ ln x dx=x ln x−x +c

Example 3

3. Integrate f ( x )=x tan−1 x w . r .t ¿ x hence prove that ;

π
4
1
∫ f ( x ) dx= 32 ( 2 π 2−8 π +32 )
0
 −1 dv
u=tan x =x
dx

2
x
tanu=x v=
2

2 du
sec u =1
dx

du 1
=
dx 1+ x2

( ) ( )( )
2 2
x x 1
∫ x tan x dx=( tan x ) .
−1 −1
2
−∫
2
.
1+ x
2
dx

2 2
x 1 x
tan x− ∫
−1
¿ dx ; Applying partial fractions
2 2 1+ x 2

2
x
Recall for ∫ 2
dx ; we apply long division
1+ x

Please perform the long division……………. This gives;

2
∫ 1+x x 2 dx=∫ (1− 1+1x2 )dx Applying Tan –substitution

−1
¿ x−tan x+ c

Now;

2
∫ x tan−1 x dx= x2 −1 x 1 −1
tan x− − tan x+ c
2 2

1 x
∴∫ f ( x ) dx= ( 1+ x ) tan x− +c
2 −1
2 2
Hence ;

[ ]
4 π

∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ 12 ( 1+ x 2) tan−1 x− x2 4
¿
0 0

( )
2
1 π π
¿ 1+ .1−
2 16 8

2
1 π π
¿ ( − +1)
2 16 4

1
¿ ¿
32

Example four

π
2
4. Evaluate ∫ x cos x dx , we only use the folowing approach∈ section A
0

Function x cos x

Sign u dv
dx

+ x cos x

- 1 sin x

+ 0 −cos x

Stop the moment the

derivative is zero
 π
2 π
Therefore ∫ x cos x dx=[+ x sin x−1.(−cos x )]02
0

¿ ( π2 + 0)−(0+1)
π
¿ −1
2

5. Using the approach in example 4 integrate x 2 sin 3 x w . r .t ¿ x ¿

6. And check the solution for example (5) using another approach

Solution to number :5

Sign u dv
dx

+ x
2
sin 3 x

- 2x −1
cos 3 x
3

+ 2 −1
sin 3 x
9

- 0 1
cos 3 x
27

Therefore ;
−1 2 2 2
∫ x 2 sin 3 x dx= 3
x cos 3 x +¿− sin 3 x + cos 3 x +c ¿
9 27

1 2
∴∫ x sin 3 x dx =
2 2
(2−9 x ) cos 3 x− sin 3 x +c
27 9
Attempt question 6 as instructed:

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

1. Integrate the following w .r . t x

a. x ln x

b. x 2 cos x

c. tan−1 x

d. tan−1 x

e. sin−1 2 x

f. e ax cos bx

2. Evaluate the following

a.
π

∫ x 2 cos x dx
0

b.
1

∫ cos−1 xdx
0

c.
π

∫ log2 xdx
−π

d.
π
3

∫ e−x sin xdx

0