II

PLANNING AND DESIGNING

A WEBSITE

5.1 INTRODUCTION
Planning is an important aspect in every one's life. You make plans for future, a to-
do list for a day, study or vacation etc. Similarly, planning is very important phase
for designing a good website. An effective and efficient website is highly influenced
by how well the interface is designed and managed. The success ofthe website is
measured in terms of the number of visitors to the site and ease with which the
visitors find the required information. In this lesson, you will learn about planning,
designing and various components ofthe website.

5.2 OBJECTIVES

After going through this lesson you will be able to:

• identify website requirements;

• describe the different type of websites;

• explain the concept of website planning;

• define website components; and

• explore different types of open source tool.

102 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

5.3 REQUIREMENT FOR A WEBSITE

First step for the planning phase is to setup the objectives for a website. Planning
a website starts with defining requirement for a website. To define requirement you
should answer the following questions.

• Why do you need website?

• What are the goals for the website?

• What do you or your institution or organization gain from creating and

maintaining a website?

• What are the measuring factors you can use to assess the effectiveness of
the site?

• Who is the target audience?

• What technology will be used for your site?

• What information target audience about to gain from website?

Answer for the above questions would enable you to define requirements and
objectives of your website.

5.4 TYPES OF WEBSITE

In this section you will learn about different type of websites. Broadly, websites
are classified into static web pages and dynamic web pages.

Static websites have web pages stored on the server and display fixed content
to the user. Static websites are coded in HTML and the web pages can be
updated separately in an HTML editor. Static websites are often small websites
which include static information. It usually contain texts, images, simple navigation
menus. Static websites are very easy to start and maintain.

Dynamic websites are large websites. Dynamic sites usually include hundreds of
web pages with large amount of different content. Dynamic sites are connected to
a database where the content is stored in an organized way. Dynamic pages get
information from a database and can be customized regularly and repeatedly
according to the specific needs. New updates & contents can be easily updated
on the website. To publish and update the dynamic website you need specific web
design and web programming experience. The following table shows the difference
between static and dynamic websites.
 Planning and Designing a Website :: 103

Static website Dynamic website

• Static web pages don't change • Dynamic web pages can adapt their content
content or layout with every request or appearance depending on the user's
to the web server. interactions, changes in data supplied by an
application.

• Many web content management • Using client-side scripting techniques (xml,

systems also use static publishing to Ajax techniques, Flash ActionScript),
deliver web content. content can be changed quickly on the
user's computer without new page requests
• Static pages are simple, secure, less to the web server.
prone to technology errors and
breakdown, and easily visible by • Most dynamic web content is assembled on
search engines the web server using server-side scripting
languages (asp, jsp, Perl, php, Python).
• Simple HTML can use to develop
static website. • Dynamic web pages offer enormous
flexibility, but the process of delivering
• Highly cost-effective for publishing content with every page requires a rapid,
web information high-end web server.

The following examples illustrate different categories of websites.

Commercial website

These sites establish a web presence for

a business or commercial organizations.
Many business organizations build this
type of site and added functions such as
online ordering and product
demonstrations.

Example:
www.yahoo.com
www.amazon.com.
......_ •....•,---_.
- --
Educational Site

These websites provide information

about educational establishment.

- Example: www.nios.ac.in,
. .
www.ignou.ac.m ••• ._0.
104 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

Government Site

The purpose ofthis type of website is

to deliver information and services
provided by government agencies,
offices and departments to the citizen.

Example: www.india.gov.in,
~_ •• _ •• _, llC:CJ •• __ .,"_ •••
www.mhrd.gov.in

Virtual Gallery
These sites allow photographers and
artists to display samples of their
work. Musicians can post audio files .
of their songs. Writers can offer .,
sections of text or complete -'
manuscripts. Keep in mind that any
copyrighted material displayed on a
website can not be downloaded to a
user's machine without permission.
Example: www.flicker.com

Publishing
Nowadays most major newspapers,
magazines and periodicals are r;'~';:-'"._",,_----------~
".. " ••• ,Ie·, .",- ,;'Qo, _ •• _ 0.-.. ;u. •• _ ••••• ~ 0 0 6J.

available online. Sites of this type

usually contain multiple levels of
information with many page
templates. Many publishing sites use
special software that enables them to
·nT.'~_-"'_._ ""''',~''1....0.••_-...
publish Web pages.
Example: www.thehindu.com

Web 2.0 website

This allow users to interact and
collaborate with each other in a social Coogle

media dialogue as creators of user-

generated content in a virtual
community, in contrast to websites
where people are limited to the
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-
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passive viewing of content.

Example: http://blogger.com
 Planning and Designing a Website :: 105

5.5 WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Small websites can be maintained by one person but larger sites require a group of
personnel to do a variety of roles. The following team members may be required
to build a large, well designed and developed website.

• Server Administrators - Server Administrators take care of technical

issues like firewalls, ports, internal security, file administration, and back-
up procedures. You have to consult with them to determine your website's
default file name and directory structure. They can generate reports that
will tell you, number of visitors, from which area they visited website,
etc.

• Developers are responsible for creating the HTML code and troubleshooting
the site. Most HTML coders are using HTML editors to create code, but they
should also know how to open the HTML file in a text editor and code by
hand. The coders also are responsible tor testing and evaluating the site across
different operating systems and Web browsers.

• Designers - Designers are the graphic artists responsible for the look and
feel of the site. They use design software, such as Adobe Photoshop, the
industry standard graphic design program. Designers contribute to the
page template design, navigation icons, color scheme, and logos.

• Writers and Information designers - Writers prepare content for online

display, which includes designing hypertext information and navigation
paths. Additionally, writers should be responsible for creating a site style
guide and typographic conventions. The writers are responsible for
consistency, grammar, spelling.

• Programmers - Programmers write the programs i.e. the logical content

which is required for developing interactive and cohesive pages of the
web site. They may write a variety of applications, including Common
Gateway Interface scripts, Java scripts, and back-end applications that
interact with a database.

• Database Administrators - The people who are responsible for

maintaining the databases for websites. They are the overall controller
of the website. They make sure that your data is accessible and safe.

5.6 Website Planning

Planning is the very important phase of a website. Before designing a

website, it isnecessary to do proper planning for building a website. The following
are basic steps for planning a website:
106 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

• Define youytarget audience.

• Organize your content.

• Create a information architecture (site map).

• Create a wireframe (sketch) of the pages you intend to create.

5.6.1 Target Audience

Identify the potential audience for your web site so that you can structure the
site design to meet their needs and expectations. Analyze your audience and
produce an audience definition, a profile of your average user. To find your
users, answer the following questions:

• Who are the typical members of your audience?

• Are they male or female?

• What level of education do they have?

• What is their reading and vocabulary level?

• What level of technical aptitude do they have?
• Why do people come to your site?
• Do they want information?
• Do they want to download files?
• Are they looking for links to other Web sites?
• Will other sites link to your site; or will your site provide links?
• How often will users return to your site?
• Do they have a reason to come back?

5.6.2 Organizing your content

Basic content of your website should be accurate, attractive, simple, and well
written. The information of the website should be structured and logically
organized. This will help to retain your audience.

There are five basic steps in organizing your content of website:

• What do you have already? What do you need?

• Establish a hierarchical outline of your content, site structure, and

navigation elements.
 Planning and Designing a Website :: 107

• Divide your content into logical units with a consistent modular structure.

• Draw diagrams that show the site structure and rough outlines of pages with
" and
a list of navigation links;

• Analyze your system by testing the organization interactively with real users;
revise if needed.

5.6.3 Directory Structure

After completely developed your website, you will publish your files on the
web by transferring them to a web server. A typical web server has a user area
that contains folders for each user. Your files are stored in your user area. The
directory structure ofthe web server affects the format of your website's URL.

The following figure shows a typical web server directory structure. If you
buy a domain name for your site, you will have a URL that reflects your path
in the public area of the domain name. A user enters the following address in
the browser to access 'course' Website: www.xyz.com/course/.

Web Server www.xyz.com

'i,

Courses Academics Student info Result

www.xyz com/student!

Text1.htm fext2.htm Pic.gif Index.htm

Fig. 5.1 : Web server directory structure

- 5.6.4 Site Structure

Plan your website by creating a flowchart that shows the structure and logic behind
the content presentation and navigation. You can sketch your site with paper and
 108 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

pencil or create it using flowcharting software. Sometimes it ishelpful to use sticky

notes or cards to plan the structure visually.This method easilymoves pages from
one section or level to another.

Once you have started coding the site, it will be much more difficult and time
consuming to go back and make major changes. Remember to create and stick
to the file naming conventions for each of your pages as well.

Use the following examples as starting points for designing the structure.

Linear Structure

The linear information structure, illustrated in Fig 5.2 will guide the user along
a path. This structure has a book-type presentations. Users can navigate
backwards or forwards within the content path. Each page can contain a link
back to the main page if desired. Pages may contain links to a related subtopic.
If the users jump to the subtopic page, they only can return to the page that
contains the subtopic link. This structured navigation returns them to the same
point in the content path.

Main page f-+

I__ f-+I'----~I--
Fig 5.2:Linear Information Structure

Tutorial Structure

The tutorial structure (Fig 5.3) builds on the simple linear structure. The user
navigates in a linear manner, progressing through the concept, lesson, and review
pages in order. Because the lesson exists in hypertext, users can leave the lesson
structure and return back any time. He/she can also choose the order oflessons,
and start at any main concept point as per the choice. Notice that the table of
contents, index, and site map pages are linked to and from all pages in the course.
Within each lesson users can navigate as necessary to familiarize themselves with
the content before they review. This structure can be adapted to fit the content
needs. For example, the group of pages in the illustration could be one section of
a larger training course.

-
 Planning and Designing a Website :: 109

Fig 5.3: Tutorial Information Structure

Web Structure

Many smaller websites follow the content structure illustrated in Fig 5.4. Here the
main page offers links to and from every page in the site. This allows the user to
jump freely to any page from any other page. If you build a website ofthis type,
make sure each page includes clear location information and a standardized
navigation bar that not only tells the user where they are, but also where they can
go.

Fig 5.4: Web Information Structure

Hierarchical Structure
- The hierarchical structure illustrated in Fig 5.5 is probably the most common
information design. Users can scan the content on the section page and then
choose the content page oftheir choice. When they finish reading the content,
they can return to the section page. The site map allows users to navigate freely
 110 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

throughout the site. Include a navigation bar on each page that lets the user
jump to any section page, the main page, and the site map.

Fig 5.5: Hierarchical Information Structure

Cluster Structure

The cluster structure illustrated in Fig 5.6 is similar to the hierarchical structure,
except that every topic area is an island of information with allpages in each cluster
linked to each other. This structure encourages exploration within a topic area,
allowing the user to navigate freely through the content. All pages contain a
navigation bar with links to the section pages, main page, and site map.

- Fig 5.6 : Cluster Information Structure

 Planning and Designing a Website :: 111

INTEXT QUESTION 5.1

1. Choose the correct answer:

(a) The following things to consider while planning a website:

1. Purpose of website

2. Target audience

3. Website contents

4. All these above

(b) --------are responsible for maintaining the databases of

the websites

(c) ---------- structure lends to book type presentation

of website.

5.7 WEBSITE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Well design web pages need less development time. In this section you will
learn about the basic design principles that you will apply to design a web
page.

5.7.1 Design for the Medium

The design layout of a website will be displayed on console. As a webpage

designer, you must carefully create web pages that would meet the resolutions
and attributes according to the computer display. You must consider the layout,
fonts, and colors and how they will appear. As a developer, you must consider
the nonlinear nature of hypertext, and create the appropriate links and
associations into the information. Designing should focus on comfortable use
of the site by letting the users know where they are and where they can go.

5.7.2 Look and Feel

The interface that the user must navigate often is called the look and feel of
a website. They read text, make associations with links, view graphics, and,
depending on the freedom of design, create their own path through embedded

- information. You should plan for a deliberate look and feel and also you must
test your design against the variable nature ofthe web. You must ensure that
users can navigate your site reliably.
112 .. Certificate in Web Designing and Development

5.7.3 Make your Design Portable

Web site design must be portable and accessible across different browsers,
operating systems, and computer platforms. Many designers make the mistake
of testing in only one environment, assuming that their pages look the same
in all the other environments. No matter how much Web design experience
you gain, always remember to test in different environments even when you
feel confident of your results.

Following figures show the same page displayed in Mozilla Firefox 17.0 and
Internet Explorer 8.0. The page is coded with standard Cascading Style Sheets.
The code in Internet Explorer changes the appearance and settings of the
website; hence the design does not appear as the designer intended, like, font
size, page width, color etc.

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 Planning and Designing a Website :: 113

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Viewing your pages in the browsers your users are likely to have, using popular
operating systems, and checking the site on more than one computer platform
ensure your site will be accessible to many users.

5.8 COMPONENTS OF WEBSITE

In previous section you learned the planning and designing website. While
you create the new website or modify existing website, it is important to
understand the characteristics that can make or break the effectiveness of your
website. In this section you will learn about important components involved
in making a successful website.

5.8.1 Components of Web Accessibility

I

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international community, has

developed the website accessibility components. According to W3C, web
accessibility depends on several components working together and how
improvements in specific components could substantially improve web
accessibility. It is essential that components of web development interact and
work together in order for the web to be accessible even to people with
disabilities. These components include:
114 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development
,

• Content - the information in a web page or web application, including:

o natural information such as text, images, and sounds

o code or markup that defines structure, presentation, etc.

People: use the following to get and interact with the content

• Web browsers, media players, and other ''user agents"

• Assistive technology, in some cases - screen readers, alternative

keyboards, switches, scanning software, etc.

• Users knowledge, experiences, and in some cases, adaptive strategies

using the Web

• Developers - designers, coders, authors, etc., including developers with

disabilities and' users who contribute content

Web developers: use the following tools to create web content.

• Authoring tools - software that creates Web sites

• Evaluation tools - Web accessibility evaluation tools, HTML validators,

CSS validators, etc.

content

browsers, media players

assistive technologies

developers users

Fig. 5.9: Components of Web Accessibility

Figure Source: http://www.w3.orgMTAIlintro/components.php

 Planning and Designing a Website :: 115

5.8.2 Components of Webpage

All web pages look and feel different in accordance with business nature,
approach, content and their message. However, there are quite similar elements
with a bit of variations or changes as per the business requirements. The
following list of rows in table provides the mostly used components in web
page.

Web page Description

Component
Tables Tables are useful for presenting information you
want to display in grid format, such as calendar, or
in spread sheet, such as financial data. Availing
HTML with CSS feature will produce good result
and re-usable codes.
Images Images are used in Web pages to support the themes
of the webpage and to provide a visual impression.
Images may be a picture or scanned photograph,
images prepared using Photoshop or any drawing
tool, or may be downloaded from another website.
Note: Most ofthe browsers support JPG extension.
It called as Jpeg(Joint Photographic Experts Group)
image format.
Bit map (.BMP), .GIF and .TIFF are high memory
files, but JPG file is usually faster. JPG files are more
compact and optimized for download process from
webpage.
Buttons Buttons are actually images with text on them that
provide a means to navigate from one location to
another location. Buttons may be created in draw
program or downloaded from other website.
Colour The use of colour in a web page may make the page
more legible and interesting to read or it may make
the web page ugly and difficult to read. CSS
properties allow authors to specify the foreground
colour and background of an element. Backgrounds
may be colors or images.

- Menu Bar Menu bars are features on a webpage that provide

links to other pages for easy navigation between the
•

pages. Menu bars may contain button (Images), may

be created as a table, or may be text based with
divider lines.
116 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

Text For most webpages, text is the important component.

Text is used to present your idea, instructions, and!
or to drive home your point. Just like a word
processor, the size of text may be changed, as well
as its colour, style and font.
Links The power of the web is in its Branching
Capabilities: - the ability to go .to another site, created
by another author, and one that supports the task at
hand. Links provide branching option.
Links are "Jump Starts" to another webpage. A link
may take the user to another site. Links typically
displayed in blue, before they are used and in a shade
or red after the link is accessed.
Examples Internal link, external Link
Frames HTML frames allow authors to present documents
in multiple views, which may be independent
windows or sub windows. Multiple views offer
designers a way to keep certain information visible,
while other views are scrolled or replaced. For
example, within the same window, one frame might
display a static banner, a second a navigation menu,
and a third the main document that can be scrolled
through or replaced by navigating in the second
frame.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.2

2. Write True or False for the following

(a) A dynamic website allows user interaction.

(b) Files related to websites are stored in web server.

(c) Look and feel is not an important component of website.

-
 Planning and Designing a Website :: 117

5.9 OPEN SOURCE TOOL TO DEVELOP WEBSITE

Open source applications and tools are a great alternative for web designers
to design website with no cost or less as compare to proprietary software. Many
open source tools have similar features to the exclusive applications, and are
also free. This makes it possible for a web designer to have all the tools and
applications needed to complete everyday tasks without investing any money.

Some of the most successful and trusted open source websites tools are
WordPress (for blogging), Drupal (for general website content management),
and Magento (for e-commerce).

The most common reason for a website manager to choose a tool like
WordPress over proprietary software is that it is free. You can download and
install the software on any server. Open source web software offers significant
advantages, including (i) Full Customization (ii) Reliability and Security and
(iii) Sustainability.

Wordpress

Wordpress is the most popular blogging Tool. It is free open source blogging
software that you download and install on your own Web server, and
Wordpress.com is a site that hosts Wordpress blogs, with both free and paid
services.

WordPress is a community-driven project developed by and for people like

you. Many thousands of people from around the world contribute to the
project, and many millions of websites are powered by it. From large company
websites to personal blogs, and everything in between, anyone can publish
with WordPress. (www.wordpress.org)

Hosting your own WordPress site, you can download the WordPress software
for free at http://wordpress.org, but it must be installed on a web server before
start working on it.

WordPress.com is a great choice for bloggers, photographers, artists, plumbers,

doctors and restaurateurs, almost anyone. However, people looking to start
e-cornmerce sites, and techies that prefer to maintain full control over their
code, should consider hosting their own WordPress installation.
118 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

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publish your content, with an endless variety of customization.

Drupal is open source software maintained and developed by a community of

630,000+ users and developers (from clrupal site ).It is distributed under the terms
of the GNU General Public License, which means anyone is free to download it
and share it with others. This open development model means that people are
constantly working to make Drupal a cutting-edge platform that supports the latest
technologies that the website has to offer. The Drupal project's principles encourage
modularity, standards, collaboration, ease-of-use, and more. (www.clrupa.org)
 Planning and Designing a Website :: 119

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Joomla

Joornla is a content management system (CMS), which enables you to build

websites and powerful online applications. A content management system is software
that keeps track of every piece of content on your website. Content can be simple
text, photos, music, video, documents, or just about anything you can think of. A
major advantage of using a CMS is that it requires almost no technical skill or
knowledge to manage. Joomla is an open source solution that is freely available to
everyone. It is designed in a manner that provides easy installation and set up even
to a novice. Since Joomla is so easy to use, as a web designer or developer, you
can quickly build sites for your clients. Then, with a minimal amount of instruction,
you can empower your clients to easily manage their own sites themselves.
(www.joomla.org)
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120 :: Certificate in Web Designing and Development

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5.10 WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT

A successful web site is the result of well defined and structured planning. The steps
you take before you actually start coding the site saves your time, energy, and
expenses in the long run. In this lesson we discussed about the different steps of
effecti ve planning in a website. While designing a website you have to keep in mind
. the purpose of the website, target audience, content and budget. The website should
be easy to read, easy to navigate and easy to find.

5.11 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Defme static and dynamic website.

2. Write any two basic components of website?

3. List two benefits of diagramming your site before you start coding.

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 Planning and Designing a Website :: 121

ANSWER TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

[II]
1. (a)(iv)

(b) Database Administrator

(c) Linear

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2. (a) true (b) true (c) false