M4 cluster III Z- transforms

The Z-transform is an important signal-processing tool for analysing the interaction

between signals and systems. The development of communication branch is based on
discrete analysis. Z- transforms plays the same role in discrete analysis as Laplace transform
in continuous systems. The main difference Z-transforms over Laplace transforms is that
Z-transforms operates not on functions of continuous arguments but on sequences of the
discrete integer-valued arguments. In mathematics and signal processing,
Z-transform converts a discrete-time signal, which is a sequence of real or complex
numbers, into a complex frequency-domain representation. It can be considered as a
discrete-time equivalent of the Laplace transform. In the discrete time domain, a signal is
usually defined as a sequence of real or complex numbers which is then converted to the z-
domain by the process of Z-transform. The Z-transform is a very useful and important
technique, used in areas of signal processing, system design and analysis and control theory.

Discrete function(Sequence) : A discrete function is a function with domain is subset of

integers and is denoted by {𝑢𝑛 }={𝑢0 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … . . 𝑢𝑛 … . }

Ex : 1. {0,1,2,3,4,…………} = {n}
2.{0, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, … … } = {𝑛/(𝑛 + 1)}
Def: 𝒁-transform of a sequence {𝒖𝒏 }∞ ∞
𝒏=𝟎 is defined as ∑𝒏=𝟎 𝑢𝒏 𝑧
−𝒏
and is denoted as
̅ (𝑧) or U(z)
𝒁{𝒖𝒏 } or 𝒖
The above is said to be right sided Z-transform or simply Z-transform
Two sided (Bilateral) Z transform of a sequence {𝑢𝑛 }∞ ∞
𝑛=−∞ is defined as ∑𝑛=−∞ 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛

Left sided Z transform of a sequence {𝑢𝑛 }0𝑛=−∞ is defined as ∑0𝑛=−∞ 𝑢𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛

Note : 1.(1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 +..

2.(1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + − ⋯ ..
3. (1 − 𝑥)−2 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3
𝑥2 𝑥3
4. log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − +..
2 3

𝑥2 𝑥3
5. log(1 − 𝑥) = −𝑥 − − − ..
2 3

𝑥2 𝑥3
6. 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + +..
2! 3!
Z-transforms of some standard functions:
1. Let 𝒖𝒏 = 𝟏 for 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, ….
 
Z(u n ) =  u n z − n = z −n
= 1 + z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + .....
n =0 n =0

1 1 1 1 z
=1 + + 2 + 3 + ...... = =
z z z 1 z −1
1−
z
2. Let 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 for 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, ….
 
Z(u n ) =  u n z − n = a z n −n
= 1 + az −1 + a 2 z −2 + a 3 z −3 + .....
n =0 n =0

a a2 a3 1 z
=1 + + 2 + 3 + ...... = =
z z z a z−a
1−
z
3. Let 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛 for 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3, ….
 
Z(u n ) =  u n z − n = n z −n
= z −1 + 2z −2 + 3z −3 + .....
n =0 n =0

−2
1 2 3 4  1 1
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + ...  = 1 − 
z z z z  z z
−2
1  z −1 
2
1 z  z
=   =   =
z z  z  z − 1  ( z − 1)2

𝑑
4. 𝒁(𝑛𝑝 ) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝒁(𝑛𝑝−1 )]
 
Z(n p ) =  n p z − n =  n.n p −1z.z − n −1
n =0 n =0


= z  n.n p −1z − n −1
n =0


Z(n p −1 ) =  n p −1z − n
n =0

 
d
dz
( Z (n p −1
) ) =  n
p −1
( − n)z − n −1
= −  p −1 − n −1
n.n z
n =0 n =0

𝑑
∴ 𝑍(𝑛𝑝 ) = −𝑧 [𝑍(𝑛𝑝−1 )]
𝑑𝑧
 
5. Z(u n ) =  u n z − n
n =0

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧
𝒁(𝑛) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [ Z (1)] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝑧−1]
(𝑧−1)1−𝑧.1 −1 𝑧
=−𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)2
] = −𝑧 [(𝑧−1)2 ] = (𝑧−1)2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧
6. 𝒁(𝑛2 ) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝒁(𝑛)] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧−1)2]

(𝑧−1)2 .1−𝑧.2(𝑧−1) 𝑧−1−2𝑧

=−𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)4
] = −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)3 ]

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 2 +𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3 = (𝑧−1)3

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧
7. 𝒁(𝑛3 ) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [𝒁(𝑛2 )] = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧−1)3]= (𝑧−1)4

1  1 11 1 1 1 1
8. Z   =  z − n = 1 + + + + ....
 n!  n =0 n! 1! z 2! z 2 3! z 3

1/ z (1/ z) 2 (1/ z)3

= 1+ + + + ....
1! 2! 3!
= e1/z

1  1 1 1 1 1 1
9. Z   =  z − n = + + + ....
 n  n =1 n z 2 z 2 3 z3

(1/ z)2 (1/ z)3

= −(−1/ z − − − ....)
2 3

 z −1   z 
= − log(1 − 1/ z) = − log   = log  
 z   z −1 

1  z 
Z   = log  
n  z −1 

 1   1 −n 1 1 1 1 1
10. Z  = z = 1+ + + + ....
 n + 1  n =0 n + 1 2z 3 z 2 4 z 3
 1 1 1 1 1 
= z  + 2 + 3 + .... 
z 2 z 3z 
 1 (1/ z) 2 (1/ z)3 (1/ z) 4 
= −z  − − − − .... 
 z 2 3 4 
 z −1 
= −z log (1 − 1/ z ) = −z log  
 z 

 z 
= z log  .
 z −1 

11. Unit step sequence: u(n) =  0, n  0

1, n  0

 
Z(u(n)) =  u(n)z − n =  z − n
n =0 n =0

1 1 1 1 z
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + .... = =
z z z 1 − 1/ z z − 1
 −k

( )
12. Z k Cn =  k Cn z − n = 1 + k C1
n =0
1
z
1 1  1
+ k C2 2 + k C3 3 + .... = 1 + 
z z  z
Linearity Property:

If 𝑎, 𝑏 are any constants and 𝑢𝑛 . 𝑣𝑛 are any discrete functions, then

𝒁(𝑎𝑢𝑛 + 𝑏𝑣𝑛)= 𝑎𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) + 𝑏𝒁(𝑣𝑛 )

13. Find 𝒁(cos 𝑛𝜃) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒁(sin 𝑛𝜃).


Sol: Z(a n ) = a z
n =0
n −n
= 1 + az −1 + a 2 z −2 + a 3 z −3 + .....

a a2 a3 1 z
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + ...... = =
z z z a z−a
1−
z
𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥

𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑥

𝑛 𝑧
𝒁(𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) = 𝒁((𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) ) =
𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃

𝑧 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
=
𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
= 2
𝑧 − 𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
 𝑧(𝑧 − (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃))
=
𝑧 2 − 𝑧(2 cos 𝜃) + 1
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)+𝑖𝑧 sin 𝜃
𝒁(cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃) 𝑧 sin 𝜃
𝒁(cos 𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝒁(sin 𝑛𝜃) = +𝑖
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1

𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃) 𝑧 sin 𝜃
⟹ 𝒁(cos 𝑛𝜃) = , 𝒁(sin 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 = 2cosh 𝑥

14.Find 𝒁(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒏𝜽) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒏𝜽)

𝑛 𝑧
Sol: 𝒁(𝑒 𝑛𝜃 ) = 𝒁((𝑒 𝜃 ) ) =
𝑧−𝑒 𝜃

𝑧 𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃
=
𝑧−𝑒 𝜃 𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃

𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 )
=
𝑧 2 −𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 +𝑒 −𝜃 )+𝑒 𝜃 𝑒 −𝜃

𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 )
=
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1
𝑛 𝑧
𝒁(𝑒 −𝑛𝜃 ) = 𝒁((𝑒 −𝜃 ) ) =
𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃

𝑧 𝑧−𝑒 𝜃
=
𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 𝑧−𝑒 𝜃

𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 𝜃 )
=
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

𝑒 𝑛𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑛𝜃
𝒁(cosh 𝑛𝜃) = 𝒁 ( )
2
1
= (𝒁(𝑒 𝑛𝜃 ) + 𝒁(𝑒 −𝑛𝜃 ))
2

1 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 ) 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 𝜃 )
= ( 2 + 2 )
2 𝑧 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1 𝑧 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

1 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 )+𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 𝜃 )
= ( 2 )
2 𝑧 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

1 𝑧(2𝑧−(𝑒 −𝜃 +𝑒 𝜃 ))
= ( 2 )
2 𝑧 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

𝑧(𝑧−cosh 𝜃)
=
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1
 𝑒 𝑛𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑛𝜃
𝒁(sinh 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑍 ( )
2
1
= (𝑍(𝑒 𝑛𝜃 ) − 𝑍(𝑒 −𝑛𝜃 ))
2

1 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 ) 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 𝜃 )
= ( 2 − 2 )
2 𝑧 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1 𝑧 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

1 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 )−𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 −𝜃 )
= ( )
2 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

1 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 −𝑒 −𝜃 )
= ( 2 )
2 𝑧 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

𝑧 sinh 𝜃
=
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
Prob 1: Find Z transform of ( ) + ( )
𝟓 𝟒

1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛
Ans: 𝒁 (( ) + ( ) ) = 𝒁 (( ) ) + 𝒁 (( ) )
5 4 5 4
𝑧 𝑧
= 1 + 1
𝑧− 𝑧−
5 4

5𝑧 4𝑧
= +
5𝑧−1 4𝑧−1
5𝑧(4𝑧−1)+4𝑧(5𝑧−1)
=
(5𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1)

40𝑧 2 −9𝑧
=
(5𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1)
𝒏𝝅
Prob 2: Find 𝒁 transform of 𝟓𝒏 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝟒𝒂𝟓
𝟒
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Sol: 𝒁 (5𝑛 − 3 sin − 4𝑎5 ) = 5𝒁(𝑛) − 3𝒁 (sin ) − 4𝑎5 𝒁(1)
4 4

𝒁(𝑛) = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑧 −1 + 2𝑧 −2 + 3𝑧 −3 + 4𝑧 −4
= 𝑧 −1 (1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 3𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧 −3 + ⋯ . )
= 𝑧 −1 (1 − 𝑧 −1 )−2
1 1 1 𝑧2 𝑧
= . = . =
𝑧 (1−𝑧 −1 )2 𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1)2
𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧 sin
4
𝒁 (sin ) = 𝒁 (sin (𝑛 4 )) = 𝜋
4 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 4 )+1
 1
𝑧(
)
√2
= 1
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2( )+1
√2

1 𝑧
=
√2 𝑧 2 −√2𝑧+1

Z(1) = z
n =0
−n
= 1 + z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + .....

1 1 1 1 z
=1 + + 2 + 3 + ...... = =
z z z 1−
1 z −1
z
𝑛𝜋 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧
𝒁 (5𝑛 − 3 sin − 4𝑎5 ) = 5 −3 − 4𝑎5
4 (𝑧−1)2 √2 𝑧 2 −√2𝑧+1 𝑧−1
𝒏𝝅
Prob 3: Find Z transform of 𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 + 𝒂𝒏+𝟐
𝟐
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Sol:𝒁 (3𝑛2 + 10 cos + 𝑎𝑛+2 ) = 3𝒁(𝑛2 ) + 10𝒁 (cos ) + 𝒁(𝑎𝑛+2 )
2 2

𝒁(𝑛) = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑧 −1 + 2𝑧 −2 + 3𝑧 −3 + 4𝑧 −4
= 𝑧 −1 (1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 3𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧 −3 + ⋯ . )
= 𝑧 −1 (1 − 𝑧 −1 )−2
1 1 1 𝑧2 𝑧
= . = . =
𝑧 (1−𝑧 −1 )2 𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1)2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 −𝑧.2(𝑧−1)
𝒁(𝑛2 ) = −𝑧 𝒁(𝑛) = −𝑧 = −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1)4

(𝑧−1)−2𝑧 𝑧 2 +𝑧
= −𝑧 =
(𝑧−1)3 (𝑧−1)3

𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧(z−cos )
2
𝒁 (cos ) = 𝒁 (cos (𝑛 2 )) = 𝜋
2 2
𝑧 −𝑧(2 cos 2 )+1

𝑧(𝑧−0)
=
𝑧 2 −𝑧(0)+1

𝑧2
=
𝑧 2 +1

𝒁(𝑎𝑛+2 ) = 𝑎2 𝒁(𝑎𝑛 )
𝒁(𝑎𝑛 ) = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑎𝑧 −1 + 𝑎2 𝑧 −2 + 𝑎3 𝑧 −1 + ⋯
= 1 + 𝑎𝑧 −1 + (𝑎𝑧 −1 )2 + (𝑎𝑧 −1 )3 + ⋯
 1 1 𝑧
= = 𝑎 =
1−𝑎𝑧 −1 1− 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
𝑧
𝒁(𝑎𝑛+2 ) = 𝑎2 𝒁(𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑎2
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛𝜋 𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧
𝒁 (3𝑛2 + 10 cos + 𝑎𝑛+2 ) = 3 3
+ 10 + 𝑎2
2 (𝑧−1) 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧−𝑎

𝒏𝝅
Prob 4. Find 𝒁 transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 ( + 𝜽)
𝟐
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋 1 −( +𝜃)
Sol: cosℎ ( + 𝜃) = [𝑒 2 +𝜃 + 𝑒 2 ]
2 2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
+𝜃 −( +𝜃)
𝑛𝜋 𝑒2 +𝑒 2
𝒁 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ( + 𝜃)) = 𝑍 ( )
2 2

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
1
= 𝑍 (𝑒 2 𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 − 2 𝑒 −𝜃 )
2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
1
= [𝑒 𝜃 𝑍 (𝑒 2 ) + 𝑒 −𝜃 𝑍 (𝑒 − 2 )]
2
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
( )𝑛 𝑧 − (− )𝑛 𝑧
𝑍 (𝑒 ) = 𝑍 (𝑒
2 2 )= 𝜋 , 𝑍 (𝑒 2 ) = 𝑍 (𝑒 2 )= −
𝜋
𝑧−𝑒 2 𝑧−𝑒 2

𝑛𝜋 1 𝑧 𝑧
𝒁 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ( + 𝜃)) = [𝑒 𝜃 𝜋 + 𝑒 −𝜃 𝜋 ]
2 2 𝑧−𝑒 2
−
𝑧−𝑒 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 − −𝜃
1 𝑒 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 )+𝑒 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 )
2 2
= [ 𝜋 𝜋 ]
2 −
(𝑧−𝑒 2 )(𝑧−𝑒 2 )

𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜃 −𝜃 𝜃 −2 −𝜃 2
1 𝑧 (𝑒 +𝑒 )−𝑧(𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 )
= [ 𝜋 𝜋 ]
2 −
𝑧 2 −𝑧(𝑒 2 +𝑒 2 )+1

𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜃 −𝜃 −𝜃 −( −𝜃)
1 𝑧 (𝑒 +𝑒 )−𝑧(𝑒 +𝑒 )
2 2
= [ 𝜋 𝜋 ]
2 −
𝑧 2 −𝑧(𝑒 2 +𝑒 2 )+1

2 𝜋 𝜋
1 2𝑧 cosh 𝜃−2𝑧 cosh( 2 −𝜃) 𝑧 2 cosh 𝜃−𝑧 cosh( −𝜃)
2
= [ 𝜋 ]= 𝜋
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ +1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ +1
2 2

𝒏𝝅 𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽+𝒛𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Prob 5. Show that the 𝒁 transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( + 𝜽) is .
𝟐 𝒛𝟐 +𝟏
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Sol: 𝒁 (sin ( + 𝜃)) = 𝒁 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
2 2 2
 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃. 𝒁 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝒁 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
2 2
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃) 𝑧 sin 𝜃
We have 𝒁(cos 𝑛𝜃) = , 𝒁(sin 𝑛𝜃) = .
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1
𝜋 𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑧(𝑧−cos )
2 𝑧2 𝑛𝜋 𝑧 sin
2 𝑧
𝒁 (cos )= 𝜋 = , 𝒁(sin )= 𝜋 =
2 2
𝑧 −𝑧(2 cos 2 )+1 𝑧 2 +1 2 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 2 )+1 𝑧 2 +1

𝑛𝜋 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑧 2 sin 𝜃

𝒁 (sin ( + 𝜃)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃. + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. = .
2 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1

Prob 6. Make use of the Linearity property find 𝒁((𝒏 + 𝟑)𝟐 ).

Sol: 𝑍((𝑛 + 3)2 )) = 𝑍(𝑛2 + 6𝑛 + 9) = 𝑍(𝑛2 ) + 6𝑍(𝑛) + 9𝑍(1)
𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3 + 6 (𝑧−1)2 + 9 𝑧−1

𝑧 2 +𝑧+6𝑧(𝑧−1)+9𝑧(𝑧 2 −2𝑧+1)
=
(𝑧−1)3

9𝑧 3 −11𝑧 2 +4𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3

15.Change of Scale Property (Damping rule):

If 𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑧) then 𝒁(𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑎𝑧)

Proof : Z(u n ) =  u n z − n =U(z)
n =0

 
Z(a − n u n ) =  u n a − n z − n =  u n (az) − n = U(az)
n =0 n =0

Note: Z(a u n ) = U(z / a)

n

Prob 7. Find 𝒁(𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽) , 𝒁(𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽) , 𝒁(𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒏𝜽) , 𝒁(𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒏𝜽)
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃) 𝑧 sin 𝜃
Sol: We have 𝒁(cos 𝑛𝜃) = , 𝒁(sin 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1

𝑧(𝑧−cosh 𝜃) 𝑧 sinh 𝜃
𝒁(cosh 𝑛𝜃) = , 𝒁(sinh 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cosh 𝜃)+1

By Damping rule, if 𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑧) then 𝒁(𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑧/𝑎)

𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
( −cos 𝜃) (𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃) 𝑧(𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃)
𝑛 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
𝒁(𝑎 cos 𝑛𝜃) = 2 = 1 =
𝑧 𝑧
( ) − (2 cos 𝜃)+1 (𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎2 ) 𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
 𝑧 𝑧
(sin 𝜃) (sin 𝜃) 𝑎𝑧 sin 𝜃
𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
𝒁(𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 𝑧
= 1 =
( ) − (2 cos 𝜃)+1 (𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎2 ) 𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝜃+𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2

𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
( −cosh 𝜃) (𝑧−𝑎 cosh 𝜃) 𝑧(𝑧−𝑎 cosh 𝜃)
𝑛 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2
𝒁(𝑎 cosh 𝑛𝜃) = 2 = 1 =
𝑧 𝑧
( ) − (2 cosh 𝜃)+1 (𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cosh 𝜃+𝑎2 ) 𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cosh 𝜃+𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2

𝑧 𝑧
(sinh 𝜃) (sinh 𝜃) 𝑎𝑧 sinh 𝜃
𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
𝒁(𝑎 sinh 𝑛𝜃) = 2 = 1 =
𝑧 𝑧
( ) − (2 cosh 𝜃)+1 (𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cosh 𝜃+𝑎2 ) 𝑧 2 −2𝑎𝑧 cosh 𝜃+𝑎2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2

𝒏𝝅 𝒂𝒏
Prob 8. Find (i) 𝒁 (𝟑𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) (ii) 𝒁 ((𝒏+𝟏)!) (iii) ) 𝒁(𝟓−𝒏 [𝟏 − (−𝟐)𝒏 )])
𝟐
𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑧(z−cos )
2
Sol: (i) 𝒁 (cos ) = 𝒁 (cos (𝑛 2 )) = 𝜋
2 2
𝑧 −𝑧(2 cos 2 )+1

𝑧(𝑧−0)
=
𝑧 2 −𝑧(0)+1

𝑧2
=
𝑧 2 +1
𝑧2
𝑛 𝑛𝜋 (𝑧/3)2 9 𝑧2
By using Damping rule 𝒁 (3 cos ) = (𝑧/3)2+1 = =
2 (𝑧 2 /9)+1 𝑧 2 +9

 1   1 11 1 1 1 1
=
−n
(ii) Z  z = 1+ + + + ....
 (n + 1)!  n =0 (n + 1)! 2! z 3! z 2 4! z 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
= z + + + + .
z 2! z 2 3! z 3 4! z 4 

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
= z 1 + + + + + . − z
 z 2! z 2 3! z 3 4! z 4 

 1/ z (1/ z) 2 (1/ z)3 

= z 1 + + + + ....  − z
 1! 2! 3! 

= z(e1/z − 1)

𝑎𝑛 𝑧
By Damping rule 𝒁 ((𝑛+1)!) = (𝑒 (𝑎/𝑧) − 1)
𝑎
𝑧 𝑧
(iii) We have 𝒁(1) = , 𝒁(𝑎𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1 𝑧−𝑎

𝒁([1 − (−2)𝑛 )]) = 𝒁(1) − 𝒁((−2)𝑛 )

𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= − = −
𝑧−1 𝑧−(−2) 𝑧−1 𝑧+2
 5𝑧 5𝑧 15𝑧
By Damping rule 𝒁(5−𝑛 [1 − (−2)𝑛 )]) = − =
5𝑧−1 5𝑧+2 (5𝑧−1)(5𝑧+2)

𝒛𝒆𝒂 (𝒛𝒆𝒂 −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓)

Prob 9. Show that 𝒁 transform of 𝒆−𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒏 =
𝒛𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒂 −𝟐𝒛𝒆𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓+𝟏
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
Sol: We have 𝒁(cos 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1
𝑧(𝑧−cos 5)
𝒁(cos 5𝑛) =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 5+1

By Damping rule: If 𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑧) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒁(𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑎𝑧)

𝑧𝑒 𝑎 (𝑧𝑒 𝑎 −cos 5)
𝒁(𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 cos 5𝑛) = 𝒁((𝑒 𝑎 )−𝑛 cos 5𝑛)=(𝑧𝑒 𝑎)2
−2𝑧𝑒 𝑎 cos 5+1

𝑧𝑒 𝑎 (𝑧𝑒 𝑎 −cos 5)
=
𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝑎 −2𝑧𝑒 𝑎 cos 5+1

Prob 10: Find 𝒁(𝒂𝒏 𝒏),𝒁(𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝟐 ), 𝒁(𝒂−𝒏 𝒏𝟑 )

𝑧 𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧
Sol: We have 𝑍(𝑛) = 2
, 𝑍(𝑛2 ) = 3
, 𝑍(𝑛3 ) =
(𝑧−1) (𝑧−1) (𝑧−1)4

By Damping rule, if 𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑧) then 𝒁(𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑧/𝑎) , 𝒁(𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑎𝑧)

𝑧/𝑎 𝑧/𝑎 𝑎𝑧
𝒁(𝑎𝑛 𝑛) = = =
(𝑧/𝑎−1)2 (𝑧−𝑎)2 /𝑎2 (𝑧−𝑎)2
𝑧 1
(𝑧/𝑎)2 + (𝑧 2 +𝑎𝑧)
𝑛 2) 𝑎 𝑎2
𝒁(𝑎 𝑛 = 3 = 1
𝑧
( −1) (𝑧−𝑎)3
𝑎 𝑎3

𝑎(𝑧 2 +𝑎𝑧) 𝑎𝑧 2 +𝑎2 𝑧

= =
(𝑧−𝑎)3 (𝑧−𝑎)3

(𝑎𝑧)3 +4(𝑎𝑧)2 +𝑎𝑧 𝑎3 𝑧 3 +4𝑎2 𝑧 2 +𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑧 3 +4𝑎2 𝑧 2 +𝑎3 𝑧

𝒁(𝑎−𝑛 𝑛3 ) = = , 𝒁(𝑎𝑛 𝑛3 ) =
(𝑎𝑧−1)4 (𝑎𝑧−1)4 (𝑧−𝑎)4

𝒅
16.Result: If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = 𝑼(𝒛) then 𝒁(𝒏𝒖𝒏 ) = −𝒛 𝑼(𝒛)
𝒅𝒛

𝑈(𝑧) = 𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢0 + 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯
𝑑
𝑈(𝑧) = −𝑢1 𝑧 −2 − 2𝑢2 𝑧 −3 − 3𝑢3 𝑧 −4 …
𝑑𝑧
𝑑
−𝑧 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 2𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + 3𝑢3 𝑧 −3 …
𝑑𝑧

𝒁(𝑛𝑢𝑛 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 2𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + 3𝑢3 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
𝑑
∴ 𝒁(𝑛𝑢𝑛 ) = −𝑧 𝑈(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧
Prob 11. Find 𝒁(𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒏𝜽) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁(𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒏𝜽)
𝑧(𝑧−cosh 𝜃) 𝑧 sinh 𝜃
Sol: We have 𝒁(cosh 𝑛𝜃) = , 𝒁(sinh 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1

𝑑 𝑧(𝑧−cosh 𝜃) 𝑑 (𝑧 2 −zcosh 𝜃)
𝒁(𝑛 cosh 𝑛𝜃) = −𝑧 = −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1
(𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)(2𝑧−cosh 𝜃)−(𝑧 2 −zcosh 𝜃)(2𝑧−2 cosh 𝜃)
= −𝑧 (𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)2

(2𝑧 3 −𝑧 2 cosh 𝜃−4𝑧 2 cosh 𝜃+2𝑧 cosh2 𝜃+2𝑧−cosh 𝜃)−(2𝑧 3 −2𝑧 2 cosh 𝜃−2𝑧 2 cosh 𝜃 +2zcosh2 𝜃)
= −𝑧 (𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)2

(−𝑧 2 cosh 𝜃+2𝑧−cosh 𝜃) (𝒛𝟑 +𝒛) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜽−𝟐𝒛𝟐

= −𝑧 (𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)2
= (𝒛𝟐
−𝟐𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜽+𝟏)𝟐

𝑑 𝑧 sinh 𝜃 𝑑 𝑧 sinh 𝜃
𝒁(𝑛 sinh 𝑛𝜃) = −𝑧 = −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1

(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cosh 𝜃 + 1) sinh 𝜃 − 𝑧 sinh 𝜃(2𝑧 − 2 cosh 𝜃)

(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cosh 𝜃 + 1)2

(𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)(sinh 𝜃)−(𝑧 sinh 𝜃)(2𝑧−2 cosh 𝜃)

= −𝑧 (𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)2

(𝑧 2 sinh 𝜃−2𝑧 cosh 𝜃 sinh 𝜃+sinh 𝜃)−(2𝑧 2 sinh 𝜃−2𝑧 cosh 𝜃 sinh 𝜃)
= −𝑧 (𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)2

(−𝑧 2 sinh 𝜃+sinh 𝜃)

= −𝑧 (𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cosh 𝜃+1)2

(𝒛𝟑 −𝒛) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝜽

= (𝒛𝟐
−𝟐𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜽+𝟏)𝟐

Prob 12. Find 𝒁(𝒏𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒏𝜽 )

𝑛 𝑧
Sol: 𝒁(𝑒 2𝑛𝜃 ) = 𝒁((𝑒 2𝜃 ) ) =
𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃
𝑑 𝑑 𝑧
𝒁(𝑛𝑒 2𝑛𝜃 ) = −𝑧 𝒁(𝑒 2𝑛𝜃 ) = −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃

(𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 ).1−𝑧.1 𝑧𝑒 2𝜃
= −𝑧 2 = 2
(𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 ) (𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 )

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧𝑒 2𝜃
𝒁(𝑛2 𝑒 2𝑛𝜃 ) = −𝑧 𝒁(𝑛𝑒 2𝑛𝜃 ) = −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 )2

(𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 ).2 𝑒 2𝜃 −𝑧𝑒 2𝜃.2(𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 )

=−𝑧 4
(𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 )
 (𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 ).𝑒 2𝜃 −2𝑧𝑒 2𝜃
=−𝑧 3
(𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 )

𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝜃+𝑧𝑒 4𝜃
= 3
(𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 )

Alternatively :
𝑧 2 +𝑧
𝒁(𝑛2 ) =
(𝑧−1)3
𝑛
𝒁(𝑛2 𝑒 2𝑛𝜃 ) = 𝒁((𝑒 2𝜃 ) 𝑛2 )
𝑧 2 𝑧
( 2𝜃 ) + 2𝜃
𝑒 𝑒
= 𝑧 , By damping rule
( 2𝜃 −1)3
𝑒

3
(𝑒 2𝜃 ) (𝑧 2 +𝑧𝑒 2𝜃 ) 𝑒 2𝜃 (𝑧 2 +𝑧𝑒 2𝜃)
= 2 3 = 3
(𝑒 2𝜃 ) (𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃) (𝑧−𝑒 2𝜃 )

𝒏𝟐 (5𝑧)2 +5𝑧
Prob 13: Show that 𝒁 ( 𝒏 )=
𝟓 (5𝑧−1)3

1 1 𝑛 𝑧 5𝑧
Sol: 𝑍 ( 𝑛 ) = 𝑍 (( ) ) = 1 =
5 5 𝑧− 5𝑧−1
5

𝑛 𝑑 1 𝑑 5𝑧 (5𝑧−1)5−5𝑧.5 5𝑧
𝑍 ( 𝑛 ) = −𝑧 𝑍 ( 𝑛 ) = −𝑧 = −𝑧 =
5 𝑑𝑧 5 𝑑𝑧 5𝑧−1 (5𝑧−1)2 (5𝑧−1)2

𝑛2 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑 5𝑧 (5𝑧−1)2 5−5𝑧.2(5𝑧−1).5
𝑍 ( 𝑛 ) = −𝑧 𝑍 ( 𝑛 ) = −𝑧 = −𝑧
5 𝑑𝑧 5 𝑑𝑧 (5𝑧−1)2 (5𝑧−1)4

(5𝑧−1)5−5(10𝑧) (−5𝑧−1)5 5𝑧(5𝑧+1)

= −𝑧 = −𝑧 =
(5𝑧−1)3 (5𝑧−1)3 (5𝑧−1)3

𝑧 2 +𝑧
Alternatively: 𝑍(𝑛2 ) =
(𝑧−1)3

𝑛2
𝑍 ( 𝑛 ) = 𝑍(5−𝑛 𝑛2 )
5

(5𝑧)2 +5𝑧
= , by damping rule
(5𝑧−1)3

17.Shifting Theorems:
(i) If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = 𝑼(𝒛) then 𝒁(𝒖𝒏+𝟏 ) = 𝒛(𝑼(𝒛) − 𝒖𝟎 )
𝒁(𝒖𝒏+𝒌 ) = 𝒛𝒌 (𝑼(𝒛) − 𝒖𝟎 − 𝒖𝟏 𝒛−𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒛−𝟐 −. . 𝒖𝒌−𝟏 𝒛−(𝒌−𝟏) )
(Left shifting theorem)
(ii) If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = 𝑼(𝒛) then for 𝒏 ≥ 𝒌, 𝒁(𝒖𝒏−𝒌 ) = 𝒛−𝒌 𝑼(𝒛)
(Right shifting theorem)
Proof: 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢0 + 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯
(i) 𝒁(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+1 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢3 𝑧 −2 + ⋯.
𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢(0)= 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + 𝑢3 𝑧 −3 + ⋯
𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢(0))= 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢3 𝑧 −2 +
= 𝒁(𝑢𝑛+1 )
𝒁(𝑢𝑛+𝑘 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛+𝑘 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢𝑘 + 𝑢𝑘+1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢𝑘+2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯.
𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢(0) − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 −. . 𝑢𝑘−1 𝑧 −(𝑘−1)

= ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
− 𝑢(0) − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 −. . 𝑢𝑘−1 𝑧 −(𝑘−1)

= 𝑢𝑘 𝑧 −(𝑘) + 𝑢𝑘+1 𝑧 −(𝑘+1) + 𝑢𝑘+2 𝑧 −(𝑘+2) +

𝑧 𝑘 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢(0) − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 −. . 𝑢𝑘−1 𝑧 −(𝑘−1) ) = 𝑢𝑘 + 𝑢𝑘+1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢𝑘+2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯.

= 𝒁(𝑢𝑛+𝑘 )
∴ 𝑍(𝑢𝑛+𝑘 ) = 𝑧 𝑘 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢(0) − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 −. . 𝑢𝑘−1 𝑧 −(𝑘−1) )

(ii)𝒁(𝑢𝑛−𝑘 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=𝑘 𝑢𝑛−𝑘 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢0 𝑧 −𝑘 + 𝑢1 𝑧 −(𝑘+1) + 𝑢2 𝑧 −(𝑘+2) + ⋯
= 𝑧 −𝑘 (𝑢0 + 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯ )
= 𝑧 −𝑘 𝑈(𝑧)
𝟏
Prob 14. Using Shifting theorem find 𝒁 transform of
(𝒏+𝟐)(𝒏+𝟑)
1
Sol: Let 𝑢𝑛 =
(𝑛+1)

1 𝑧
𝑈(𝑧) = 𝒁( 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝒁 ( ) = 𝑧 log 𝑧−1
𝑛+1
1
𝒁(
𝑛+3
) = 𝒁( 𝑢𝑛+2 )
1
By Shifting theorem 𝒁 (
𝑛+3
) = 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 )
1
= 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 1 − 𝑧 −1 )
2
𝑧 1
= 𝑧 2 (𝑧 log − 1 − 𝑧 −1 )
𝑧−1 2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
(𝒏 + 𝟐)(𝒏 + 𝟑) (𝒏 + 𝟐) (𝒏 + 𝟑)
 1
𝒁(
𝑛+2
) = 𝒁( 𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 )

= 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 1)
𝑧
= 𝑧 (𝑧 log − 1)
𝑧−1
1 1 1
𝒁( ) = 𝒁 (𝑛+2 − 𝑛+3)
(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)

1 1
= 𝒁( ) − 𝑍 (𝑛+3)
𝑛+2
𝑧 𝑧 1
= 𝑧 (𝑧 log − 1) − 𝑧 2 (𝑧 log − 1 − 𝑧 −1 )
𝑧−1 𝑧−1 2
𝑧 1
= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 3 )log + 𝑧2 − 𝑧
𝑧−1 2

Prob 15. Find 𝒁(𝟐. 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓𝒏)and deduce 𝒁(𝟐. 𝟑𝒏+𝟑 + 𝟓(𝒏 + 𝟑)) , by using
shifting theorem.
𝑧 𝑧
Sol: We have 𝑍(𝑛) = (𝑧−1)2 , 𝑍(𝑎𝑛 ) =
𝑧−𝑎

𝑍(2. 3𝑛 + 5𝑛) = 2𝑍(3𝑛 ) + 5𝑍(𝑛)

2𝑧 5𝑧
= + (𝑧−1)2
𝑧−3

Let 𝑢𝑛 = 2. 3𝑛 + 5𝑛
2𝑧 5𝑧
𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = + (𝑧−1)2
𝑧−3

2. 3𝑛+3 + 5(𝑛 + 3) = 𝑢𝑛+3 ,

𝑢0 = 2, 𝑢1 = 2(3) + 5 = 11, 𝑢2 = 2(32 ) + 10 = 28
By Shifting theorem ,
𝑍(𝑢𝑛+3 ) = 𝑧 3 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 )
2𝑧 5𝑧
= 𝑧 3( + (𝑧−1)2 − 2 − 11𝑧 −1 − 28𝑧 −2 )
𝑧−3

6 −6𝑧 2 +22𝑧−11 28
= 𝑧 3( + − )
𝑧−3 𝑧(𝑧−1)2 𝑧2

Prob 16. Find 𝒁(𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝜽) by using shifting theorem .

Sol: Let 𝑢𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 .
 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
We have 𝑍(cos 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = , 𝑢0 = 1
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝑢𝑛+1 = cos(𝑛 + 1)𝜃)

𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
By shifting theorem 𝑍(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ) = 𝑧( − 1)
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1
𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃−(𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1)
= 𝑧( )
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1
𝑧(𝑧 cos 𝜃−1)
=
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1
𝒏𝝅
Prob 17. Find 𝒁 (𝒏𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) and hence find
𝟑
(𝒏−𝟐)𝝅
𝒁 ((𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 by using shifting theorem.
𝟑
𝑛𝜋
Sol: To find 𝑍 (𝑛2 + cos )
3

𝑍(𝑛) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑧 −1 + 2𝑧 −2 + 3𝑧 −3 + 4𝑧 −4
= 𝑧 −1 (1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 3(𝑧 −1 )2 + 4(𝑧 −1 )3 + ⋯ . )
1 1 1 𝑧2 𝑧
= 𝑧 −1 (1 − 𝑧 −1 )−2 = 1 2
= =
𝑧 (1− ) 𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1)2
𝑧

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 .1−𝑧.2(𝑧−1)
𝑍(𝑛2 ) = −𝑧 𝑍(𝑛2 ) = −𝑧 = −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1)4

(𝑧−1)−2𝑧 𝑧 2 +𝑧
= −𝑧 (𝑧−1)3
= (𝑧−1)3
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
We have 𝑍(cos 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1
𝜋 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑧(𝑧−cos ) 𝑧(𝑧− ) 𝑧(2𝑧−1)
3 2
𝑍 (cos )= 𝜋 = 1 =
3 2
𝑧 −𝑧(2 cos 3 )+1 2
𝑧 −𝑧(2.2)+1 2(𝑧 2 −𝑧+1)

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧(2𝑧−1)
𝑍 (𝑛2 + cos ) = 𝑍(𝑛2 ) + 𝑍 (cos ) = (𝑧−1)3 +
3 3 2(𝑧 2 −𝑧+1)

𝑛𝜋 𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧(2𝑧−1)
Let 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛2 + cos , then 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)3 +
3 2(𝑧 2 −𝑧+1)

(𝑛−2)𝜋
(𝑛 − 2)2 + cos = 𝑢𝑛−2
3

BY shifting theorem 𝑍(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 𝑧 −2 𝑈(𝑧)

 (𝑛−2)𝜋 𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧(2𝑧−1)
𝑍 ((𝑛 − 2)2 + cos ) = 𝑧 −2 ((𝑧−1)3 + )
3 2(𝑧 2 −𝑧+1)

1 𝑧+1 2𝑧−1
= ((𝑧−1)3 + )
𝑧 2(𝑧 2 −𝑧+1)

𝟏
Prob 18. Find 𝒁 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓) − ) and hence find
𝒏+𝟏
𝟏
𝒁 (𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏 − 𝟏) − ) , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 by using shifting theorem.
𝒏−𝟏
𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃) 𝑧 sin 𝜃
Sol: We have 𝑍(cos 𝑛𝜃) = , 𝑍(sin 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1 𝑧 2 −𝑧(2 cos 𝜃)+1

𝑍(sin(3𝑛 + 5)) = 𝑍(sin 3𝑛 cos 5 + cos 3𝑛 sin 5)

= cos 5. 𝑍(sin 3𝑛) + sin 5. 𝑍(cos 3𝑛)
𝑧 sin 3 𝑧 (z−cos 3)
= cos 5. + sin 5.
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1
𝑧 (z sin 5+ cos 5 sin 3− sin 5 cos 3)
=
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1
𝑧 (zsin 5− sin 2)
=
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

 1   1 −n 1 1 1 1 1
Z = z = 1+ + + + ....
 n + 1  n =0 n + 1 2z 3 z 2 4 z 3

1 1 1 1 1 
= z + + 3 + .... 
z 2 z 3z 
2

 1 (1/ z) 2 (1/ z)3 (1/ z) 4 

= −z  − − − .... 
 z 2 3 4 
 z −1 
= −z log (1 − 1/ z ) = −z log  
 z 

 z 
= z log  .
 z −1 
1 1
𝑍 (sin(3𝑛 + 5) − ) = 𝑍(sin(3𝑛 + 5)) − 𝑍 (𝑛+1)
𝑛+1
𝑧 (zsin 5+ sin 2) 𝑧
= − 𝑧 log
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1 𝑧−1
1
Let 𝑢𝑛 = sin(3𝑛 + 5) −
𝑛+1
1 1
Then sin(3𝑛 − 1) − = sin(3(𝑛 − 2) + 5) − (𝑛−2)+1 = 𝑢𝑛−2
𝑛−1

𝑧 (z+ sin 2) 𝑧
𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = − 𝑧 log
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1 𝑧−1
 1
𝑍 (sin(3𝑛 − 1) −
𝑛−1
) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 𝑧 −2 𝑈(𝑧) By Shifting theorem
1 zsin 5+ sin 2 𝑧
= ( 2 − log )
𝑧 𝑧 −2𝑧 cos 3+1 𝑧−1
𝝅 𝟏
Prob 19: Show that 𝒁 (𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) ) = 𝟐 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝟐 𝒛 +𝟏
𝜋 1
(i.e if 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑛 − 1) , 𝑛 ≥ 1 then 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) =
2 𝑧 2 +1
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Sol: We have 𝑍(sin 𝑛𝜃) =
𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1
𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧
2
𝑍 (sin )= 𝜋 =
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1 𝑧 2 +1
2

By right shifting theorem 𝑍(𝑢𝑛−𝑘 ) = 𝑧 −𝑘 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 𝑘

𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧 1
𝒁 (𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑛 − 1) ) = 𝑧 −1 𝒁 (sin ) = 𝑧 −1 𝑧 2+1 = 𝑧 2+1 , 𝑛 ≥ 1
2 2
𝜋 1
Note: if 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑛 − 2) , 𝑛 ≥ 2 then 𝑍(𝑣𝑛 ) =
2 𝑧(𝑧 2 +1)

18. Initial Value theorem:

If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = 𝑼(𝒛) then 𝒖𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑼(𝒛)
𝒛→∞

Proof: 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑈(𝑧) = ∑∞

𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
= 𝑢0 + 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯
𝑢1 𝑢2
lim 𝑈(𝑧) = lim 𝑢0 + + + ⋯ = 𝑢0
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 𝑧2

Note: 1. 𝑢1 = lim 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ) = lim 𝑢𝑛+1

𝑧→∞ 𝑛→0

2.𝑢2 = lim 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 )

𝑧→∞

3. 𝑢3 = lim 𝑧 3 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 )
𝑧→∞
𝑢1 𝑢2
lim 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ) = lim 𝑧( 𝑢0 + + + ⋯ −𝑢0 )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 𝑧2
𝑢1 𝑢2
= lim 𝑧( + + ⋯)
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 𝑧2
𝑢2 𝑢3
= lim ( 𝑢1 + + + ⋯) = 𝑢1
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 𝑧2

19. Final value theorem:

If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = 𝑼(𝒛), then 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒛 − 𝟏)𝑼(𝒛)
𝒏→∞ 𝒛→𝟏

Proof:
𝑍(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛+1 ) − 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 )
= 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ) − 𝑈(𝑧)
= (𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 𝑧…(1)
𝑍(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )𝑧
−𝑛

lim [(𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 𝑧] = lim 𝑍(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )

𝑧→1 𝑧→1

= lim ∑∞
𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )𝑧
−𝑛
𝑧→1

= ∑∞
𝑛=0(𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )

= (𝑢1 − 𝑢0 ) + (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )+. . (𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 )+..

= −𝑢0 + lim 𝑢𝑛+1 = −𝑢0 + lim 𝑢𝑛 ..(2)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

lim [(𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 𝑧] = −𝑢0 + lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧)….(3)

𝑧→1 𝑧→1

From (2) and (3) lim 𝑢𝑛 = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧)

𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1

𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝟑𝒛+𝟏𝟐
Prob 20. If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟒
, then show that 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏

2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
Sol: 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)4

By Initial value theorem 𝑢0 = lim 𝑈(𝑧)

𝑧→∞

2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
= lim (𝑧−1)4
𝑧→∞
3 12
𝑧 2 (2+ + 2 )
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 4
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 4 (1−1)
𝑧

3 12
1 (2+ + 2 ) (2+0)
= lim 2 𝑧 1 𝑧4 = 0. =0
𝑧 1
𝑧→∞ (1−𝑧)

𝑢1 = lim 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 )
𝑧→∞
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
= lim 𝑧 ( (𝑧−1)4
− 0)
𝑧→∞
3 12
𝑧 3 (2+ + 2 )
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 4
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 4 (1−1)
𝑧
 3 12
1 (2+𝑧+𝑧2 ) (2+0)
= lim 1 4
= 0. =0
𝑧 (1− ) 1
𝑧→∞ 𝑧

𝑢2 = lim 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 )
𝑧→∞
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
= lim 𝑧 2 ( (𝑧−1)4
− 0)
𝑧→∞
3 12
𝑧 4 (2+ + 2 )
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 4
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 4 (1−1)
𝑧

3 12
(2+ + 2 ) (2+0)
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 4
= =2
𝑧→∞ (1− ) 1
𝑧

𝑢3 = lim 𝑧 3 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 )
𝑧→∞
2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
= lim 𝑧 3 ( (𝑧−1)4
− 2𝑧 −2 )
𝑧→∞

2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12 2
= lim 𝑧 3 ( (𝑧−1)4
− )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧2

𝑧 2 (2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12)−2(𝑧−1)4
= lim 𝑧 3 ( )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 2 (𝑧−1)4

(2𝑧 4 +3𝑧 3 +12𝑧 2 )−2(𝑧 4 −4𝑧 3 +6𝑧 2 −4𝑧+1

= lim 𝑧 ( (𝑧−1)4
)
𝑧→∞

11𝑧 3 +8𝑧−2
= lim 𝑧 ( (𝑧−1)4
)
𝑧→∞
8 2
𝑧 4 (11+ 2 − 3)
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 4
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 4 (1− )
𝑧

8 2
(11+ 2 − 3 ) (11+0)
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 4
= = 11
𝑧→∞ (1− ) 1
𝑧

𝒛 𝒛
Prob 21. If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = + then find 𝒁(𝒖𝒏+𝟐 )
𝒛−𝟏 𝒛𝟐 +𝟏

Proof: We have by shifting theorem 𝑍(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 )

By Initial value theorem 𝑢0 = lim 𝑈(𝑧)
𝑧→∞
𝑧 𝑧
= lim +
𝑧→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
1 1 1
= lim 1 + = 1+0=1
𝑧→∞ 1− 𝑧 1+ 12
𝑧 𝑧
 𝑢1 = lim 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 )
𝑧→∞
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 𝑧 ( + − 1)
𝑧→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1

1 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2
= lim 𝑧 ( + ) = lim (𝑧−1 + 𝑧 2+1)
𝑧→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧→∞
2𝑧 2 −𝑧+1
= lim 𝑧 ( )
𝑧→∞ (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +1)
1 1
𝑧 3 (2− + 2 )
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 1
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 (1− )(1+ 2 )
𝑧 𝑧
1 1
(2− + 2 )
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 1 =2
𝑧→∞ (1− )(1+ 2 )
𝑧 𝑧

𝑍(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 )
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 2( + − 1 − 2𝑧 −1 )
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
𝑧 𝑧 2
= 𝑧2 ( + −1− )
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧

𝑧 3 +𝑧 2 𝑧+2
= 𝑧 2 ((𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 − )
+1) 𝑧

𝑧 4 +𝑧 3 −(𝑧+2)(𝑧 3 −𝑧 2 +𝑧−1)
= 𝑧2 ( )
𝑧(𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +1)

𝑧 4 +𝑧 3 −(𝑧 4 +𝑧 3 −𝑧 2 +𝑧−2)
= 𝑧2 ( )
𝑧(𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +1)

𝑧 2 −𝑧+2
= 𝑧2 ( )
𝑧(𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +1)

𝑧 3 −𝑧 2 +2𝑧
= (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2
+1)

𝟑𝒛𝟑 −𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝒛−𝟒

Prob 22. If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑
then find 𝒖𝟐 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏 .
𝒏→∞

3𝑧 3 −10𝑧 2 +11𝑧−4
Sol: 𝑈(𝑍) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)3

To find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏:

𝒏→∞

By final value theorem we have lim 𝑢𝑛 = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧)

𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1
3𝑧 3 −10𝑧 2 +11𝑧−4
lim 𝑢𝑛 = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧) = lim(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧−1)3
𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1 𝑧→1
 3𝑧 3 −10𝑧 2 +11𝑧−4 0
= lim (𝑧−1)2
( form)
𝑧→1 0

9𝑧 2 −20𝑧+11
= lim ( By L’Hospital rule)
𝑧→1 2(𝑧−1)
18𝑧−20 −2
= lim = = −1
𝑧→1 2 2

To find 𝒖𝟐 :
3𝑧 3 −10𝑧 2 +11𝑧−4
By Initial value theorem 𝑢0 = lim 𝑈(𝑧) = lim (𝑧−1)3
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞
10 11 4
𝑧 3 (3− + 2 − 3)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 3
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 (1− )
𝑧

10 11 4
(3− + 2 − 3 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 3
=3
𝑧→∞ (1− )
𝑧

𝑢1 = lim 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 )
𝑧→∞
3𝑧 3 −10𝑧 2 +11𝑧−4
= lim 𝑧 ( (𝑧−1)3
− 3)
𝑧→∞
(3𝑧 3 −10𝑧 2 +11𝑧−4)−3(𝑧 3 −3𝑧 2 +3𝑧−1)
= lim 𝑧 1 3
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 (1− )
𝑧

1 (−𝑧 2 +2𝑧−1)
= lim 1 3
𝑧2 (1− )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧

2 1 2 1
𝑧 2 (−1+𝑧−𝑧2 ) (−1+ − 2 )
𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 3
= lim 1 3
= −1
𝑧2 (1− ) 𝑧→∞ (1− )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 𝑧

𝑢2 = lim 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 )
𝑧→∞
3𝑧 3 −10𝑧 2 +11𝑧−4 1
= lim 𝑧 2 ( (𝑧−1)3
−3+ )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧

(3𝑧 4 −10𝑧 3 +11𝑧 2 −4𝑧)−3𝑧(𝑧 3 −3𝑧 2 +3𝑧−1)+(𝑧 3 −3𝑧 2 +3𝑧−1)

= lim 𝑧 1 3
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 (1− )
𝑧

(3𝑧 4 −10𝑧 3 +11𝑧 2 −4𝑧)−(3𝑧 4 −9𝑧 3 +9𝑧 2 −3𝑧)+(𝑧 3 −3𝑧 2 +3𝑧−1)

= lim 1 3
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 2 (1− )
𝑧

2 1
(−𝑧 2 +2𝑧−1) (−1+ − 2 )
2 𝑧 𝑧
= lim 1 3
= lim 𝑧 1 3
= −1
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 2 (1− ) 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 2 (1− )
𝑧 𝑧
 𝟒𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛
Prob 23. If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = then find 𝒖𝟐 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏 .
𝒛𝟑 −𝟓𝒛𝟐 +𝟖𝒛−𝟒 𝒏→∞
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
Sol: 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) =
𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4

To find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏:

𝒏→∞

By final value theorem we have lim 𝑢𝑛 = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧)

𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
lim 𝑢𝑛 = lim(𝑧 − 1)
𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4

4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
= lim(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2
𝑧→1 −4𝑧+4)

(𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧)
= lim
𝑧→1 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4)

(4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧) + (𝑧 − 1)(8𝑧 − 2)

= lim 2
𝑧→1 (𝑧 − 4𝑧 + 4) + (𝑧 − 1)(2𝑧 − 4)

4−2
= =2
1−4+4
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
To find 𝒖𝟐 : 𝑢0 = lim 𝑈(𝑧) = lim
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
2
𝑧 2 (4− )
𝑧
= lim 3 5 8 4
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 (1− + 2− 3 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
2
(4− )
𝑧
= lim 5 8 4 =0
𝑧→∞ 𝑧(1− + 2 − 3 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
𝑢1 = lim 𝑧(𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ) = lim 𝑧 ( − 0)
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
2
𝑧 3 (4− )
𝑧
= lim 3 5 8 4
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 (1− + 2 − 3)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
2
(4− )
𝑧
= lim 5 8 4 =4
𝑧→∞ (1− + 2 − 3)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
𝑢2 = lim 𝑧 2 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 ) = lim 𝑧 2 ( − 0 − 4𝑧 −1 )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧 4
= lim 𝑧 2 ( −0− )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4 𝑧
4𝑧 3 −2𝑧 2 −4(𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4)
= lim 𝑧 2 ( )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧(𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4)
 4𝑧 3 −2𝑧 2 −4(𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4)
= lim 𝑧 ( )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
18𝑧 2 −32𝑧+16
= lim 𝑧 ( )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
32 16 32 16
𝑧 3 (18− + 2 ) (18− + 2 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= lim 5 8 4 = lim 5 8 4 = 18
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 (1− + 2 − 3) 𝑧→∞ (1− + 2 − 3)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑢3 = lim 𝑧 3 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −1 )
𝑧→∞
4𝑧 2 −2𝑧
= lim 𝑧 3 ( − 0 − 4𝑧 −1 − 18𝑧 −2 )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4

4𝑧 2 −2𝑧 4 18
= lim 𝑧 3 ( −0− − )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4 𝑧 𝑧2
4𝑧 4 −2𝑧 3 −4𝑧(𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4)−18(𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4)
= lim 𝑧 3 ( )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 2 (𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4)

58𝑧 2 −128𝑧+72
= lim 𝑧 ( )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
58𝑧 2 −128𝑧+72
= lim 𝑧 ( )
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 −5𝑧 2 +8𝑧−4
128 72 128 172
𝑧 3 (58− + 2) (58− + 2)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= lim 5 8 4 = lim 5 8 4 = 58
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 3 (1− + 2− 3 ) 𝑧→∞ (1−𝑧+ 2 − 3)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝟒𝒛−𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝟒𝒛−𝟏𝟐

Prob 24: If 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐(𝒛+𝟐), 𝒁(𝒗𝒏 ) = (𝒛+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛+𝟐) then s.t 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖𝒏 = ∞,𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞

2𝑧 2 +4𝑧−12
Sol: 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝒁(𝑢𝑛 ) = (𝑧−1)2(𝑧+2)

lim 𝑢𝑛 = lim (𝑧 − 1)𝑈(𝑧)

𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1

2𝑧 2 +4𝑧−12
= lim(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧−1)2(𝑧+2)
𝑧→1

2𝑧 2 +4𝑧−12 −6
= lim (𝑧−1)(𝑧+2) = 0
=∞
𝑧→1

2𝑧 2 +4𝑧−12
𝑉 (𝑧) = 𝒁(𝑣𝑛 ) = (𝑧+1)2(𝑧+2)

lim 𝑣𝑛 = lim (𝑧 − 1)𝑉(𝑧)

𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1

2𝑧 2 +4𝑧−12 −6
= lim(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧+1)2(𝑧+2) = 0. 12 = 0
𝑧→1

𝒖𝒏 𝑼(𝑧) = 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 )
𝑧
1 ,𝑛≥0 , |𝑧| > 1
𝑧−1
𝑧
𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 , |𝑧| > 𝑎
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑧/𝑎 𝑎𝑧
, |𝑧| > 𝑎
(𝑧/𝑎−1)2 (𝑧−𝑎)2
𝑧
𝑛2 𝑎 𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 ( )2 +𝑧/𝑎
𝑎 𝑎𝑧 2 +𝑎2 𝑧
= ,
(𝑧/𝑎−1)3 (𝑧−𝑎)3
1
,𝑛≥0 𝑒 1/𝑧 , |𝑧| > 1
𝑛!
1 𝑧
,𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 , |𝑧| > 1
𝑛+1 𝑧−1
az
a−n , n ≥ 0 , |𝑧| > 1/a
az−1
𝑎𝑧
𝑛𝑎−𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 , |𝑧| > 1/𝑎
(𝑎𝑧−1)2
𝑛2 𝑎−𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑎2 𝑧 2 +𝑎𝑧
, |𝑧| > 1/𝑎
(𝑎𝑧−1)3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧2 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝜃 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝜃
2
𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃 + 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑛𝜃 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃)
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃 + 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑧
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 𝑧2 + 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑧2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑧2 + 1
𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑈(𝑎𝑧)
𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑈(𝑧/𝑎)
𝑛𝑢𝑛 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑑
−𝑧 𝑈(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧
𝑢𝑛−𝑘 , 𝑛 ≥ 𝑘 −𝑘
𝑧 𝑈(𝑧)
𝑢𝑛+𝑘 , 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑘
𝑧 (𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0
− 𝑧 −1 𝑢1 −. 𝑧 −(𝑘−1) 𝑢𝑘−1 )