PYTHON TRAINING NOTES DREAM A DREAM

Introduction to Python

1 What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, and dynamically typed programming language designed for
simplicity and readability. It is widely used for web development, data science, machine learning,
automation, and more.

2 Why Use Python?

✅ Easy to Learn & Read – Simple English-like syntax

✅ Interpreted Language – Executes code line by line

✅ Dynamically Typed – No need to declare variable types explicitly

✅ Large Standard Library – Supports file handling, networking, and automation

✅ Cross-Platform – Runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux

✅ Open Source – Free to use with strong community support

3 How to Install Python?

Step 1: Download Python

1. Go to the official Python website: https://www.python.org/downloads/

2. Click on the latest Python version (recommended for your OS).
3. Download the installer based on your operating system

Step 2: Install Python (Windows)

1. Open the downloaded .exe file.

2. ✅ Check the box "Add Python to PATH" (Important!)

3. Click Install Now and wait for the installation to complete.

4. Click Finish after installation.

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Step 3: Verify Installation

 Open Command Prompt (Windows) / Terminal (Mac/Linux)

 Type: python –version
 If installed correctly, it will show the Python version

4 How to Install VS Code for Python?

Step 1: Download VS Code

1. Visit https://code.visualstudio.com/
2. Download VS Code for your OS (Windows, Mac, or Linux).
3. Run the installer and follow the instructions.

Step 2: Install Python Extension in VS Code

1. Open VS Code.
2. Go to Extensions (Ctrl + Shift + X).
3. Search for Python.
4. Click Install on the extension by Microsoft.

Step 3: Configure Python Interpreter

1. Open VS Code.
2. Press Ctrl + Shift + P → Search "Python: Select Interpreter".
3. Select the installed Python version.

Step 4: Run a Python Program in VS Code

1. Open VS Code → Click File → New File.

2. Save the file as hello.py.
3. Write the following code:

print("Hello, Python!")

4. Click Run (▶ button) or use the terminal command (python hello.py)

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5 What are the uses of Python?

Python is used in various fields, including:

 Web Development – Django, Flask

 Data Science & Analysis – Pandas, NumPy
 Machine Learning & AI – TensorFlow, PyTorch
 Automation & Scripting – Web scraping, task automation
 Cybersecurity – Ethical hacking, penetration testing
 Game Development – Pygame

6 Python v/s Other Programming Languages

Feature Python Java C++

Syntax Simple, readable Verbose Complex, many symbols

Execution Interpreted Compiled (JVM) Compiled (Machine Code)

Speed Slower (interpreted) Faster than Python Fastest (close to hardware)

Higher (dynamic Lower (manual memory

Memory Moderate
typing) management)

Enterprise
Use Cases Web, AI, Automation System Programming, Games
Applications

7 First Python Program

# This program prints a message

print("Hello, World!")

Explanation:

 print() is a built-in function that outputs text to the screen.

 The # symbol is used for comments (ignored by Python).
 Running the program will display: Hello, World!

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8 Python Syntax

Python syntax is simple and easy to read. Here are some key rules:

 Indentation matters – Unlike other languages that use {} or ;, Python relies on indentation
(spaces/tabs) to structure code.
 Case-sensitive – name and Name are treated as different variables.
 Statements end with a new line – No need for semicolons (;) like C or Java, but you can use them
if needed.
 Dynamic Typing – No need to declare variable types explicitly.

Example: Proper Indentation in Python

# Correct indentation
if 10 > 5:
print("10 is greater than 5") # Indented block

# Incorrect indentation (will cause an error)

if 10 > 5:
print("10 is greater than 5") # ❌ This will give an
IndentationError

Variables in Python

1 What is a Variable?

A variable is a container for storing data. Python automatically determines the variable type based on the
assigned value.

2 Declaring Variables & Rules for Variable Naming

x=5 # Integer
name = "John" # String
price = 99.99 # Float
is_valid = True # Boolean

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Rules :

✔ Can contain letters, digits, and underscores (_)

✔ Cannot start with a digit (1name ❌)

✔ Case-sensitive (name and Name are different)
✔ Cannot use Python keywords (if, while, class, etc.)

3 Data Types in Python

Python supports different data types:

Data Type Example Description

int x = 10 Whole numbers

float y = 5.5 Decimal numbers

name = "Vasu"
str Text (must be in quotes)
name = ‘Vasu’

bool is_valid = True Boolean values (True/False)

Checking Data Type

To check a variable’s type, use the type() function:

x = 10
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>

y = "Hello"
print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'str'>

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4 Type Casting (Converting Data Types)

Python allows converting data types using built-in functions:

Function Converts To

int(x) Integer

float(x) Float

str(x) String

bool(x) Boolean

Example of Type Casting :

x = "10"
y = int(x) # Converts string "10" to integer 10
print(y, type(y)) # Output: 10 <class 'int'>

a=5
b = float(a) # Converts integer 5 to float 5.0
print(b, type(b)) # Output: 5.0 <class 'float'>

c = bool(0) # Converts 0 to False

print(c) # Output: False

5 Comments in Python

Comments are ignored by Python and used to explain code.

 Single-line Comment (#)

# This is a comment

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x = 5 # This is also a comment

 Multi-line Comment (''' or """)

'''
This is a multi-line comment.
It spans multiple lines.
''

Conditional Statements & Loops

1 Conditional Statements (if-elif-else)

Conditional statements allow a program to make decisions based on certain conditions.

Syntax of if-elif-else Statement

if condition:
# Code block executes if condition is True
elif another_condition:
# Code block executes if first condition is False but this is True
else:
# Code block executes if all conditions are False

Example of if-elif-else (Finding the Greatest of Two Numbers)

num1 = 10
num2 = 20

if num1 > num2:

print(num1, "is greater than", num2)
elif num1 < num2:
print(num2, "is greater than", num1)
else:
print("Both numbers are equal")

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Explanation:

 If num1 is greater than num2, it prints that num1 is greater than num2.
 If num1 is less than num2, it prints that num2 is greater than num1.
 If both numbers are equal, it prints "Both numbers are equal."

Comparison Operators in Conditions

Operator Description Example (a = 5, b = 10)

== Equal to a == b → False

!= Not equal to a != b → True

> Greater than a > b → False

< Less than a < b → True

>= Greater than or equal to a >= b → False

<= Less than or equal to a <= b → True

2 Logical Operators in Conditions

Logical operators allow us to combine multiple conditions.

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both conditions are True (a > 0 and b > 0)

or Returns True if at least one condition is True (a > 0 or b < 0)

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Operator Description Example

not Reverses the condition not (a > 0)

Example of Logical Operators

age = 20
has_license = True

if age >= 18 and has_license:

print("You can drive.")
else:
print("You cannot drive.")
Explaination: If age is 18 or above AND the person has a license, they can drive.

3 Loops in Python

Loops help in executing a block of code multiple times. Python has two main types of loops:

Loop Type Description

for loop Used for iterating over a sequence (list, tuple, string, etc.)

while loop Executes as long as a condition is True

4 for Loop

The for loop is commonly used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string, etc.).

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Syntax of for Loop

for variable in sequence:

# Code block to be executed

Example: Looping through a List

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

Explaination: Prints each fruit in the list one by one.

Using range() in for Loops

The range() function generates a sequence of numbers.

for i in range(5): # Loops from 0 to 4

print(i)
Output:

0
1
2
3
4

Loop with Step Value

for i in range(1, 10, 2): # Start from 1, go up to 10 (excluding 10), step by 2

print(i)
Output:

1
3
5
7
9

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Looping Through a String

for char in "Python":

print(char)
Explaination: Prints each character of "Python" separately.

5 while Loop

The while loop executes as long as a condition remains True.

Syntax of while Loop

while condition:
# Code block to be executed

Example: Basic while Loop

count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(count)
count += 1 # Increment count
Explaination: Prints numbers 1 to 5, then stops.

Infinite Loop (Avoid!)

while True:
print("This will run forever!") # Press Ctrl+C to stop
Note: Make sure to use a stopping condition to avoid infinite loops!

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6 break and continue Statements in Loops

Statement Description

break Exits the loop immediately

continue Skips the rest of the code and moves to the next iteration

Example of break

for num in range(10):

if num == 5:
break # Stops loop when num is 5
print(num)
Output:

0
1
2
3
4
-> The loop stops when num reaches 5.

Example of continue

for num in range(5):

if num == 2:
continue # Skips the rest of the code for num = 2
print(num)
Output:

0
1
3
4
� The loop skips 2 but continues with the next numbers.

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7 Nested Loops

A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop.

Example of Nested for Loops

for i in range(3): # Outer loop

for j in range(2): # Inner loop

print("i =", i, ", j =", j)

Output:

i=0, j=0
i=0, j=1
i=1, j=0
i=1, j=1
i=2, j=0
i=2, j=1
-> The outer loop runs 3 times, and the inner loop runs 2 times for each outer loop cycle.

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