PYTHON TRAINING NOTES DREAM A DREAM
Introduction to Built-in Modules
Python provides a vast number of built-in modules that help developers perform various tasks
efficiently.
Matplotlib: Data Visualization
What is Matplotlib?
Matplotlib is a powerful library used for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations in
Python. It is mainly used for:
Creating graphs and plots
Customizing plots (changing labels, colors, line styles)
Handling large data for visual representation
Installation:
pip install matplotlib
Basic Syntax:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Import the module
# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [10, 20, 25, 30, 50]
# Plot the data
plt.plot(x, y)
# Show the plot
plt.show()
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Basic Types of Plots in Matplotlib
1. Line Plot (Default Plot)
A line plot is useful for showing trends over time.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [10, 20, 25, 30, 50]
plt.plot(x, y, color='red', marker='o', linestyle='--') # Red line with circle markers and dashed line
plt.xlabel("X-Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-Axis")
plt.title("Line Plot Example")
plt.grid(True) # Adding grid lines
plt.show()
Output:
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2. Bar Chart
A bar chart is used for comparing different categories.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
categories = ["A", "B", "C", "D"]
values = [10, 20, 15, 30]
plt.bar(categories, values, color=['blue', 'green', 'red', 'purple'])
plt.xlabel("Categories")
plt.ylabel("Values")
plt.title("Bar Chart Example")
plt.show()
Output:
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3. Scatter Plot
A scatter plot shows the relationship between two numerical variables.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
y = [10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 18, 22, 28, 35, 40]
plt.scatter(x, y, color='green', marker='*')
plt.xlabel("X Values")
plt.ylabel("Y Values")
plt.title("Scatter Plot Example")
plt.show()
Output:
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Understanding Classes and Methods
What is a Class?
A class is a user-defined blueprint that defines attributes (variables) and behaviors (methods) of an
object.
A class groups related data and functions together.
It allows reusability and modular programming.
What is a Method?
A method is a function inside a class that operates on objects.
It performs operations like modifying object attributes or displaying information.
Why Use Classes and Methods?
Organized Code - Keeps data and behavior together
Reusability - Code can be reused in multiple programs
Encapsulation - Data is protected from unintended modification
2 Creating Classes in Python
Defining a Class
To create a class, use the class keyword followed by the class name.
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model): # Constructor
self.brand = brand
self.model = model
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def display_info(self): # Method
print(f"Car Brand: {self.brand}, Model: {self.model}")
# Creating objects
car1 = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
car2 = Car("Honda", "Civic")
# Using the method
car1.display_info()
car2.display_info()
Explanation
__init__ is a constructor method that initializes object attributes.
self.brand and self.model store the values assigned during object creation.
display_info() is a method that prints the object’s details.
3 Instance and Class Variables
Instance Variables
Belong to a specific object.
Defined using self.attribute_name.
Class Variables
Shared among all instances of the class.
Defined outside the __init__ method.
class Student:
school_name = "XYZ School" # Class variable
def __init__(self, name, grade):
self.name = name # Instance variable
self.grade = grade # Instance variable
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def show(self):
print(f"Student: {self.name}, Grade: {self.grade}, School: {Student.school_name}")
# Creating objects
s1 = Student("Alice", "A")
s2 = Student("Bob", "B")
s1.show()
s2.show()
Output
Student: Alice, Grade: A, School: XYZ School
Student: Bob, Grade: B, School: XYZ School
Key Differences
Instance Variables Class Variables
Unique to each object Shared among all objects
Defined inside __init__ Defined outside __init__
Accessed with self.attribute_name Accessed with ClassName.attribute_name
4 Using Built-in Functions with Classes
Python provides built-in functions that work with classes.
__str__ Method (String Representation of Objects)
This method returns a string representation of an object.
class Person:
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def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def __str__(self):
return f"Person(Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age})"
p1 = Person("John", 25)
print(p1) # Calls __str__ method
Output:
Person(Name: John, Age: 25)
len() Function (Counting Attributes)
You can define __len__ to return the number of attributes in an object.
class Book:
def __init__(self, title, pages):
self.title = title
self.pages = pages
def __len__(self):
return self.pages # Returning number of pages
book1 = Book("Python Basics", 250)
print(len(book1)) # Calls __len__ method
Output:
250
del Keyword (Deleting Objects)
The del keyword removes an object from memory.
class Laptop:
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def __init__(self, brand):
self.brand = brand
l1 = Laptop("Dell")
print(l1.brand) # Dell
del l1 # Deletes the object
Trying to access l1.brand after deletion will give an error.
Bit Values
Understanding Numbers and Bit Values What are Bit Values? A bit (binary digit) is the smallest
unit of data in computing. It can have only two possible values:
0 (Off / Low), 1 (On / High)
Each number we use in daily life is stored as a binary number in computers.
For example:
5 in binary → 101
10 in binary → 1010
255 in binary → 11111111
4-Bit Binary Representation & Addition
1 Understanding 4-Bit Representation
A 4-bit number can represent values from 0 to 15 (since (2^4 = 16) possible values).
Decimal Binary (4-bit Representation)
0 0000
1 0001
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Decimal Binary (4-bit Representation)
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111
2 Binary Addition Rules
Binary addition follows these simple rules:
Binary Digits Sum Carry
0+0 0 0
0+1 1 0
1+0 1 0
1+1 10 (Carry 1)
1+1+1 11 (Carry 1)
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3 Examples of 4-Bit Addition
Example 1: Adding 3 and 5
Step 1: Convert to Binary
3 → 0011
5 → 0101
Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition
0011 (3)
+ 0101 (5)
------------
1000 (8 in decimal)
Answer: 3 + 5 = 8
Example 2: Adding 7 and 6
Step 1: Convert to Binary
7 → 0111
6 → 0110
Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition
0111 (7)
+ 0110 (6)
------------
1101 (13 in decimal)
Answer: 7 + 6 = 13
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Example 3: Adding 9 and 4
Step 1: Convert to Binary
9 → 1001
4 → 0100
Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition
1001 (9)
+ 0100 (4)
------------
1101 (13 in decimal)
Answer: 9 + 4 = 13
Example 4: Adding 12 and 3
Step 1: Convert to Binary
12 → 1100
3 → 0011
Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition
1100 (12)
+ 0011 (3)
------------
1111 (15 in decimal)
Answer: 12 + 3 = 15
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8-Bit Binary Representation & Addition
Understanding 8-Bit Representation
An 8-bit number can represent values from 0 to 255 (since (2^8 = 256) possible
values).
Decimal Binary (8-bit Representation)
0 00000000
1 00000001
2 00000010
3 00000011
4 00000100
5 00000101
6 00000110
7 00000111
8 00001000
9 00001001
10 00001010
15 00001111
20 00010100
50 00110010
100 01100100
127 01111111
128 10000000
200 11001000
255 11111111
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3 Examples of 8-Bit Addition
Example 1: Adding 25 and 37
Step 1: Convert to Binary
25 → 00011001
37 → 00100101
Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition
00011001 (25)
+ 00100101 (37)
---------------
00111110 (62 in decimal)
Answer: 25 + 37 = 62
Example 2: Adding 75 and 50
Step 1: Convert to Binary
75 → 01001011
50 → 00110010
Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition
01001011 (75)
+ 00110010 (50)
---------------
01111101 (125 in decimal)
Answer: 75 + 50 = 125
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Example 3: Adding 200 and 55
Step 1: Convert to Binary
200 → 11001000
55 → 00110111
Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition
11001000 (200)
+ 00110111 (55)
---------------
11111111 (255 in decimal)
Answer: 200 + 55 = 255
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