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Introduction to Built-in Modules

Python provides a vast number of built-in modules that help developers perform various tasks
efficiently.

Matplotlib: Data Visualization

What is Matplotlib?

Matplotlib is a powerful library used for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations in
Python. It is mainly used for:

 Creating graphs and plots

 Customizing plots (changing labels, colors, line styles)
 Handling large data for visual representation

Installation:

pip install matplotlib

Basic Syntax:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Import the module

# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [10, 20, 25, 30, 50]

# Plot the data

plt.plot(x, y)

# Show the plot

plt.show()

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Basic Types of Plots in Matplotlib

1. Line Plot (Default Plot)

A line plot is useful for showing trends over time.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [10, 20, 25, 30, 50]

plt.plot(x, y, color='red', marker='o', linestyle='--') # Red line with circle markers and dashed line
plt.xlabel("X-Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-Axis")
plt.title("Line Plot Example")
plt.grid(True) # Adding grid lines
plt.show()

Output:

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2. Bar Chart

A bar chart is used for comparing different categories.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

categories = ["A", "B", "C", "D"]

values = [10, 20, 15, 30]

plt.bar(categories, values, color=['blue', 'green', 'red', 'purple'])

plt.xlabel("Categories")
plt.ylabel("Values")
plt.title("Bar Chart Example")
plt.show()

Output:

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3. Scatter Plot

A scatter plot shows the relationship between two numerical variables.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
y = [10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 18, 22, 28, 35, 40]

plt.scatter(x, y, color='green', marker='*')

plt.xlabel("X Values")
plt.ylabel("Y Values")
plt.title("Scatter Plot Example")
plt.show()

Output:

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Understanding Classes and Methods

What is a Class?

A class is a user-defined blueprint that defines attributes (variables) and behaviors (methods) of an
object.

 A class groups related data and functions together.

 It allows reusability and modular programming.

What is a Method?

A method is a function inside a class that operates on objects.

 It performs operations like modifying object attributes or displaying information.

Why Use Classes and Methods?

 Organized Code - Keeps data and behavior together

 Reusability - Code can be reused in multiple programs
 Encapsulation - Data is protected from unintended modification

2 Creating Classes in Python

Defining a Class

To create a class, use the class keyword followed by the class name.

class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model): # Constructor
self.brand = brand
self.model = model

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def display_info(self): # Method

print(f"Car Brand: {self.brand}, Model: {self.model}")

# Creating objects
car1 = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
car2 = Car("Honda", "Civic")

# Using the method

car1.display_info()
car2.display_info()

Explanation

 __init__ is a constructor method that initializes object attributes.

 self.brand and self.model store the values assigned during object creation.
 display_info() is a method that prints the object’s details.

3 Instance and Class Variables

Instance Variables

 Belong to a specific object.

 Defined using self.attribute_name.

Class Variables

 Shared among all instances of the class.

 Defined outside the __init__ method.

class Student:
school_name = "XYZ School" # Class variable

def __init__(self, name, grade):

self.name = name # Instance variable
self.grade = grade # Instance variable

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def show(self):
print(f"Student: {self.name}, Grade: {self.grade}, School: {Student.school_name}")

# Creating objects
s1 = Student("Alice", "A")
s2 = Student("Bob", "B")

s1.show()
s2.show()

Output

Student: Alice, Grade: A, School: XYZ School

Student: Bob, Grade: B, School: XYZ School

Key Differences

Instance Variables Class Variables

Unique to each object Shared among all objects

Defined inside __init__ Defined outside __init__

Accessed with self.attribute_name Accessed with ClassName.attribute_name

4 Using Built-in Functions with Classes

Python provides built-in functions that work with classes.

__str__ Method (String Representation of Objects)

This method returns a string representation of an object.

class Person:

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def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name
self.age = age

def __str__(self):
return f"Person(Name: {self.name}, Age: {self.age})"

p1 = Person("John", 25)
print(p1) # Calls __str__ method
Output:

Person(Name: John, Age: 25)

len() Function (Counting Attributes)

You can define __len__ to return the number of attributes in an object.

class Book:
def __init__(self, title, pages):
self.title = title
self.pages = pages

def __len__(self):
return self.pages # Returning number of pages

book1 = Book("Python Basics", 250)

print(len(book1)) # Calls __len__ method
Output:

250

del Keyword (Deleting Objects)

The del keyword removes an object from memory.

class Laptop:

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def __init__(self, brand):

self.brand = brand

l1 = Laptop("Dell")
print(l1.brand) # Dell

del l1 # Deletes the object

Trying to access l1.brand after deletion will give an error.

Bit Values

Understanding Numbers and Bit Values What are Bit Values? A bit (binary digit) is the smallest
unit of data in computing. It can have only two possible values:

0 (Off / Low), 1 (On / High)

Each number we use in daily life is stored as a binary number in computers.

For example:

5 in binary → 101

10 in binary → 1010

255 in binary → 11111111

4-Bit Binary Representation & Addition

1 Understanding 4-Bit Representation

A 4-bit number can represent values from 0 to 15 (since (2^4 = 16) possible values).

Decimal Binary (4-bit Representation)

0 0000

1 0001

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Decimal Binary (4-bit Representation)

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101

6 0110

7 0111

8 1000

9 1001

10 1010

11 1011

12 1100

13 1101

14 1110

15 1111

2 Binary Addition Rules

Binary addition follows these simple rules:

Binary Digits Sum Carry

0+0 0 0
0+1 1 0
1+0 1 0
1+1 10 (Carry 1)
1+1+1 11 (Carry 1)

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3 Examples of 4-Bit Addition

Example 1: Adding 3 and 5

Step 1: Convert to Binary

3 → 0011
5 → 0101

Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition

0011 (3)
+ 0101 (5)
------------
1000 (8 in decimal)
Answer: 3 + 5 = 8

Example 2: Adding 7 and 6

Step 1: Convert to Binary

7 → 0111
6 → 0110

Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition

0111 (7)
+ 0110 (6)
------------
1101 (13 in decimal)
Answer: 7 + 6 = 13

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Example 3: Adding 9 and 4

Step 1: Convert to Binary

9 → 1001
4 → 0100

Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition

1001 (9)
+ 0100 (4)
------------
1101 (13 in decimal)
Answer: 9 + 4 = 13

Example 4: Adding 12 and 3

Step 1: Convert to Binary

12 → 1100
3 → 0011

Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition

1100 (12)
+ 0011 (3)
------------
1111 (15 in decimal)
Answer: 12 + 3 = 15

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8-Bit Binary Representation & Addition

Understanding 8-Bit Representation

An 8-bit number can represent values from 0 to 255 (since (2^8 = 256) possible
values).

Decimal Binary (8-bit Representation)

0 00000000

1 00000001

2 00000010

3 00000011

4 00000100

5 00000101

6 00000110

7 00000111

8 00001000

9 00001001

10 00001010

15 00001111

20 00010100

50 00110010

100 01100100

127 01111111

128 10000000

200 11001000

255 11111111

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3 Examples of 8-Bit Addition

Example 1: Adding 25 and 37

Step 1: Convert to Binary

25 → 00011001
37 → 00100101

Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition

00011001 (25)
+ 00100101 (37)
---------------
00111110 (62 in decimal)
Answer: 25 + 37 = 62

Example 2: Adding 75 and 50

Step 1: Convert to Binary

75 → 01001011
50 → 00110010

Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition

01001011 (75)
+ 00110010 (50)
---------------
01111101 (125 in decimal)
Answer: 75 + 50 = 125

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Example 3: Adding 200 and 55

Step 1: Convert to Binary

200 → 11001000
55 → 00110111

Step 2: Perform Bitwise Addition

11001000 (200)
+ 00110111 (55)
---------------
11111111 (255 in decimal)
Answer: 200 + 55 = 255

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