PYTHON TRAINING NOTES DREAM A DREAM

Exception Handling in Python

1 Introduction to Exception Handling

An exception is an error that occurs during the execution of a program. If an exception is not handled
properly, it can cause the program to crash.

Python provides exception handling mechanisms to deal with runtime errors without stopping the
program.

🔹 Common Causes of Exceptions

1. Dividing by zero (ZeroDivisionError)

2. Using an undefined variable (NameError)
3. Accessing an invalid index in a list (IndexError)
4. Opening a non-existent file (FileNotFoundError)
5. Invalid data type operations (TypeError)

2 The try-except Block

To handle exceptions, we use the try-except block:

try:
# Code that may cause an error
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("You entered:", num)
except:
# Code that runs if an error occurs
print("Invalid input! Please enter a number.")

� Explanation

 The try block contains code that may cause an error.

 If an error occurs, the program jumps to the except block, avoiding a crash.

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3 Handling Specific Exceptions

Instead of catching all errors, we can handle specific exceptions separately.

try:
num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
result = num1 / num2
print("Result:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error! Division by zero is not allowed.")
except ValueError:
print("Error! Please enter valid numbers.")
except:
print("An unexpected error occurred.")

� Explanation

 If the user divides by zero, ZeroDivisionError occurs.

 If the user enters a non-numeric value, ValueError occurs.
 Any other unknown error is handled by the generic except block.

4 Using else with try-except

The else block runs only if no exceptions occur in the try block.

try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("You entered:", num)
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a number.")
else:
print("No errors occurred. Program executed successfully.")
✅ If no error occurs, the else block executes.

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5 The finally Block (Always Executes)

The finally block executes whether an exception occurs or not. It is useful for clean-up tasks (e.g.,
closing files or database connections).

try:
file = open("sample.txt", "r")
content = file.read()
print(content)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error! File not found.")
finally:
print("Closing the file.")
file.close()

� Explanation

 If sample.txt exists, the file is read.

 If it does not exist, an error message is displayed.
 The finally block closes the file in both cases.

6 Raising Custom Exceptions (raise)

We can force an exception using the raise keyword.

age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

if age < 0:
raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative!")
else:
print("Your age is:", age)
📌 If the user enters a negative number, Python raises a ValueError manually.

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7 Exception Handling in a Loop (Until Correct Input)

We can use a while loop to keep asking for input until a valid value is entered.

while True:
try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("You entered:", num)
break # Exit the loop if input is valid
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a valid number.")
✅ The loop repeats until the user enters a correct number.

8 Multiple Exceptions in One Line

Instead of writing multiple except blocks, we can handle multiple exceptions in one line using a tuple.

try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
print("Error! Either invalid input or division by zero.")

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The math, random, and datetime Modules

Python provides built-in modules that offer additional functionality. Three important modules in Python
are:

1. math module – Provides mathematical functions.

2. random module – Generates random numbers.
3. datetime module – Deals with dates and times.

1 The math Module (Mathematical Functions)

📌 Importing the math Module

To use mathematical functions in Python, we need to import the math module:

import math

📌 Important Functions in math

Function Description Example

math.sqrt(x) Returns square root of x math.sqrt(25) → 5.0

math.pow(x, y) Returns x raised to the power y math.pow(2, 3) → 8.0

math.factorial(x) Returns factorial of x math.factorial(5) → 120

math.ceil(x) Rounds x to the nearest greater integer math.ceil(4.3) → 5

math.floor(x) Rounds x to the nearest smaller integer math.floor(4.7) → 4

math.pi Returns the value of π (pi) math.pi → 3.1415926535

math.e Returns the value of e (Euler's number) math.e → 2.7182818284

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📌 Example Usage

import math

# Square root
print("Square root of 49:", math.sqrt(49))

# Power function
print("2 raised to power 5:", math.pow(2, 5))

# Factorial
print("Factorial of 6:", math.factorial(6))

# Ceiling and floor

print("Ceiling of 4.3:", math.ceil(4.3))
print("Floor of 4.7:", math.floor(4.7))

# Constants
print("Value of Pi:", math.pi)
print("Value of e:", math.e)

2 The random Module (Generating Random Numbers)

The random module is used for generating random numbers, which is useful in:

 Simulations
 Gaming applications
 Random selection processes

📌 Importing the random Module

import random

📌 Important Functions in random

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Function Description Example

Generates a random float between 0 and

random.random() random.random() → 0.5673
1

Generates a random integer

random.randint(a, b) random.randint(1, 10) → 7
between a and b (inclusive)

random.uniform(a, Generates a random float

random.uniform(5, 10) → 7.65
b) between a and b

Randomly selects an element from a random.choice(['apple', 'banana',

random.choice(seq)
sequence (list, tuple, string) 'cherry']) → 'banana'

random.shuffle(seq) Shuffles the elements in a list randomly random.shuffle(my_list)

random.sample(seq, Selects k unique elements randomly random.sample(range(1, 10), 3) →

k) from a sequence [2, 9, 5]

📌 Example Usage

import random

# Random float
print("Random float between 0 and 1:", random.random())

# Random integer
print("Random integer between 10 and 50:", random.randint(10, 50))

# Random float between a range

print("Random float between 1 and 10:", random.uniform(1, 10))

# Random choice from a list

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Mango"]

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print("Randomly selected fruit:", random.choice(fruits))

# Shuffle a list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
random.shuffle(numbers)
print("Shuffled numbers:", numbers)

# Random sample of unique numbers

print("3 random unique numbers from 1 to 10:", random.sample(range(1, 11), 3))

3 The datetime Module (Working with Dates & Times)

The datetime module allows us to work with dates and times.

📌 Importing the datetime Module

import datetime

📌 Getting the Current Date & Time

import datetime

current_time = datetime.datetime.now()
print("Current Date & Time:", current_time)

📌 Extracting Specific Parts

Attribute Description Example

year Returns the year current_time.year → 2025

month Returns the month current_time.month → 3

day Returns the day current_time.day → 9

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Attribute Description Example

hour Returns the hour current_time.hour → 14

minute Returns the minute current_time.minute → 30

second Returns the second current_time.second → 45

print("Year:", current_time.year)
print("Month:", current_time.month)
print("Day:", current_time.day)
print("Hour:", current_time.hour)
print("Minute:", current_time.minute)
print("Second:", current_time.second)

📌 Creating a Custom Date & Time

We can manually create a specific date using datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute,
second).

my_birthday = datetime.datetime(2000, 5, 15, 8, 30, 0)

print("My Birthday:", my_birthday)

📌 Formatting Dates (strftime())

We can format dates using strftime(), which converts date objects into readable strings.

formatted_date = current_time.strftime("%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S")

print("Formatted Date & Time:", formatted_date)

Format Code Description Example

%Y Full Year 2025

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Format Code Description Example

%m Month (01-12) 03

%d Day (01-31) 09

%H Hour (00-23) 14

%M Minute (00-59) 30

%S Second (00-59) 45

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