• https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=aBZKZ
U9wC3g&t=23s&pp=ygUhZXVyZWthIGZv
cmJlcyB2YWN1dW0gY2xlYW5lciBkZW1v
• https://youtu.be/ilcrMz_hWz8
 Artificial Intelligence

• What is AI?
• A brief history
• The state of the art
• AI applications
 What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence:
– “the capacity to learn and solve problems”
(Websters dictionary)
– in particular,
• the ability to solve novel problems
• the ability to act rationally
• the ability to act like humans
 Contd…
• Artificial Intelligence
– build and understand intelligent entities or
agents
– 2 main approaches: “engineering” versus
“intellectual modeling”
What’s involved in Intelligence?
• Ability to interact with the real world
– to perceive, understand, and act
– e.g., Speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
– e.g., Video and image understanding
– e.g., Ability to take actions, have an effect

• Reasoning and Planning

– modeling the external world, given input
– solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
– ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties

• Learning and Adaptation

– we are continuously learning and adapting
– our internal models are always being “updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
 What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

The textbook promotes "acting rationally"

 Thinking humanly : Cognitive modeling
(Thoughts, Experience, Senses)
• 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing
psychology
• Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the
brain
• -- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human
subjects (top-down) or
2) Direct identification from neurological data
(bottom-up)

• Both approaches (roughly Cognitive Science and

Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI
 Thinking rationally : "laws of thought"
• Emphasis on correct inferences
• Aristotle : What are correct arguments /
thought processes?
– Give correct conclusion when gives
correct premises or environment.
• Ex : Socrates is a man, all men are
mortal.
• Inference :- Socrates is mortal.
 Acting rationally: rational agent
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing : that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement on the basis of
available information
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g.,
blinking reflex – but thinking should be in the
service of rational action
• Ex: recoiling from a hot stove is a reflex action
that is usually more successful than a slower
action taken after careful deliberation.
 Rational agents (Goal of AI)
• An agent is an entity that perceives and act

• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept

histories to actions:

[f: P* → A]

• Agent :- Intended to perform its best for any

given class of environments and tasks,
• Limitation : computational limitations make
perfect rationality unachievable

→ design best program for given machine resources

 AI prehistory
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind
as physical system foundations of
learning, language and rationality
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof
algorithms, computation,
(un)decidability, (in)tractability and
probability
• Economics Utility, decision theory
• Neuroscience Physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology Phenomena of perception and motor
control, experimental techniques
• Computer Building fast computers
• Control theory Design systems that maximize an
objective function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
 Abridged history of AI
• 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
• 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence“
adopted
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
• 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical
reasoning
• 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1980-- AI becomes an industry
• 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
• 1987-- AI becomes a science
• 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
 Intelligent Systems in Your
Everyday Life
• Post Office
– automatic address recognition and sorting of mail
• Banks
– automatic check readers, signature verification systems
– automated loan application classification
• Customer Service
– automatic voice recognition, person identification, etc.
• The Web
– Identifying your age, gender, location, from your Web surfing
– Automated fraud detection
– Recommendation
• Digital Cameras
– Automated face detection and focusing
– Age and gender detection from the face
• Medical domain
– Medical diagnosis system, classification of medical images etc.
• Computer Games
– Intelligent characters/agents
 Task Domain of AI
• Mundane Task – routine
– Perception (Robotics vision)
• Vision
• speech
– Natural Language processing (google assistant -
Alexa, Automated Answering-personal assistant)
• Understanding
• Generation
• Translation
– Commonsense reasoning – making inferences
– Robot control (Machine) – automated vacuum
cleaner, part picking robot.
 Contd…..
• Formal task – which requires logic and constraints to
function.
– Game Design
• Chess
• Checker
• Cross word puzzle
– Constraint satisfaction problems – timetable, graph
coloring.
– Mathematics
• Geometry
• Logic
• Integral calculus
• Proving theorems / properties
 Contd…..
• Expert System
– Engineering
• Design
• Fault finding
• Manufacturing planning
– Medical diagnosis
• Suggest medicine
• Analysis of images and diagnosis
– Financial analysis (Banks)
• Organize operations
• Market trading
• Mange properties
 Contd…
• Aviation
– Pilot training (simulators)
– Air operation division
– Air traffic control
• Speech / Face recognition system
– To identify speaker
• Training software (tutor)
• Etc.
 Course Project
1. Find out research paper on complete AI
application.
2. List the components of that application
3. Summarize the research paper in your own
words
4. Formulate the problem statement
5. Implement as project for AI course

Note: student can combine – AI, Data Analysis with Python

and Advanced Web Technology