Scribd
Upload
10 views14 pages

Chap#6Lect#9-Fluid Dynamics

This document is a lecture on Fluid Mechanics, focusing on Fluid Dynamics, specifically discussing fluid motion, kinematics, and dynamics. It covers the types of heads in fluid motion, Bernoulli's equation, and its applications through devices like Venturi meters, Orifice meters, and Pitot tubes. Additionally, it explains the Energy Gradient Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line, along with several problems related to fluid flow calculations.

Uploaded by

ullah.rafiq1990
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views14 pages

Chap#6Lect#9-Fluid Dynamics

This document is a lecture on Fluid Mechanics, focusing on Fluid Dynamics, specifically discussing fluid motion, kinematics, and dynamics. It covers the types of heads in fluid motion, Bernoulli's equation, and its applications through devices like Venturi meters, Orifice meters, and Pitot tubes. Additionally, it explains the Energy Gradient Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line, along with several problems related to fluid flow calculations.

Uploaded by

ullah.rafiq1990
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Course Title: Fluid Mechanics

Course Code: CV 207 T

Lecture No. 9
Chapter No. 6: Fluid Dynamics

Instructor: Dr. Rafiq Ullah


Department of Civil Engineering
S.S.U.E.T
Introduction
Fluid in motion
When the fluids are at rest, the only fluid property of significance is the specific weight
of the fluids.
When a fluid is in motion various other properties becomes significant

The science which deals with the geometry of the motion of fluids without reference to
the forces causing the motion is known as kinematics.

The science which deals with the action of the forces in producing or changing the
motion of fluids is known as kinetics or dynamics.
Heads/Energies of fluid in motion
There are three types of heads or energies of flowing liquids
1. Potential head or potential energy
This is due to position above some suitable datum line. It is denoted by z

2. Velocity head or kinetic energy


𝑽𝟐
This is due to velocity of flowing liquid and is measured as where, V is the velocity of
𝟐𝒈
flow and ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81)
3. Pressure head or pressure energy
𝑷
This is due to the pressure of liquid and is measured as where, p is the pressure, and
𝒘
w is the specific weight of the liquid.

𝑃 𝑉2
Total head/energy: H= + +z
𝑤 2𝑔
Bernoulli’s equation
In an ideal incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and continuous, the sum of
pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy are constant along a streamline.

𝑃 𝑣2
+ + z = Constant
𝑤 2𝑔

Assumptions:
1. The liquid is ideal and incompressible.
2. The flow is steady and continuous.
3. The flow is along the streamline, i.e., it is one-dimensional.
4. The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to the mean velocity.
5. The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity forces and the pressure forces.
Application of Bernoulli’s equation
Here are some devices that incorporate Bernoulli’s theorem to investigate several
characteristics of a fluid system
1. Venturi meter
It is an instrument used to measure the rate of discharge in a pipeline and is often fixed
permanently at different sections of the pipeline to know the discharges there.

Where Cd = Co-efficient of venturi meter (or


co-efficient of discharge) and its value is less
than unity (varies between 0.96 and 0.98)
Application of Bernoulli’s equation
2. Orifice meter
An orifice meter or orifice plate is a device employed for measuring the discharge of fluid
through a pipe. It also works on the same principle as a venturi meter. It consists of a flat
circular plate having a circular sharp-edged hole (called an orifice) concentric with the pipe.

Cd (co-efficient of discharge) of an orifice is


much smaller than that of a Venturi meter
Application of Bernoulli’s equation
3. Pitot Tube
Pitot tube is one of the most accurate devices for velocity measurement. It works on the
principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, the pressure there is
increased due to the conversion of kinetic energy into pressure.
Energy Gradient Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line
EGL and HGL are the graphical representations of the energy components in the Bernoulli
equation
Total head with respect to any arbitrary datum, is the
sum of the elevation (potential) head, pressure head,
and velocity head.

𝑃 𝑣2
+ + z = Constant
𝑤 2𝑔

When the fluid flows along the pipe, there is loss of


head (energy) and the total energy decreases in the
direction of flow.

If the total energy at various points along the axis of


the pipe is plotted and joined by a line, the line so
obtained is called the ‘Energy gradient line’ (E.G.L.).
Energy Gradient Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line
The sum of the potential (or elevation) head and the pressure head at any point is called
the piezometric head. If a line is drawn joining the piezometric levels at various points, the
line so obtained is called the Hydraulic gradient line.
𝑃
+z
𝑤

The following points are worth noting :

1. Energy gradient line (E.G.L.) always drops in the direction of flow because of loss of head.
2. Hydraulic gradient line (H.G.L.) may rise or fall depending on the pressure changes.
𝒗𝟐
3. The hydraulic gradient line (H.G.L.) is always below the energy gradient line (E.G.L.) by
𝟐𝒈
4. For a pipe of uniform cross-section the slope of the hydraulic gradient line is equal to the slope of the
energy gradient line.
5. There is no relation whatsoever between the slope of the energy gradient line and the slope of the axis of
the pipe.
Energy Gradient Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line
Problems
1. The diameters of a tapering pipe at the sections 1-1 and 2-2 are 100 mm and 150 mm
respectively. If the velocity of water flowing through the pipe at section 1-1 is 5 m/s,
find: (i) Discharge through the pipe, and (ii) Velocity of water at section 2-2.
Problems
2. The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 200 mm and 100 mm at sections 1
and 2 respectively. The rate of flow through the pipe is 35 liters/s. The section 1 is 6 m
above datum and section 2 is 4 m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is 400
kN/m2, find the intensity of pressure at section 2.
Problems
3. A pipe 300 meters long has a slope of 1 in 100 and tapers from 1.0 m diameter at the
higher end to 0.5 m at the lower end. Quantity of water flowing is 90 liter/s. If the
pressure at higher end is 70 kN/m2, find the pressure at the lower end.
Problems
4. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 160 mm and 60 mm
respectively is used to measure the flow of an oil of specific gravity 0.8. If the discharge
of the oil is 0.05 m3/s, find the deflection of oil mercury gauge. Take venturimeter
constant = 1.

You might also like