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Unit 1 States of Matter

The document outlines the properties and structures of solids, liquids, and gases, detailing their particle arrangements, motion, and changes of state such as melting, boiling, and condensation. It explains the kinetic particle theory, including the effects of temperature and pressure on gas volume, and discusses diffusion and its relation to molecular mass. Additionally, it compares boiling and evaporation, and describes heating and cooling curves during phase changes.

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Sadi Mohammad Tarif
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13 views11 pages

Unit 1 States of Matter

The document outlines the properties and structures of solids, liquids, and gases, detailing their particle arrangements, motion, and changes of state such as melting, boiling, and condensation. It explains the kinetic particle theory, including the effects of temperature and pressure on gas volume, and discusses diffusion and its relation to molecular mass. Additionally, it compares boiling and evaporation, and describes heating and cooling curves during phase changes.

Uploaded by

Sadi Mohammad Tarif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATES OF MATTER

UNIT 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases


• Describe the structures of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and
motion
• Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporating, freezing and condensing
• Explain changes of state in terms of kinetic particle theory, including the interpretation of heating and
cooling curves
• Explain, in terms of kinetic particle theory, the effects of temperature and pressure on the volume of a
gas
• Describe and explain diffusion in terms of kinetic particle theory
• Describe and explain the effect of relative molecular mass on the rate of diffusion of gases
STRUCTURES
Solid Liquid Gas
Separation Touching Close together Far apart
Arrangement Regular Irregular Irregular
Motion Vibrating in fixed position Sliding over each other Moving randomly and
freely

PROPERTIES
Solid Liquid Gas
Volume Fixed Fixed No fixed volume
Shape Fixed Takes the shape of the Takes the shape of the
container container
Energy Low Moderate Highest
Density High Moderate Low
Compressibility Cannot be compressed Negligible compression Can be compressed
Fluidity Cannot flow Can flow Can flow
CHANGES OF STATE
CHANGES OF STATE
• Melting, boiling and freezing occur at a specific temperature.

• Melting and boiling require heat energy which is converted to kinetic energy, allowing
the particles to vibrate/move more until the forces of attraction holding them
together is broken and the state is changed.

• Condensation, evaporation and sublimation take place over a range of temperatures.

• Condensation and freezing require decrease in temperature which reduces the kinetic
energy of the particles, bringing the particles closer together until their forces of
attraction become strong enough to change the state.

• Changes of state are examples of physical changes.


Whenever a physical change of state occurs, the temperature remains constant
during the change. During a physical change, no new substance is formed.
BOILING VS EVAPORATION
Boiling Evaporation

Occurs at a fixed temperature Takes place over a range of temperatures

Occurs throughout the liquid Occurs at the surface of the liquid

• The larger the surface area of liquid and warmer the surface, the faster the rate of evaporation.
• During evaporation, high energy particles escape, carrying the heat energy with them, leaving the low
energy particles behind in the liquid. This leads to cooling of the remaining liquid.
HEATING CURVE
• As a solid is heated, its temperature increases until it
reaches the melting point.

• At the melting point, the temperature remains constant as


the solid melts into a liquid. The added energy is used to
overcome the forces holding the solid together.

• Once the solid has completely melted, the temperature of


the liquid increases until it reaches the boiling point.

• At the boiling point, the temperature remains constant as


the liquid vaporizes into a gas. The added energy is used to
overcome the intermolecular forces holding the liquid
together.

• After the liquid has completely vaporized, the temperature


of the gas increases.
COOLING CURVE
• The cooling curve is essentially the reverse of the heating curve.

• As a gas is cooled, its temperature decreases until it reaches the


condensation point.

• At the condensation point, the temperature remains constant as


the gas condenses into a liquid. Energy is released as the
particles come closer together.

• Once the gas has completely condensed, the temperature of the


liquid decreases until it reaches the freezing point.

• At the freezing point, the temperature remains constant as the


liquid freezes into a solid. Energy is released as the particles
become more fixed in position.

• After the liquid has completely frozen, the temperature of the


solid decreases.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Temperature increase:
Volume and temperature are directly proportional.
This means that as one increases, the other increases as well.

As you heat the gas, the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster.
They exert a greater force on the piston, causing it to move outward and increase the volume of the gas, given that the pressure is
constant.

Pressure increase:
Pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
This means that as one increases, the other decreases.

Particles collide more frequently with the container walls, increasing the pressure.
This leads to reduced volume, given that the temperature is constant.
DIFFUSION

• Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower

concentration down a concentration gradient until they are evenly spread out.

This movement occurs due to the random motion of particles.

• Diffusion is slower in liquids than in gases because liquid particles move slower.

• Substances with a lower relative atomic mass/relative molecular mass diffuse faster because they are lighter.

• An increase in temperature speeds up the process of diffusion.


• If one piece of cotton wool is soaked in concentrated ammonia

solution and another is soaked in concentrated hydrochloric acid and

these are put at opposite ends of a dry glass tube, then after a few

minutes a white cloud of ammonium chloride appears.

• The white cloud forms closer to the hydrogenchloride end because

the ammonia particles are lighter. They have a smaller relative

molecular mass than the hydrogen chloride particles and so they

move faster, such that the gas diffuses more quickly.

• This must be carried out in a fume cupboard as hydrogen chloride gas


DIFFUSION
is irritating and corrosive to human tissues.

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