WORD HISTORY 2 taking over some of the roles of

Government.
GROUP 1: EARLY & LATE MIDDLE AGES
CAUSES
“THE REASON AND CAUSES OF THE
DARK AGE IN EUROPE” 1. BARBARIAN INVASIONS
After the fall of Rome, various groups of
REPORTER 1: THE DARK AGES IN
Barbarians like the Visigoths, Vandals, and
EUROPE
Franks attacked and took over parts of the
• The Dark Ages refers to the time Roman Empire. The Huns, led by Attila,
after the fall of the Western also invaded.
Roman Empire (around 476 CE)
2. VIKING AND MAGYAR RAIDS
and before the year 1000CE. This
period is often thought of as a In the 9th and 10th centuries, Vikings from
time when things got worse in the North and Magyars from the east
Europe, with less culture, launched attacks on European kingdoms.
learning, and progress. These raids caused a lot of fear and
damage to cities and towns.
REASONS
3. ECONOMIC DECLINE
1. THE FALL OF THE WESTERN
ROMAN EMPIRE After Rome fell, trade (buying and selling
In 476 CE, the last emperor of the goods) was interrupted. This led to less
Roman Empire was overthrown, causing money and fewer resources for people.
the empire to break apart. Without one Without Roman roads and buildings,
strong government, Europe was divided framing also became harder.
into small, weak kingdoms.
4. LOSS OF KNOWLEDGE
With the fall of Rome, many schools and
2. POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION
libraries were destroyed. As a result, fewer
After Rome fell, Europe was split into people could read and write, much
many smaller kingdoms. Without a knowledge from the Roman and Greek
strong government to unite them, these empires was lost.
kingdoms often fought each other.
5. FEUDALISM AND MANORIALISM
With no strong government after Rome,
3. SHIFT FROM URBAN TO RURAL
Feudalism developed. Meant that local
LIFE
lords took control of land and offered
When Rome fell, many cities lost their protection to Peasant who worked the land
importance, and people moved to the in return for their loyalty. The Manorial
countryside for safety. The loss of things System was a way of organizing farming,
like roads, water systems, and public where large estates became self-sufficient,
buildings made trade and meaning they didn’t rely on trade or cities.
communication harder.
6. ISLAMIC EXPANSION
4. SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY In the 7th century, Islam spread quickly
across the middle east and parts of North
Christianity became the main religion
Africa. The UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
across Europe during this time. The
Catholic Church grew in power, often
conquered large parts of Spain, cutting off 3. MONASTICISM
Europe from some of its trade routes.
Loss of much classical knowledge and
7. PLAGUE AND DISEASE education in Western Europe. Monasteries
played a crucial role in preserving
During the Dark Ages, Europe was hit by
knowledge through the transcription of
several deadly disease, including the
manuscripts.
black death in the 14th century, which
killed millions. 4. SPREAD AND INFLUENCE OF
CHRISTIANITY
REPORTER 2: DARK AGES IN EUROPE
• The Church became the primary unifying
• The Dark Ages, a term or the early
institution across Europe, replacing the
medieval period in Europe
Roman Empire as a source of cultural and
(approximately 5th to 10th century
ideological cohesion.
CE), was a complex time, politics,
• Christianity shaped art, architecture and
and culture. While the term “Dark
education. Monastic orders preserved
Ages” has been debated and
literacy, while missionary efforts spread
criticized as overly simplistic, this
the faith and reinforced European cultural
era’s effects and results were both
identity.
challenging and transformative.
5. CULTURAL INNOVATION
EFFECTS AND RESULTS OF DARK
AGES IN EUROPE However, new styles and forms emerged,
including Romanesque and early medieval
The “Dark Ages” in Europe, a period of
art, heavily influenced by local and
significant change and transition, resulted
religious traditions. Oral traditions
in both societal challenges and the
flourished during this time, laying the
emergence of new kingdoms, religious
foundation for future literacy works.
influence, and artistic styles.
6. MIGRATION AND POPULATION
1. RISE OF FEUDALISM
SHIFTS
The fall of the Western Roman Empire
The “Barbarian” invasions and migrations
led to the collapse of centralized
of peoples like Visigoths, Vandals, and
governance and infrastructure in Europe.
Saxons reshaped the demographics and
Feudalism emerged as the dominant
cultures of Europe. These interactions
political and social structure, relying on
created a fusion of Roman, Germanic, and
localized authority, self-sufficient
Celtic traditions, influencing laws,
manorial estates, and the mutual
language, and societal norms.
obligations between Lords and Vassals.
7. INNOVATION AND RESILIENCE
1. Protection and Security
2. Social structure Despite its hardships, the period prompted
3. Local Governance adaptation and resilience, including
4. Budding Economic Stability innovations in governance, agriculture,
and community organization. The later
2. ECONOMIC CHALLENGES TO
medieval period saw a resurgence in
INNOVATIONS
trade, intellectual pursuits, and urban
Innovations like the three-field system growth, setting the stage for the High
and heavy plow, leading to later Middle Ages and the eventual rise of the
agricultural revolutions. renaissance.
REPORTER 3: HISTORICAL TIMELINE ISLAMIC EXPANSION (714 A.D)
DURING MIDDLE AGES

“MIDDLE AGE”

• It was a long period of history from

500 A.D to 1500 A.D.
• It covers the time from the fall of the
Roman Empire to the rise of the
Ottoman Empire.
• Middle Age is divided into three (3)
parts: EARLY MIDDLE AGE, HIGH
MIDDLE AGE, and LATE MIDDLE
AGE

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS HAPPENED

DURING THE “EARLY MIDDLE AGE”

THE FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE (410

A.D) CHARLEMAGNE KINGDOM (768 A.D)
1) ROMOLUS AUGUSTULUS 1. PEPIN (FIRST RULER OF FRANKS)
(FIGUREHEAD EMPEROR) 2. CHARLES MARTEL (BATLLE OF
ODOACER (A FEODERATI)
2) TOUR)
3) ORESTES (ROMAN GENERAL) 3. PEPIN THE SHORT “KING OF
THE FRANKS”
• Division Roman Empire, the Western
and the Eastern Empire. CHARLEMAGNE “CHARLES THE
• After Odoacer declared himself the GREAT”
King of Italy, number of other Germanic
• Charlemagne has a distinct
tribes such as Visigoth, Vandals,
characteristic compared with other
Ostrogoth, and Huns migrated into
King before him.
Roman as refugees or as conqueror.
• He is devoted to his children and
also devoted Christian. He is
GERMANIC TRIBES AND THEIR
attracted to ancient Greece and
KINGDOM
Rome. He can speak both Latin
1. FRANKS
and Greek.
2. VISIGOTHS
• At the late age, he spent his time
3. OSTROGOTHS
studying rhetoric, dialect,
4. VANDALS
astronomy, and he also tried to
5. LOMBARDS
write.
6. HUNS
• He is crowned “Emperor of the
THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY (476 Romans” by Pope Leo III
A.D)
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM TAKES PLACE
• The spread of Christianity was driven by (1000 A.D)
a combination of missionary effort,
THE FEUDAL SYSTEM
influence of church, and the conversion
of rules. • Living in the age of warfare and
disorder, the Lords in different local
ST. PATRICK CLOVIS I
 areas sought allies among their There are total eight (8) major
fellow nobles. Crusade.
• Feudalism was the basic political
THE GOTHIC DESIGN (1135 A.D)
arrangement during the Middle
Age. ST. DENNIS ABBEY – The first church to
use the Gothic Design.

THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES (1150

A.D)

THE MIDDLE AGE UNIVERSITIES

UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA – The first

university in the west found late in the 11th
century known for its canon and civil law.

UNIVERSITY OF PARIS (1150-1170

A.D) – The first university in Northen
KNIGHT Europe, known to its teaching of theology.
• They want glory and respect from
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (END OF
their fellow nobles.
12TH CENTURY)
• They want people to see them
heroic and ladies admire their -- A university in Northern Europe, located
bravery. in England.
• Later on, the Knight was called THE MAGNA CARTA (1215 A.D)
“Chivalry” with a reflection of
Christian Ideals. -- It was issue on 1215 during the reign of
• A priest would pray to “always King John of England to address the
depend the just and right” growing tension between the King and his
Baron.
CHIVALRY THE MAGNA CARTA’S CONTENT
• A protector of women, children, and • Limits of royal power
the weak. He must be loyal to his • Rights of the Baron
Lord and must be a Christian and • Protection of Church Rights
Gentlemen.
• Feudal Rights
SIGNIFICANT HAPPENED DURING THE
POPE INNOCENT III -- THE FIRST
“HIGH MIDDLE AGE”
BARON WAR -- HENRY III
THE FIRST CRUSADE (1096 A.D)
THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337
• The Crusade is a military A.D)
expedition, beginning in the late 1. KING EDWARD III (KING OF
11th Century, organized by Western ENGLAND)
European Christians in response to 2. KING PHILIP VI (KING OF
Muslim expansion. The Objective FRANCE)
was to check the spread of Islam to 3. EDWARD, THE BLACK
reclaim the Holy Land to conquer PRINCE
Pagan areas and to capture 4. JOHN II “JOHN THE GOOD”
formerly Christian territories. Capture in the Battle of Poitiers
 TREARTY OF BRETIGRY COMPARISON TO OTHER TYPES OF
• An agreement after the capture of John COMMUNITIES
II for peace.
WHAT’S INSIDE THE TOWNS?
• The English gained more advantage in
this treaty. They acquire more Lands, 1. MARKET PLACES
Edward claim the throne of France. All 2. GUILDS
of these are for the freedom of John II 3. HOUSE AND SHOPS
but he is obliged to pay a ransom worth 4. CHURCES
of 3 million ecus. 5. TOWN WALLS
• John II return to France to raise funds 6. WORK SHOPS AND
for his ransom. WAREHOUSE
1. Charles V “Charles the Wise” --- 7. SCHOOLS
Joan of Arc 8. WATER SOURCE
2. Henry V (Son of Henry IV) --- REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF
Charles VII TOWNS IN THE MEDIEVAL
THE BLACK DEATH (1347 A.D) CIVILIZATION

• It is a devasting pandemic that swept Reason 1: Improvements in Agriculture

through Europe, Asia, and North • Farmers cleared forests and used
Africa. better farming methods.
• It was caused by the bacterium • Surplus crops were sold in town
Yersinia Pestis. markets.
• It is likely originated in Central Asia • Not everyone had to farm to feed
spread along trade routes. themselves.

THE RENAISANCE BEGINS (14TH – Reason 2: Revival of Trade

15TH CENTURY)
• Seaport towns became centers for
GROUP 2: MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION & trading goods from the Middle East
RENAISSANCE and Asia.
• Merchants traveled by rivers,
“GROWTH OF TOWNS IN MEDIEVAL
leading to the growth of towns near
CIVILIZATION”
waterways.
REPORTER 1: THE GROWTH OF TOWNS
Reason 3: Population Growth
IN MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION
• As food became more available,
TOWN
populations grew, leading to the
• A town is a human settlement development of larger settlements.
large than a village but smaller
Reason 4: Increased Trade and
than a city.
Commerce
• It typically serves as a local hub for
trade, services, and administration. • With the revival of trade, especially
• Towns often have defined in the High Middle Ages, there was
boundaries and may include a growing demand for goods such
residential areas, marketplaces, and as spices, textiles, and luxury
public facilities such as schools, items.
town halls, and places of
worship.
Reason 5: Decline of Feudalism REPORTER 2: RENAISSANCE (THE
RISE AND THE BEGINNING)
• As feudal obligations weakened,
serfs and peasants gained the
MEANING OF RENAISSANCE
freedom to leave manors and seek
➢ The term renaissance is a French
opportunities elsewhere.
word which means “rebirth”,
• Many moved to towns and cities
“reawakening”, or “revival”
where they could work as
craftsmen, laborers, or merchants, ITALY, BIRTHPLACE OF
boosting urban population. RENAISSANCE

EXAMPLES OF TOWNS ESTABLISHED IN ➢ The Renaissance began in the

MEDIEVAL PERIOD northern Italian city-states, which
grown prosperous from the revival
• VENICE, ITALY – Venice began as a of trade in the Middle Ages. Italian
refuge for people fleeing barbarian merchants and bankers had the
invasions after the fall of the Roman wealth to acquire libraries and fine
Empire. Its location in a lagoon made it works of arts.
deal for trade and protection from
invaders. Overtime, it became a powerful REASONS OF THE RISE OF THE
maritime republic and a hub for trade RENAISSANCE
between Europe and the East. HUMANISM
• FLORENCE, ITALY – Florence was
originally a Roman settlement. During •The term “humanism” means the
the medieval period, it developed into a study of classical Greek and Latin
major center for banking, trade, and wool writings. It comes to the Latin
production. Its economic success helped word humanitas, meaning
it become a cultural and political “culture”
powerhouse during the Renaissance. • Humanism was a cultural
• PARIS, FRANCE – Paris originated as a movement for the revival of Greek
Roman town called Lutetia. By the and Latin knowledge, the
Medieval Era, it had become a center for glorification of human
trade due to its location on the Seine achievements, and the
River. It also grew as a center of learning appreciation of classical culture.
and religion, housing the famous • The Scholars and artistic of Italy
University of Paris. began to search the monasteries
• LONDON, ENGLAND – London began and manuscripts written by Greek-
as a Roman settlement known as Roman authors.
Londinium. After the Norman Conquest PETRARCH, “FATHER OF
in 1066, it grew into a political and HUMANISM”
economic center. Its location on the • Francisco Petrarch, an Italian poet
Thames River facilitated trade and born in 1304, led the early
communication. development of Renaissance
• BARCELONA, SPAIN – Barcelona was humanism.
a Roman settlement that developed into PATRONAGE BY WEALTHY FAMILIES
a important medieval city. Its port and AND THE CHURCH
trade connections with the
Mediterranean made it a thriving • In Florance, the Medici family’s
economic center. financial and political power
 enabled them to sponsor artists, 4. WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR
architects, and scholars. • He shared the Renaissance
• The best-known member of the spirit in the play Hamlet.
Medici family was Lorenzo (1449-
REPORTER 3: REFORMATION &
1492), known as “the Magnificent”
RELIGIOUS WAR
• The Catholic Church funded
grand artistic projects, such as THE REFORMATION AND
Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel RELIGIOUS WARS
ceiling and St. Peter’s Basilica.
REFORMATION – The Reformation
RENAISSANCE INVENTION was the significant development that
convulsed Christendom in the 16th
• The greatest invention in Europe was
century and shaped the course of world
printing. John Guttenberg was giving
history. It was a two-sided affair.
credit for inventing printing about 1450.
The first printing press in England was PROTESTANT REFORMATION
1476 by William Caxton
• A religious revolt against the
Vatican.
EXPANSION
• Led by Martin Luther, John
• The movement first expanded to other
Calvin and others.
Italian city-states, such as Venice, Milan,
• Resulted in the rise of
Bologna, Ferrara and Rome. Then,
Protestant sects.
during the 5th century, Renaissance
ideas spread from Italy to France and CATHOLIC REFORMATION
then throughout Western and Northen
• Reforms within the Catholic
Europe.
Church.
• The most respected and influential
• Strengthened and improved the
humanist of the northern Renaissance
Catholic faith.
was Desiderius Erasmus.
THE DECLINE OF THE PAPACY
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RENAISSANCE
• The papacy was once powerful
RENAISSANCE LITERATURE
but began to decline in the late
1. FRANCOIS RABELAIS Middle Ages.
• Rabelais wrote a five-volume • Pope Gregory the Great (A.D
work, Gargantua and 590-604) founded the papacy.
Pantagruel. • Pop Innocent III (1198-1216) was
2. MICHAEL DE MONTAIGNE the best monarch of his time.
• He wrote Essays in • Pope Boniface VII (1294-1303)
conversation style, the papacy began to decline
exploring ideas about • Causes: Papacy moved to
friendships, education, and Avignon (1309-1376).
many other subjects that -- The Great Schism (1378-1417)
interest him. created rival popes.
3. MIGUEL DE CERVANTES -- Also, kings and rules became
SAAVEDRA stronger and didn’t always listen
• He wrote Don Quixote, to the Pope.
mocking the medieval
ideals.
 -- The intellectual revolution • John Knox (Scotland):
which was sparked by the Established Presbyterianism,
Renaissance. influenced by Calvinism.
• King Henry VII (England):
FORERUNNERS OF THE REFORMATION
break from Rome due to personal
• John Wycliffe (England) – criticized and political motivations.
Church luxury, translated the Bible into
PROTESTANTISM IN ENGLAND
English.
• John Hus (Bohemia) – preached against • King Henry VII broke from the
Church corruption, burned at the stake. Catholic Church of England.
• Savonarola (Italy) – denounced • Later English Reformers adopted
corruption in Florence. Protestant beliefs.
• Erasmus (Netherlands) – called for
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
Church reforms.
CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS
MARTIN LUTHER AND THE PROTESTANT
• Authority: Catholics follow the
REFORMATION
Pope; Protestants are divided
• Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a into various sects.
German monk who changed Christianity • Language: Catholics used Latin;
forever. He was born on November 10, Protestants used native
1483, in a poor mining family in languages.
Eisleben, Germany. • Clergy: Catholic priests remain
• Martin Luther sparked the Reformation celibate; Protestant ministers
in 1517 with his 95 Theses. can marry.
• Challenged Church practices, especially • Salvation: Catholics emphasize
the sale of indulgences. faith, good works, and Church
• Believed salvation was through faith sacraments; Protestants rely
alone. solely on the Bible.
• Excommunicated by the Pope, but his
THE RELIGIOUS WARS
ideas spread, leading to the Lutheran
Church. • Schmalkaldic War (1547-
1555): Ended by the Treaty of
THE PEASANTS’ WAR
Augsburg, recognizing
• In 1524, peasants rebelled inspired by Lutheranism in Germany.
Luther’s ideas. Luther did not support the • Huguenot Wars (1562-1598):
revolt, and it was crushed by Feudal French Calvinists fought
lords. Catholic monarchs; ended with
• Resulted in the deaths of thousands of religious freedom for
peasants. Huguenots.
• Dutch Independence (1566-
SPREAD OF THE PROTESTANT MOVEMENT
1609): Protestants gained
• Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland): Rejected independence from Catholic
saint veneration and papal authority. Spain.
• John Calvin (Geneva): Advocated • Spanish Armada (1588):
predestination and introduced England defeated Spain,
democratic principles in church affirming its Protestant identity
governance. and naval dominance.
RESULTS OF THE REFORMATION • The first great battle of the war was
fought in Crecy August 26 (1346).
• RELIGIOUS DIVISION: After the
• Twelve hundred French knights and
Reformation, Western Europe became
thousands of French infantrymen were
split into Catholic and Protestant regions,
killed.
leading to political and religious conflicts.
• French army lost over 4 000 soldiers.
• Rise of Protestant Sects: New religious
• The battle was a shock to European
groups emerged, such as Lutherans,
leaders.
Calvinists, and Anglicans.
• the English captured the port city of
• CATHOLIC REFORMS: In response to
Calais.
the Reformation, the Catholic Church
made reforms, such as banning simony
FRENCH AND ENGLISH SOLDIERS
(selling Church offices) and ending lay
1. CAVALRY
investiture (kings appointing church
2. LONGBOWMEN
officials).
3. INFANTRY MEN
• RELIGIOUS WARS: Europe
experienced religious wars for nearly a THE BLACK DEATH
century (1547-1648), as Catholic and
• (BUBONIC PLAGUE) swept
Protestant countries fought for control
Western Europe from 1347 to
and influence.
1349, taking a fright-full of one-
• RELIGIOUS FREEDOM: It led to the
third of the population of the
Rise of Protestantism and the idea of
European countries.
religious choice, allowing people to
• The Scots made the decision
follow their own faith.
to invade England.
• BIBLE IN THE VERNACULAR:
Reformers translated the Bible into local BATTLE OF POITIERS (1356)
languages, making it easier for people to
• In 1350, King Philip VI died and
read and understand.
left the throne to his son, John II,
surnamed the Good.
GROUP 3: FRANCE & ENGLAND
• King John II continued the war, but
HISTORY OF FRANCE lost the Battle of Poitiers (1356).
FRANCE AND THE HUNDRED YEARS’S • Battle of Poitiers between King
WAR (1337-1454) John II and Edward the black
• The death of King Charles IV (4) (Son prince lead the English army.
of Philip the Fair) in 1328 marked the • The English forces, led by
end of the Capetian Dynasty. Edward, the Black Prince,
• King Edward III of England comprised approximately 6,000
troops, primarily consisting of
• Philip VI, who became the first Valois
longbowmen and dismounted
king of France.
knights.
• During the initial phase of the war.
• the French army, commanded by
• Naval battles and raiding castle,
King John II, was significantly
villages.
larger, estimated to be between
BATTLE OF CRECY 12,000 and 20,000 strong,
• King John II himself was captured
• the first significant conflict of the Hundred
during the confrontation,
Years War.
leading to a profound impact on
 French morale and military veloy the daughter of French King
strategy. Charles VI.
• The English held the king for ransom, • The treaty was undermined by the
which provided a large boost to their deaths of both Charles VI and Henry
treasury. V in 1422.
• Treaty of Brétigny: The English were • During this time King Charles VII
able to keep 25% of France under the LED France to recovery by
treaty. establishing a new capital in bourge.
• King John II was released in November
1361, but returned to London and SIEGE OF ORLÉANS
• Later, in 1364, he died in captivity in • This siege marked a significant
London. He was succeeded on the turning point in the conflict between
French throne by his son, Charles V England and France.
(1364-80), and later by his grandson, • The siege began with the English
Charles VI. constructing fortifications and
launching attacks on the city's
BATTLE OF AGINCOURT (1415) defenses.
• The son of Henry IV of England in 1413
Henry V became king following the JOAN OF ARC, FRANCE'S
passing of his father in 1415 he initiated SAVIOR.
a military expedition in France. • In the darkest hour of France, when
• Most son of Henry IV of England in 1413 everything seemed lost to the French
Henry V became king following the people.
passing of his father in 1415 he initiated • At the age of 17, she decided to
a military expedition in France. heed the "divine mission" and
• The English army was greatly offered her services to the Dauphin,
outnumbered, with estimates of around • On April 29, 1429, Joan and her
6,000 men against a French force that forces launched a series of attacks
may have numbered between 20,000 to against the English positions.
30,000. • Her presence inspired the French
• English army primarily consisting of troops, leading to a renewed vigor in
archers and infantry in contrast the their efforts.
French forces were made up of knights • After the victory in Orleans, Joan of
and infantry. Arc brought the Dauphin to Rheim,
• The battle took place in a narrow field where he was solemnly crowned as
near Agincourt, the front line was King Charles VII on July 17, 1427.
occupied by the English archers who • Joan of Arc is considered a leader of
formed long ranks and utilized longbows men because she led the French
these weapons proved to be highly army to victory during the Hundred
effective against the French Knights. Years' War.
• The battle with Spears and swords the • In the spring of 1430, Joan of Arc
absence of proper coordination and was captured by the enemy in
communication among the French Compiegne.
soldiers led to a tragic Massacre. • English-controlled ecclesiastical
• Signed the Treaty of Troys (1420) + court as a heretic and witch.
formalizing his marriage to Catherine of • On May 30, 1431, Joan of Arc was
burned at the stake in Rouen.
THE BATTLE OF CASTILLION • The battle was a major European
• The final battle of the Hundred Years' battle won through the use of field
War, fought between France and artillery.
England on July 17, 1453. The battle • A strong French monarchy emerged.
took place near the town of Castillon- • French nationalism was awakened.
sur-Dordogne in Gascony. The martyrdom of Joan of Arc and
• King Henry VI of England raised an the French victories over the English
army and despatched it to Gascony, invaders kindled the patriotic spirit of
under John Talbot, the Earl of the French people.
Shrewsbury,
• The English army, numbering around REPORTER 2: THE CONCEPT
3,000 men, arrived in Gascony on 17th ABSOLUTE MONARCHY (FRANCE)
October 1452.
• The soldier with the greatest What is Absolute Monarchy?
experience and authority was Jean • An absolute monarchy is a
Bureau. form of government where a
• On 16th July 1453, Talbot, with his single ruler has unlimited power
son Lord de L’Isle, marched his army and authority.
out of Bordeaux along the north bank of • A governance system where a
the River Dordogne towards Castillon. monarch holds complete and
• At around dawn on 17th July 1453, the unrestricted authority.
English column began to emerge from
HISTORY CONTEXT
the forest to the north-west of the Priory
-- LOUIS XIII (Sept 27, 1601 – May
of Saint Lauren.
14, 1643)
• While Talbot was breakfasting, a
message arrived from the town, which • It developed during the decline of
was held by pro-English Gascons, feudalism in Europe when kings
• The English Advanced they were met began consolidating power.
with a devastating barrage of artillery • Louis XIII: Strengthened central
fire the French cannons strategically authority by reducing noble
placed and expertly managed tore influence.
through the English ranks. • Cardinal Richelieu: Architect of
• Despite the odds against the English, absolute monarchy, weakened feudal
they managed to reach the French lords, and fortified royal control.
lines.
• A Counterattack French Cavalry -- CARDINAL MAZARIN (July 14,
previously held in reserve now charged 1602 – March 9, 1661)
out of the camp and attacked the • When Louis XIII died in 1643, the
disorganized English forces. new King Louis XIV, was not quite
• by the end of the battle around 2,000 five years old. His mother, Anne of
English soldiers lay dead. Austria, ruled for her son along with
• The battle concluded with a resounding the new Chief Minister Cardinal
French victory. Mazarin.
• Talbot was killed in the fight, and the
remnants of the English army were THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV
forced to retreat. • Louis claims the divide right of Kings.
• L'État, c'est moi" ( I am the State ).
 • At the end of the Thirty Years War, exercised by members of the parliament
Bourbon France had become the appointed by he prime minister to the
dominant power in Wester Europe. The cabinet.
long reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715)
MAGNA CARTA 1215
was devoted to increasing French
power and prestige. It marked the ➢ The tyrannical rule of King John
triumph of absolute monarchy in soon angered the English barons.
France. These barons met and took a
• Louis XIV rules in a management solemn oath to compel the hated
setting. king, by force, if necessary, to
• Centralized all state functions under his respect the rights and liberties of
authority. the English people. This was an
• Controlled the nobility by rewarding open revolt against the throne.
loyalty and monitoring them at the The Magna Carta contains the time-
Palace of Versailles honored rights and liberties of the
• Patronized the arts to glorify his reign English nation. Among its provisions
and establish France’s cultural were the following:
dominance symbol of power.
1. The king cannot impose any tax,
DECLINE OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY except with the consent of the
• Debt from wars and lavish spending council of the nation.
weakened the monarchy’s authority. 2. The king cannot arrest any person
• The war of Spanish Succession or put him to prison without trial.
(1701 - 1713). A Bourbon prince 3. The king cannot confiscate the
claims the Spanish throne. The property of any man without the
succession to the Spanish throne was consent of a court.
in doubt because the Hapsburg king 4. The merchant cannot be deprived
of Spain had no heirs. In 1700 he of his goods for a small offense,
named as his successor Philip of nor even the peasant of his wagon
Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV. and implements.
5. The king must permit the
• Louis leaves an empty treasury.
merchants to move about freely in
• Louis XV (Louis great-grandson and
different towns without
successor).
molestation by the officers.
REPORTER 3: PARLIAMENTARY
BEGINNING OF THE HOUSE OF
GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND
COMMONS
ENGLAND CRADLE OF PARLIAMENTARY
SIMON DE MONTFORT (1216-1272)
GOVERNMENT
➢ King John was succeeded by his
PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT
son, Henry III (1216-72), another
➢ Parliamentary system, democratic form tyrant and spendthrift. His
of government in which the party (or a wasteful use of public funds was
coalition of parties) with the greatest aggravated by his violation of the
representation in the parliament Magna Carta.
(legislature) forms the government, its ➢ The angry barons rose in arms
leader becoming prime minister or under the leadership of Simon de
chancellor. Executive functions are Montfort, a valiant defender of
 English liberties. The uprising was The spirit of the Renaissance also
called the "War of the Barons. " made Elizabethan England a time of
The king's force were defeated remarkable artistic creativity.
and the king himself was taken
prisoner. DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS (1603)
KING JAMES I (1603-1625)
MODEL PARLIAMENT (1295)
KING EDWARD I (1272-1307) PARLIAMENT CLASHES WITH
➢ Model Parliament, parliament called STUART KING
by King Edward I of England in 1295 ➢ James I, succeeded Elizabeth in
that is widely regarded as the first 1603. James, however, lacked the
representative parliament. It included queen's abilities either to persuade
not only archbishops and bishops but officials and politicians or to win the
also archdeacons and one proctor for English people's support. James
each cathedral and two for each claimed to rule by divine right and so
diocese, marking the first time the was involved in an almost constant
lower orders of clergy were struggle with Parliament, which was
represented. In addition, there were determined to take a greater role in
two knights from each shire, two governing England.
citizens from each city, and two
PETITION OF RIGHTS (1628)
burgesses from each borough. Seven
earls and 42 barons were also ➢ During the reign of Charles I (1625-
summoned. 1649), the son of James I, tensions
➢ Each of the estates—clergy, nobles, between Parliament and the monarch
and commons—met separately to intensified. The conflict centered on
consider the request. The clergy two issues - funds and religion.
agreed to contribute a tenth of their ➢ Because of extravagant spending and
income, and the barons and knights foreign wars with France and Spain,
offered an eleventh of theirs, while the Charles I were constantly short of
boroughs were willing to donate a funds. When Charles ask Parliament
seventh. for more money in 1628, Parliament
refused until the king would agree to
ENGLAND’S GOLDEN AGE (1558)
sign the Petition of Right. Like the
QUEEN ELIZABETH (1558-1603) Magna Charta, the Petition of Right is
one of the foundations of English
➢ Henry VIII daughter Elizabeth I came
liberty. It limited the power of the king
to the throne in 1558. Intelligent, self-
and set forth specific rights.
confident, and respected by all,
➢ Elizabeth was one of the great
THE PURITAN REVOLUTION
monarchs of European history.
➢ In June 1642, Parliament moved to
Elizabeth's 45-year reign was one of
weaken the king's command over the
England's greatest ages. Despite
army. Many Puritan members also
challenges to her rule, Elizabeth
called for reforms in the Church of
succeeded in keeping peace within
England. Charles rejected
her kingdom. She showed respect to
Parliament's proposals and brought in
English traditions, chose excellent
troops to arrest its leaders. Outraged,
adviser and was able to persuade
the people of London rioted, and, in
Parliament to approve her policies.
August, a civil war began.
COMMONWEALTH (1653) policies. The English assumed,
however, that James's Protestant
OLIVER CROMWELL (1653-1658)
daughter. Mary would succeed him.
➢ Cromwell used his control of the army When a son was born, they feared a
to seize power from moderate return to absolute rule and
Puritans who wanted to negotiate with Catholicism. In 1688, therefore,
the king. In 1648 Cromwell expelled Parliament offered the crown jointly to
his opponents from Parliament. The Mary and her husband, William of
remaining members abolished the Orange, leader of the Dutch Republic.
House of Lords and brought the king The English people acclaimed this
to trial for treason. Charles I was change of monarchs and called it the
beheaded early in 1649. Glorious Revolution.

CIVIL WAR DURING THE

BILL OF RIGHTS (1689)
COMMONWEALTH
-- QUENN MARY II (1689-1694) and
➢ The civil war continued during the KING WILLIAM II (1689-1702)
Commonwealth, for the king's son
Charles gathered royalist supporters ➢ The Glorious Revolution was a
who fought in Ireland and Scotland. major step in establishing Parliament's
With great ruthlessness, Cromwell put supremacy over the English monarch.
down the rebellion in Ireland and In 1689 Parliament presented the new
forced Irish Catholic landholders to rulers, Mary and William III, with a Bill
turn over their estates to Protestant of Rights, to which they were
English settlers. expected to agree. This declaration
made it illegal for the monarch to
RESTORATION OF MONARCH (1660)
make or suspend laws, levy tas or
KING CHARLES II (1660-1685) raise a standing army during
peaceame without Parliament's
RESTORATION PERIOD
approval. Subjects had the right to
➢ After the death of Cromwell in 1658, petition the monarch, and the rules
the English were ready to return to could not interfere with freedom of
monarchy. In 1660 Parliament invited speech within Parliament.
Charles II. son of the executed king, to
return to the throne. His reign (1660- English parliamentary government
1685) is called the Restoration becomes a model for
period. Known as the "Merry other states:
Monarch". Charles II was popular with ➢ The english revolutions of the 17th
his subjects but often at odds with century had a great impact on
Parliament. government in the western world.
Parliamentary government, the rule of
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION OF CATHOLIC
law limited monarchy and the
KING (1688)
protection of individual liberties
KING JAMES II (1685-1688) became firmly established in Britain.
They bought britain centuries of stable
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
government that was able to meet
➢ James II inherited the crown in 1685. political crisis in an orderly way.
Lacking his brother's charm, he lost
still more public support by his
GROUP 4: HISTORY OF SPAIN AND SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AS
PORTUGAL (reviewer from digol) CATHOLIC KINGDOM

• CONSTANTINE (Edict of Milan)

➢ SPAIN – Spain located in
• THEODOSIUS (Edict of
Southwestern Europe, borders the
Thessalonica)
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean, Bay of Biscay, and Pyrenees. • Fall of Western roman empire
With a temperate climate, 49,331,076 • SUEBE AND VISIGOTHS
people, and Madrid as its largest city, • KING RECCARED THE FIRST - A
it covers 195.363 square miles with Visigothic King who converted a
population of 3.5 million. religion from Arian Christianity to
➢ PORTUGAL – Portugal located in the Catholic.
Iberian Peninsula, is bordered by 1. United
Spain and the Atlantic Ocean. Its 2. A Closer Relationship To Rome
capital is Lisbon, and it has a rich 3. The Rise of The Power Of The
history of seafaring and discovery. Pope And The Church.
From the 1500s to the 1800s, Portugal 4. There Conciliation of Other
was a powerful maritime nation with Kingdoms In Hispania.
an empire including Brazil, Angola, 5. The Rise Of The Roles Of
and Mozambique. Monasteries And Education
➢ Important events in the history of 6. The Formation of a Catholic
Spain and Portugal. State.

MUSLIM EXPANSION
RULES OF ROMANS • PROPHET MUHAMMAD
• The Iberian Peninsula, unified
under Roman rule from 2nd
century BCE to 5th century CE,
formed Lusitania (Portugal) and
Hispania (Spain), fostering cultural,
language, and religion similarities.

EUROPEAN UNION

• The European Union (EU) is a

political and economic organization
comprising 27 European countries,
governing common policies for • MUSABIN NU SAYR
citizens in economic, social, and • TARIQ IBN ZIYAD
security areas. Spain and Portugal • KING RODERIC
joined the EU, fostering
cooperation and closer ties,
leading to economic collaboration COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE
and a shared vision for the future. CULTURE AND GOVERNMENT OF
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

➢ Similarities and differences of the

"Culture" of Spain and Portugal
 SIMILARITIES: 3. Political System
1. Shared Historical Background: Both Spain -- bicameral legislature
countries were part of the Iberian (Congress of Deputies and
Peninsula; and share historical ties, Senate)
including periods under Roman and Portugal -- Unicameral
Moorish rule. parliament (Assembly of the
2. Festivals and Traditions: Both Republic).
celebrate vibrant religious festivals, such 4. Contemporary Political Issues
as Spain’ s Semana Santa. Portugal’s Spain – regional independence
Festa de São João. movements.
3. Mediterranean-Influenced Lifestyle: A Portugal – economic reform
shared love for social dining, with and sustainability.
cuisines featuring olive oil, seafood, and
wine. Relaxed, familyoriented lifestyles
with an emphasis on siestas and long
meals.
DIFFERENCES:

1. Language: Spain: Spanish Portugal:

Portugese
2. Music and Dance: Spain: “Flamenco”
Portugal: “Fado”
3. Architecture: Spain: Moorish, Gothic,
and Modernist
4. Portugal: Manueline and Iconic
azulejos.

➢ Similarities and differences of the

"government" of Spain and
Portugal.

1. Type of Government:
Spain -- Constitutional
Monarchy (King as Head of
state, Prime Minister as head of
government)
Portugal -- Semi-Presidential
Republic (President is head of
state, Prime Minister Head of
Government)
2. Government Structure:
Spain -- Autonomous
Community (granting regional
governments)
Portugal -- Centralize System
(limited local autonomy)