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Chapter 02 (Class 04-09)

Chapter 2 of the Fluid Mechanics document discusses the kinetics of fluid flow, focusing on fluid motion and the methods of analysis: Eulerian and Lagrangian. It classifies fluid flow into various types, including steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. nonuniform, and laminar vs. turbulent flows. The chapter also introduces concepts such as rotational and irrotational flows, as well as compressible and incompressible flows, concluding with the equation of continuity.

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4 views33 pages

Chapter 02 (Class 04-09)

Chapter 2 of the Fluid Mechanics document discusses the kinetics of fluid flow, focusing on fluid motion and the methods of analysis: Eulerian and Lagrangian. It classifies fluid flow into various types, including steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. nonuniform, and laminar vs. turbulent flows. The chapter also introduces concepts such as rotational and irrotational flows, as well as compressible and incompressible flows, concluding with the equation of continuity.

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A Sagor
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Fluid Mechanics

Chapter-2: Kinetics of fluid flow


Class: 04-09

Prepared by
Md. Romzan Ali
Lecturer
Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Jashore University of Science & Technology
Fluid motion
• Fluid motion can be described by location of fluid particle in
space in different time.
• It discuss the magnitude, direction of velocity and
acceleration in flow field at any time
• The motion of fluid particle has been described by following
methods
• Eulerian method
• Langrangian Method
Fluid motion
• Eulerian method: The motion, acceleration and other
characteristics of fluid system has been studied at any
particular point.
• Langrangian Method: The motion, acceleration and other
characteristics of a fluid particle has been studied.
Langrangian Method
• In the Cartesian system, the position of the
fluid particle in space (x, y, z) at any time t
from its position (a, b, c) at time t = 0 shall
be given as:
x = f 1(a, b, c, t)
y = f 2(a, b, c, t)
z = f 3(a, b, c, t)
• The velocity and acceleration components
(obtained by taking derivatives with
respect to time) are given by:
Langrangian Method
• Shortcoming of this methods
• Complex
• Equation of motion is difficult to solve
• Motion is very hard to understand
Eulerian Method
Eulerian Method
Eulerian Method
Eulerian Method
Eulerian Method
Eulerian Method
Eulerian Method
Types of fluid flow
Fluid flow may classified into
• Steady and unsteady flows
• Uniform and nonuniform flows
• One, two and three dimensional flows
• Rotational and irrotational flows
• Laminar and Turbulent flow
• Compressible and incompressible flows
Steady and unsteady flows

• Steady flows: the flow in which the fluid characteristics like


velocity, pressure, density etc. don't change with time.

• Unsteady flows: the flow in which the fluid characteristics


change with time.
Uniform and nonuniform flows

• Uniform flow. The type of flow, in which the velocity at any


given time does not change with respect to space

• Nonuniform flows: The type of flow, in which the velocity at


any given time changes with respect to space
One, two and three dimensional
flow
• One dimensional flow: it is that type of flow, the flow
parameter such as velocity is function of time and one space
only

• Two dimensional flow: it is that type of flow, the flow


parameter such as velocity is function of time and two
rectangular space

• Three dimensional flow: it is that type of flow, the flow


parameter such as velocity is function of time and three
rectangular space
Sudden test
Question: In a fluid, the velocity field is given by
V = (2x + 3y) i + (3z + 2y 2) j + (2y + 3z) k

Determine
I. The velocity components u, v, w at any point in the flow field;
II. The speed at point (1, 0, 0);
III. The speed at point (2,1, 0).
Also classify the velocity field as steady, or unsteady, uniform or
non-uniform and one, two or three dimensional
Rotational and irrotational flows
• Rotational flow: A flow is said to be rotational if the fluid
particles while moving in the direction of flow rotate about their
mass centers. Flow near the solid boundaries is rotational.

• Irrotational flow: A flow is said to be irrotational if the fluid


particles while moving in the direction of flow do not rotate
about their mass centres. Flow outside the boundary layer is
generally considered irrotational
Laminar and Turbulent flows
• A laminar flow is one in which paths taken by the individual
particles do not cross one another and move along well defined
paths, This type of flow is also called stream-line flow or viscous
flow.
• A turbulent flow is that flow in which fluid particles move in a
zig zag way
Laminar and Turbulent flows
Compressible and incompressible
flows
• Compressible flow. It is that type of flow in which the density
(ρ) of the fluid changes from point to point (or in other words
density is not constant for this flow).
• Mathematically: ρ ≠ constant.

• Incompressible flow. It is that type of flow in which density is


constant for the fluid flow. Liquids are generally considered
flowing incompressibly.
• Mathematically: ρ = constant
Equation of continuity
Equation of continuity
Let, ρ = Mass density of the fluid at a
particular instant;
And u, v, w = Components of velocity of flow
entering the three faces of the parallelopiped.

The gain in mass per unit time due to flow in


the X-direction,
Equation of continuity
Equation of continuity
Equation of continuity
Equation of continuity

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