Scribd
Upload
1 views

DBMS

A database schema is a logical representation of how data is organized and stored, consisting of physical and logical types. DBMS architecture can be categorized into one-tier, two-tier, and three-tier systems, with one-tier being the simplest. EF Codd's rules outline essential principles for relational databases, including data storage in tables and support for NULL values.

Uploaded by

yahiyasanikhan8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

DBMS

A database schema is a logical representation of how data is organized and stored, consisting of physical and logical types. DBMS architecture can be categorized into one-tier, two-tier, and three-tier systems, with one-tier being the simplest. EF Codd's rules outline essential principles for relational databases, including data storage in tables and support for NULL values.

Uploaded by

yahiyasanikhan8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Q.4. What is database schema?

1.The skeleton of database is created by attribute and the skeleton name is


schema In the logical or stress like table primary key etc

2.The schema does not represent a datatype or attributes

3.A database schema is a logical representation of data that shows how data is
in the database should be stored logically

* Types of database schema:

1.Physical:

Now the data and information is stored physically in storage system in the files
of database

2.Logical:

A] The logical i.e. need to apply to the store data and also describe stable views
entity relationship and integrity constant

B] The logical schema describe how data is stored in the form of table and how
attributes of table are connected

Q.5 Explain any 1 type of DBMS architecture:

There are mainly three types of DBMS architecture:

 One Tier Architecture (Single Tier Architecture)


 Two Tier Architecture
 Three Tier Architecture

1 Tier Architecture in DBMS is the simplest architecture of Database in which


the client, server, and Database all reside on the same machine. A simple one
tier architecture example would be anytime you install a Database in your
system and access it to practice SQL queries. But such architecture is rarely used
in production.

Q.6 .Explain EF Codd’s rules:



Here's a more detailed explanation of EF Codd's 12 rules in simpler words:
1. Information Rule: Store all data in tables (like a spreadsheet).

2. Guaranteed Access Rule: Access data using a unique combination of table


name, primary key, and column name (like a map to find data).
3. NULL Values Rule: Support blank values (NULL) and treat them consistently.

4. Online Catalog Rule: Store database description (schema) online for easy
access.

5. Comprehensive Language Rule: Use one language for defining, manipulating,


and querying data (like a single tool for all tasks).

6. View Updating Rule: Allow updates to virtual tables (views).

7. Set-Level Operations Rule: Support operations on sets of data (not just


individual records).

8. Physical Independence Rule: Separate physical storage from logical data


structure.

9. Logical Independence Rule: Separate data from application programs.

10. Integrity Independence Rule: Separate data integrity rules from application
programs.

11. Distribution Independence Rule: Hide data distribution details from users.

12. Non-Subversion Rule: Prevent low-level languages from bypassing relational


database rules.

Q7. Differentiate between file system and DBMS:



Q.8. Difference between data models:

I] Heirarchical data model:
1.In this model it is used to to store data hierarchy method is used it is the oldest
method and not in use today
2.To organise records it uses tree structure
3.It is used to access the data which is complex and asymmetric.
4.Difficult to design database because of its complexity.
5.XAM & XAML uses this data model.
II] Network data model
1.It organise records to one another through links or pointers.
2.It organisation of direct graph.
3.It is used to access the data which is complex and symmetric.
4.It is also difficult to many plate database .
5.It is a flexible as compared to her article model .
6.VAX-dbms DMS 1100 of UNLVAC and Supra DBMS use this model.
III] relational data model:
1. It organises record in the form of table and relationship between tables and
set using common fields
2.It organises records in forms of table.
3.It is used to access the data which is complex and symmetric.

##Here's an overview of the classic data models:


1. Hierarchical Model (1960s):
- Organizes data into a tree-like structure (parent-child relationships).
- Each node has one parent, except the root node.
- Data is stored in a single table with repeating groups.
- Example: IBM's Information Management System (IMS).

2. Network Model (1970s):


- Builds upon the hierarchical model, allowing multiple parents per node.
- Data is stored in records connected by pointers.
- Supports many-to-many relationships.
- Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS).

3. Relational Model (1980s):


- Organizes data into tables (relations) with well-defined schemas.
- Each table has rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).
- Data is accessed using SQL (Structured Query Language).
- Supports ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties.
- Example: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle.
Q.9.Explain architecture of DBMS
1.The DBMS design depend on its architecture the basic clients / server
architecture is used to deal with the large number of PC’s, web server, database
servers and other components that are connected with network
2.The server architecture consist of many pieces and a workstation which
connected by network
3.DBMS architecture depends upon how use are connected to database to get
their request done
4.There are three types of DBMS architecture 1- tier architecture 2-tier
architecture and 3-tier architecture.

ASSIGNMENT 2
Q.1.What is data model ?
A data model is a conceptual representation of how data is organized,
structured, and related to each other. It's a blueprint or a diagram that describes
the entities, attributes, and relationships within a system or domain.
A data model typically includes:
1. Entities (tables, objects, etc.): Representing real-world objects or concepts.
2. Attributes (fields, columns, etc.): Describing the properties or characteristics of
entities.
3. Relationships: Defining how entities interact or are connected.
*A data model is a simple diagram that shows:
- What data is stored
- How it's organized
- How it's connected
It helps us understand and manage data in a clear and consistent way.
Q.2. Describe primary key foreign key and candidate key:

1. Primary Key (PK): Unique identifier for each record.
2. Foreign Key (FK): References the primary key of another table.
3. Candidate Key: Alternative unique identifier for each record, potentially
becoming the primary key.
*In short
- PK: Unique ID
- FK: References another table's PK
- Candidate Key: Alternative unique ID
Q.3 State the basic componets used in ER diagram:

The components of ER diagram are as follows –

 Entity
 Attributes
 Relationship
 Weak entity
 Strong entity
 Simple attribute
 Key attribute
 Composite attribute
 Derived attribute
 Multivalued attribute

Diagram for components--


Q.4.Explain any 4 types of attributes:
Here are four types of attributes in an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram:

1. Simple Attribute: A single value attribute, e.g., "Name" or "Age".

2. Composite Attribute: A group of attributes that together describe an entity,


e.g., "Address" (Street, City, State, Zip).

3. Derived Attribute: A calculated attribute, e.g., "Total Cost" (calculated from


Price and Quantity).

4. Multivalued Attribute: An attribute with multiple values, e.g., "Phone Numbers"


(home, office, mobile).

You might also like