CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Humans inevitably use electric power on daily bases. This wanton use of energy begs the need to

device more sources of energy also the use of smart energy management system to assist in

reducing the energy usage in an efficient way (Aniket, 2014). As we traverse this path we sort to

utilize in substitutions, the various sources available to us. Efforts toward smart energy

consumption management, will not only have positive environmental impacts by reducing

energy use but also contribute to sustainable practices and climate change mitigation (Baraa et al,

2024). Harmonizing the sources of electrical energy supply is a task too cumbersome to

consistently have human intervention, energy professionals, including engineers, planners,

designers and researchers, are actively integrating smart technologies into buildings with the

overarching goal of lower energy cost and minimal environmental impact across the building

lifecycle. The potential of smart technologies to improve energy efficiency, reduce waste and

raise the level of sustainability in construction operations is recognized (Fadi et al, 2024).

The common source of electric power in Nigeria is the National Grid power supply and the grid

suffers from inability of the electricity generation capacity to match increasing demand in the

country has led to increasing agitation for increased penetration of renewable energy sources into

the electricity supply mix (Ojekunle Oluponmile, 2019). While great attention has been focused

on the potential of renewable energy sources for electricity generation in the country, little or no

attention has been given to the application of Smart/Micro-Grid technologies to the ageing

Nigeria grid infrastructures and electrification of the rural areas (Amuta Elizabeth, 2018). The

1
continuous dependence on the Grid system has left little time for maintenance or replacement of

the overused components leading to the epileptic power supply. This situation affects the

manufacturing, service and residential sectors of the economy which in turn affects the country’s

economic growth. Even with the recent reforms in the power sector, more than half of the

country’s population still lack access to electricity. The epileptic condition of the power sector

can be attributed to the inadequate and inefficient power plants, poor transmission and

distribution facilities, and outdated metering system used by electricity consumers (Emodi et al,

2014). In a bid to diversify, Nigerians have sort resort in solar power. For decades, solar thermal

has constantly been enjoying very high-level utilization by rural dwellers for agricultural

processing purposes, including drying of agricultural products such as grains, cassava, yam

flakes, meat, fish, fruits, kernels, drying of manure, hide and skins, cooking and frying of

agricultural products which are not preserved or sold raw. Other areas of rural solar energy

utilization over the years include heating and lighting animal pens, water and irrigation pumping,

and food and vaccine storage (Yohanna and Umogbai. 2010). There are more than 58 energy mix

projects going on in Nigeria, of which 35 are Solar-based from licensed solar energy promoters,

including rural electrification projects, with a total capacity of 115 MW of Photovoltaic

combining mini-grids and stand-alone installed (ECN, 2014). The Solar-based projects are

installed for residential and commercial purpose respectively. Even though, the Ministry of

Power launch a project in 2014, known as ‘‘Operation Light Up Rural Nigeria’’ most of the

Solar projects is targeted for rural communities which are estimated only 10% of the population

have access to electricity (Abdullahi, et al). Other off-grid projects include the 37 Federal

Universities and University teaching hospital projects are underway to complement the

electricity supply. Four of the Universities and a teaching hospital has already signed the

2
Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) agreement to develop mini-grid solution to

power facilities of up to 9.3MW of solar PV and 5,760 battery cells will be deployed for the

projects. Other projects are monitored by the federal ministry of power and the rural

electrification agency, energy commission and the regulator (NERC) accordingly (ECN, 2018).

Wind energy has not be let out in this race to relief the falling grid systems, in fact there is

abundance of untapped wind energy in the country that could help to compensate for the

epileptic condition of electricity as wind speed in Nigeria ranges from 4.0 to 6.0 m/s in the

northern part of the country and 2.5 to 4.0 m/s in the southern part of the country (Atolagbe, et

al, 2017). With the amount of wind energy potential in these regions, small scale wind turbine

installation could be a viable means to boost electricity. Haven gone through the expenses of

implementing these various energy sources, it is only logical to find a means of alternating their

usage so as to avoid over dependence on any of the sources, hence the need for a management

system to provide seamless interoperability between the available sources this project is aimed at

designing and constructing a smart energy efficiency system to provide a means of safe

interoperability between sources featuring a range of digital components. Different types of users

in society like industries, houses and the government, all are dependent on the power for its

reliability (Bhatt, 2018). Although there exist systems which tend to alternate between power

sources without human intervention (Automated Transfer Switches), this project sort to build a

more advanced system which doesn’t only alternate between the sources but makes a logical

comparison between the available sources before switching to the most suitable source. This

project has successfully harmonized two energy sources (with room for more sources) operating

interchangeably with seamless transition and based on various parametric considerations.

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1.2 MOTIVATION

Energy, an essential ingredient for socio-economic development and economic growth plays a

significant role in the nation's security, and it also serves as a tradable commodity for earning

national income (Abdulsalam, 2020), however, the situation of electricity in Nigeria can be

described as erratic (Atolagbe, et al, 2017). Nigeria’s economy relies heavily on strong

entrepreneurialism hence, millions of commercially-viable businesses are powered with

expensive and unreliable power source (Grid supply), consequently, there are high densities of

power use, large latent demand, and a strong willingness to switch to more effective alternatives

(Rural Electrification Agency, 2020). Managing these alternative sources is as important as the

effort of implementing the sources. The drive to alternate to the least cost, yet efficient source is

a key motive to this project work. We have harnessed the vast reaching means of the internet to

get data on tariff plans in real-time for grid systems, this informs the SEES on cost efficiency of

using Grid supply at that instant. achieving a cost efficient, time sensitive and environmentally

sustainable energy switching system is the fundamental motive of this project.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Domestic and industrial usage of electric power is mostly bias in efficient consumption as they

tend to use the source which supplies sufficient power for the speculated loads. This selected

source is in most cases, used for less consuming loads. Human alternation of energy sources is

basically informed by availability of a source with the needed voltage. This possess a huge threat

to the always consumed source of energy. Human intervention in alternating energy sources is

plagued with errors and inconsistency, these had led to unnecessary downtimes and inefficient

usage of the available sources.

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In the Smart Energy Efficiency system, we have created a system to automate the alternation of

energy source in correspondence with the load demand, cost efficiency and other parameters.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to design and construct a Smart Energy Efficiency System using ESP32

microcontroller as the central processing unit of the system.

In order to achieve the aim stated above, the following objectives were explored;

i. To design a Smart energy efficiency system that integrates with existing infrastructure

ii. To construct a Smart Energy Efficiency System with robust capability for multiple source

input

iii. To test a constructed design of a Smart Energy Efficiency System.

1.5 Outline

This project covers the design and construction of a Smart Energy Efficiency System which

spans over five chapters and preliminary pages. The first chapter features the introduction of the

project which focuses on the situation of energy sources, generation, supply and management of

the country. It further shows the motivation, aim and objectives of the project. Chapter features

the literature review section with an elaborate look into the countries foremost power supply

sources (Grid, Solar, and wind) with details on the development and efficient state of each

source. Chapter two further reviewed previous attempt at providing an efficient management

sources for the sources. Chapter three explores

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The chapter presents related literature and various approach towards efficient power utilization in

Nigeria. It details the adopted supply sources, investigates their capacity and the popularity of the

smart technology in homes and businesses for managing power consumption efficiently.

2.2 A glace at the operational sources of electric power supply in Nigeria

The Nigeria power system started in 1898. By 1951, the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria

(ECN) was established. The Niger Dams Authority was also established 1962 which was to

develop hydroelectricity. It was merged with ECN to form National Electric Power Authority

(NEPA). NEPA operated as monopoly marketer in providing electricity to the population, but

was not meeting with the demands for electric power (Olatunde, et al, 2016). NEPA was later

transformed into PHCN when discovered that it was failing (Ajao, et al, 2016). Through Reform

Act 2005, PHCN was unbundled into the 18 companies; 6 generating companies, 1 transmission

Company and 11 distributing companies (Ajao et al, 2016). This ushered in privatization so as to

bring about the much-needed improvement in the sector. National Electric Power Policy (NEPP)

also came on board in 2001, with the Independent Power Plants forming an integral unit as a

move by the federal government to increase capacity generation.

2.2.1 Grid power supply and efficiency approach

The currently generating plant has a capacity of 10,396 MW but as at December with less than

6056 MW capacity available. We have twenty-three generation stations and seven of them are

6
over 20 years old, with average daily power generation that is less than the peak estimate for the

present existing (Amuta Elizabeth et al, 2018). The electricity produced is supplied to the

consumers by a large transmission and passive distribution network system, comprising high

voltage (HV), medium voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) networks. Power passes through all

the above three network stages (generation, transmission and distribution) before it gets to the

final consumer. The consumer utilizes the power as required with the level of consumer demand

varying among different consumers (Ejiga Joseph, 2021). The demand for electricity has

increased with increase in world population and development in technology (Ayodele et al.,

2016), thereby reviving the interest in connecting more generation to the power system (Grid),

particularly the distribution network, closer to the customer/consumer. Various approaches have

been engaged in developing efficient means of using Grid system at the consumer viz;

2..2.1.1 User Sensitization

According to Nigerian Electricity Regulation Commission, the average consumption of a typical

household in Nigeria is about 50 – 60 kWh per month (NERC, 2019). About 20% of power

consumed by each household is due to untended gadgets due to absence of the occupants of the

household (Nigeria Electrical Management Services Agency – NEMSA, 2020). In a bid to curb

power wastage and improve energy efficiency, NEMSA as forged a partnership with various

orientation agency such as Servicomm and National Orientation Agency. Servicomm helps to

educate various offices and institutions across the county as it is crucial to properly manage the

electricity transmitted and distributed to homes through efficient electricity-saving behaviors.

Developing an attitude for energy saving can drive individuals towards electricity saving.

Therefore, it is pertinent to understand the attitude of household users towards electricity saving

(Chinyere Theresa Ogbuanya, 2023).

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2.2.1.2 Implementation of Smart Grid System

Smart grid is an emerging technology that can lead to the modernization of the electrical power

system, comprising of communication systems with different storage technology, distributed

generation and loads (Elizabeth, 2018). smart grid has self-healing, active customer engagement,

choices for generating and storage, new market penetration, stability, and improved quality of

power offerings characteristics A smart grid provides further advantages such as knowledge

flow, efficiency, reliability, control and communication, making the power grid reliable for

adequate power supply (Shaukat et al., 2018). The smart grid system encompasses, but not

limited to, the following tools; Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Demand Response

(DR), Customer Side System (CSS), Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA), Transmission

Enhancement Applications (TEA), Asset / Process Optimization (AO), Distributed Energy

Resources (DER), Information and Communication Integration (ICI), and Wide Area Monitoring

and Control (WMC) are leading smart grid technologies (Folashade, et al). The implementation

of this technologies is plagued by;

i. Cyber-attacks, Infrastructure Theft, and Terrorism

ii. Poor maintenance culture

iii. . Poor regulatory policies implementation and low budgetary allocations

iv. Renewable Energy Sources Production Volatility

v. Insufficient research, information, and merchandising of smart grid technology

vi. Lack of institutional arrangement. (Folashade, et al)

Despite the hurdles, the unbundling of PHCN, coupled with smart grid technology, would open

up the prospect for electricity consumers and suppliers to explore renewable energy sources and

distributed energy to meet power needs. Smart Grid provides competencies to defy and solve

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various challenges facing Nigeria's power sector. Aside from confronting these challenges, the

smart grid would immensely benefit the country's electricity stakeholder by providing paybacks

in various aspects of security economy, and reliability of the power system in the country

(Adegoke, et al)

2.2.2 Renewable energy power supply and efficiency approach

In Nigeria the active renewable sources are Solar power and Wind power supply. There are more

than 58 energy mix projects going on in Nigeria, of which 35 are Solar-based from licensed solar

energy promoters, including rural electrification projects, with a total capacity of 115 MW of

Photovoltaic combining mini-grids and stand-alone installed (ECN, 2014). The Solar-based

projects are installed for residential and commercial purpose respectively. Even though, the

Ministry of Power launch a project in 2014, known as ‘‘Operation Light Up Rural Nigeria’’ most

of the Solar projects is targeted for rural communities which are estimated only 10% of the

population have access to electricity. Other off-grid projects include the 37 Federal Universities

and University teaching hospital projects are underway to complement the electricity supply.

Four of the Universities and a teaching hospital has already signed the Engineering, Procurement

and Construction (EPC) agreement to develop mini-grid solution to power facilities of up to

9.3MW of solar PV and 5,760 battery cells will be deployed for the projects. Other projects are

monitored by the federal ministry of power and the rural electrification agency, energy

commission and the regulator (NERC) accordingly (ECN, 2018).

Northern parts of Nigeria experiences wind speeds in the range 6.0 – 8.0 m/s, while parts of

Southern Nigeria and mountainous area of the country are in the same range. It is recommended

that Nigeria can effectively exploit wind energy technology, if the identified challenges are

9
overcome and the suggested solutions are implemented (Oyedeji et al, 2018). The pursuit of

implementation of wind energy suffers some draw back such as

i. reluctance of government and its agencies to encourage wind energy technologies,

ii. low government financial support and non-availability of fiscal incentives,

iii. lack of awareness, - inadequate institutional framework and resource assessment, and

iv. technical ineptitude and limitation. (Oyedeji, et al)

a path to reviving this source relies on adequate funding, implementation of research and

development body, establishment of workable roadmap (Oyedeji, et al).

Efficiency of renewable sources is very important due to its productive yet weak supply. Some of

the approach in play to boost the efficiency of renewable energy sources include the

development of smart inverts.

2.3 Review of related literatures

The quest to efficiently manage the usage of electrical power supply has been a topic of research

to many engineers and scientists over the years. This has no doubt lead to many publications and

inventions such as the automated transfer switch system. In this chapter we will explore some of

the breakthroughs in this race to efficient power utilization.

Behcet et al, designed a Real-Time Monitoring, Analysis and Control of Power Parameters in

Residential House using Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW),

this system was designed to monitor parameters of the load in domestic power usage such as

current, voltage, power factor, frequency, apparent power, active power and reactive power.

These parameters were acquired via a data acquisition card which was installed on the load. The

data is then transferred to a computer with LabVIEW software installed. The data is then

10
analyzed and the abnormality detected. The information is used to determine a generalize a

standard consumption pattern which will further determine the supply to the area which that

pattern hence optimize the usage of the generated power. This was an efficient system although

its procedures were manual and time consuming.

Oluwafemi et al (2021) constructed an IoT enabled Smart Energy Meter to aid the course of

energy efficiency, this system harnessed the ubiquity of IoT which made the energy consumption

of the household accessible from anywhere, giving control to the user to turn On or Off the

electric supply, set maximum consumption of certain loads, create a schedule to control supply

time of the load. This system came enabled with a SMS module which sends a message to the

user in emergency situation. This system relies on users to set the various control parameters,

this may result in a preset error.

Buhari et al, developed an IoT Based Smart Inverter for Energy Metering and Control, this

inverter was able to be controlled remotely using a mobile application built specifically for the

inverter. The mobile app gives a real time update on the status of the inverter, setting of the

inverter to distribute a particular range of voltage to a given line (user). This system also

recorded usage pattern of the consumers which can be accessed via the mobile interface,

presenting a guide on power routine by the administrator. However, this system was limited to

renewable sources and provided information based on user consumption but was not designed to

implement corrections in power supply from the usage pattern correlated.

Khalid et al. (2015) reported their work on domestic energy meter, which is based on remote

monitoring and control of energy meter. Their research was able to ease he problem of house to

house reading of electric meter by the electricity marketing department. This is automatically

11
done by the smart meter through the use of microcontroller technology which continuously

monitors the meter readings and aids remote control and monitoring through the GSM module.

A smart inverter integrated with Raspberry Pi for smart home was proposed by Kurundkar et al.

The inverter can be controlled using a mobile phone so far there is an internet connection on the

user’s phone. The system is adapted with an Infrared (IR) sensor which monitors the state of the

appliances connected to the system. Once the status of any of the systems is triggered from ON

to OFF or otherwise, the state new state is stored in a database and displayed on a pre-developed

website. Users can also turn on and off the appliances at their convenience over the Web-

Application. A similar system is developed by Tajwar et al (2021). The basic difference between

these systems is that the latter uses LCD to monitor current, voltage and power consumption and

can be controlled using a GSM module. The implementation of the smart meter can be integrated

into a power grid as discussed by Pilakkat et al (2020). This requires stepping up or stepping

down the power supplied to the power grid by the inverter such that if the grid voltage is 230V

and the inverter supply 300V, the inverter voltage is stepped down to 230 V and vice versa. This

is done through a PWM inverter. This type of inverters can be controlled using an intelligent

micro inverter control scheme that continuously contains Volt-Var control, Low Voltage Ride

Through (LVRT) and system frequency response (Wang et al, 2019).

IOT Based Smart Controlled Inverter was designed and developed by Sneha et al, this system

aims at acquiring maximum efficiency from solar power was equipped with a solar tracking unit

which rotates the solar panels in directions with the maximum incident rays from the sun. the

system was also enabled with IoT communication of the current position of the rotating motors.

The inverter constructed for this project was controlled via IoT interface to turn On and Off. The

ratings and consumption of the power connected to this inverter were constantly monitored and

12
controlled automatedly and also via IoT interface. This project and many others focused on

achieving energy efficiency on separate sources and specified loads, however, the system built in

this project work is first designed to harmonize many energy sources, this makes it a hybrid of

most existing solutions to energy efficiency. The project work then implements complex

decision-making algorithm with a well-defined channel of communication between the various

modules. The SEES is equipped with the vast reaching power of the internet to enable it log data

which can be later analyzed by data analysis tool to establish a consumption pattern for the load

centers. This function of login data is handled by the Intercommunication module. The SEES

also harness the IoT technology to enable remote control of all its module via the

Intercommunication module. The various detected parameters from the Charge controller and

Inverter module are also uploaded to the IoT interface via the intercommunication module. This

system is built to withstand vast workload hence can be used in industrial setting as well as

domestic premises.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Smart Energy Efficiency system has been designed with a series of procedures which
commenced by determining the need for the project. This project has been conceived with the
base idea of solving the repetitive task of alternative between energy sources whenever a source
is out of power or when an anomaly is noticed in a given source. In a bid to achieve a safe and
seamless transition between sources, the existing solutions were studied and deficiencies were
noted. The block diagram was then established for the project. The circuit was then designed and
simulated. Upon successful simulation, the required components were acquired and a breadboard
prototype of the circuit was constructed. Furthermore, the design circuit was subdivided into the
following modules namely;

 Interoperability module
 Intercommunication module
 Smart inverter unit
 Charge controller module

Fig3.1: Consolidated Block Diagram of Smart Energy Efficiency System

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3.2 The Interoperability Module

In the design circuit shown in fig 3.2.1, a specified configuration will be used so that the ESP32
microcontroller will run safely with a high-voltage source. The ESP32 will handle only low
voltages therefore it will be interfaced through a series of components one of them serving to
reduce and regulate the input voltage. 1N5495 diode is used in a half-wave rectifier which
reduces the load voltage. Secondly, the voltage regulator is achieved with a voltage divider
formed by 440k and 20k resistors and a 100nF capacitor together with a 1N4733A Zener diode
whose function is to lower the voltage down to 5V DC that is appropriate for the microcontroller.

The output from the ESP32 commands the switching mechanism that consists of a group of 6
12V relays; two per source. The sequential relays are interconnected to each other through their
control pins, and each is linked to the base of the transistor that is grounded. The 5V output from
the ESP32 cannot directly drive the relay, so we connected a 12V power source to the positive
side of an external relay. The relay’s negative side is connected to the transistor. In this case, the
base gets signals from the Arduino Uno and when these signals are activated, they close the
circuit between live and ground as a result the relay becomes active.

Each power source utilizes two relays: the one that is operating the return for live and the other
one neutral. The common terminal of the relay first relay is known as 'live wire of the power
source', and the normally open pin, which is closed when activated, is known as the 'live wire of
the load'. Just like that, the second relay’s neutral pin too is connected with the neutral wire of
the power source and when it is turned on, its normally open pin connects to the load’s neutral
pin. As this configuration is replicated for the second and third sources of energy, four extra
relays are to be used.

Wires live from three relays are grouped before connecting to the load, and neutrals are as well
but then sent through an ACS755XCB-200 current sensor, only then are they put to power the
loads. This arrangement saves time for current monitoring and safety each year.

Furthermore, it consists of an ESP32 and an LCD at the output part of its circuit to display some
elements. To take care of the indicator LED from the 5V output of ESP32 which is more than its
voltage operating, a resistor is added in series to the LED connection, thus reducing the voltage
and maintaining a level that the LED can handle. This comprehensive design makes it possible to

15
combine the ESP32 properly with the high-voltage environment and to control the operation of
multiple power sources with reduced danger of short-circuit.

Figure 3.2.1: Circuit diagram of interoperability module.

16
Figure 3.2.2; block diagram of the interoperability module

3.3. The Intercommunication Module:

The communication module facilitates data exchange between other modules through the inter -
integrated circuit communication (I²C). I2C is a two-wire serial communication protocol using a
serial data line (SDA) and a serial clock line (SCL). The protocol supports multiple target
devices on a communication bus and can also support multiple controllers that send and receive
commands and data. Communication is sent in byte packets with a unique address for each target
device. It is a low-speed communication protocol for connecting controller devices such as
microcontrollers and processors with target devices such as data converters and other peripheral
devices.

UART is one of the most used device-to-device (serial) communication protocols. It’s the
protocol used by Arduino boards to communicate with the computer. It allows an asynchronous
serial communication in which the data format and transmission speed are configurable. It's
among the earliest serial protocols and even though it has in many places been replaced by SPI
and I2C it's still widely used for lower-speed and lower-throughput applications because it is
very simple, low-cost and easy to implement.

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Communication via UART is enabled by the serial class, which has a number of methods
available, including reading & writing data. UART operates by transmitting data as a series of
bits, including a start bit, data bits, an optional parity bit, and stop bit(s). Unlike parallel
communication, where multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously, UART sends data serially,
one bit at a time. As the name reveals the protocol operates asynchronous which means that it
doesn't rely on a shared clock signal. Instead, it uses predefined baud rates to determine the
timing of data bits.

The ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power system on a chip series of microcontrollers with Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth capabilities and a highly integrated structure powered by a dual-core Tensilica Xtensa
LX6 microprocessor. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the ESP32 with some other
market competitors and introduces the microcontroller specification, features and programming
details. A portable, wireless oscilloscope based on the ESP-WROOM-32 and a mobile
application is described in detail as an example of successful practical implementation of the
device. The ESP32, developed by the Espressif Systems Company (Shanghai, China), offers a
powerful combination of features and capabilities for IoT applications. ESP32 has the following
features: (1) a dual-core processor, (2) integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, (3) a large
number of general purpose input/output (GPIO) pins, and (4) low power consumption. ESP32 is
equipped with a dual-core Tensilica (Santa Clara, CA, USA) Xtensa LX6 microprocessor, which
provides higher processing power and facilitates multitasking and efficient execution of complex
tasks. ESP32 has built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth interfaces that simplify connection and
communication with other devices or networks. It supports various Wi-Fi protocols, such as
802.11 b/g/n, and it provides Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connectivity
options. The ESP32 provides many GPIO pins that facilitate connection with and control of
external devices and sensors. These pins support a variety of interfaces, including SPI, I2C,
UART, and PWM. The ESP32 is designed to be power efficient, thus enabling the development
of energy-efficient IoT applications. It offers sleep modes and power management features that
help reduce power consumption, making it suitable for battery-powered or energy-constrained
projects. ESP32 can be connected to displays, touchscreens, or LED indicators to provide
operators or staff with a user-friendly interface.

18
The ESP32 can be programmed using various development frameworks and languages. The most
commonly used programming language is C++, and it can be programmed using the Arduino
IDE or PlatformIO. In addition, the ESP-IDF (Espressif IoT Development Framework) provides
a comprehensive set of libraries and tools specifically for ESP32 development.

Fig 3.3.1 Block diagram of intercommunication module

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Fig 3.3.2 Circuit diagram of intercommunication module

3.4 Smart Inverter Unit:

The circuit diagram as depicted in Error: Reference source not found demonstrates and illustrates
the connection between as well as polarities of IoT-Based inverter components such as the AC-
DC converter and ESP32. A PWM card generator, as the central part of the inverter control
system, is EGS002 type. This portion is pivotal for the creation of the PWM signals which are
employed to operate the power transistors of the inverter. The EGS002 is a specially tailored
device that provides a high-quality and stable PWM output which is needed to produce a pure
sine wave, a key that is necessary to power sensitive electronic devices without causing damage
or inefficiency. The PWM signal regulates the switching of the switches on and off according to
the corresponding timing and duration. This produces a DC output almost like a sin wave, having
the same characteristics as a sine wave.

To have a precise reading of the actual load consumption through it, the ACS758 current sensor
is used. This sensor is popular due to its exact and direct output dependent on the current passing
through it which is important for accurate effectiveness, and protection calculations. With the
current meter measurement, the system would automatically include the PWM signals
accordingly to keep stability and efficiency under different load conditions. Indeed, this data is
equally important since it is critical for calculating power consumption and may be used to
optimize energy usage patterns and detect any failures within the system.

To calculate voltage, we can use the ZMPPT101 PCB isolated transformer. This part will use the
precision measures of the output AC voltage. Isolation is essential for high-voltage
measurements because it ensures both safety and accuracy as a high voltage could harm the
measurement circuit and feedback effects could also damage the sensitive electronics. The
correct voltage data of this loop allows the inverter to perform feedback control of the quality of
the output and also to maintain voltage levels right across the different loads.

At the core of these modules is the use of ESP32 microcontroller which is a popular option for its
robustness, adaptability, and connection options. The ESP32 not only provides the sensor data
collection and analysis from the PWM generator, current sensor, and voltage transformer but

20
also controls the working parameters of the inverter. In the process of modifying the PWM
signals precisely, it uses the information from the sensors in real time for the best result.

As a side note, the ESP32 also encompasses the IoT functionality of the inverter. It takes all
collected data to a cloud-based IoT platform, which enables remote observation and control. This
connectivity comes with interactive visualization of real-time data, system behavior analysis, and
prioritized maintenance notifications. Through standard IoT protocols, ESP32 guarantees secure
and coherent data transmission, allowing the condition of the inverter to be updated and the
command transmitted through the cloud which makes the inverter more productive and
customizable.

Fig 3.4.1; circuit diagram of smart inverter unit

21
Fig 3.4.2; block diagram of smart inverter unit

3.5. Charge Controller Module:

this circuit is capable of limiting the flow of current from the PV module to the deep cycle
batteries. The charge controller is equipped with features such as battery monitoring, voltage
level detection of the PV modules and current limiting. There are different types of charge
controllers differentiated by their configuration, these are; Pulse Width Modulation charge
controller, MPPT charge controller, for the purpose of this project, the charge controller been
used is a PWM charge controller. Below shows the block and circuit diagram of the charge
controller.

22
Fig 3.4.3; Block diagram of the charge controller module

Fig 3.4.1; circuit diagram of the charge controller module

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REFERENCE

Olaoluwa. M. Alao, Buhari U. Umar, and Bello K. Nuhu (2021); Development of IOT Based
Smart Inverter For Energy Metering And Control. Journal of Engineering Science. Vol.
XXVIII, NO. 4, pp. 8 – 26.

Sneha Santosh Shinde, Bhagyashri Santaji Kuchekar and Prof. Suraj Shinde (2022); IOT Based
Smart Controlled Inverter. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews,
Vol 3, NO 6, pp 3377-3386.

Mbonu Nkemjika B., Usikalu Mojisola R, Ayara Williams A and Obafemi Leke N (2019);
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