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Lecture Slides 14

The document outlines key concepts related to parenting styles, attachment, intergenerational transmission, and parent development. It discusses how different parenting styles affect child outcomes and the importance of secure attachment in emotional and social development. Additionally, it highlights the mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of behaviors and traits, as well as the transformative nature of parenthood on individual identity and skills.

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15 views28 pages

Lecture Slides 14

The document outlines key concepts related to parenting styles, attachment, intergenerational transmission, and parent development. It discusses how different parenting styles affect child outcomes and the importance of secure attachment in emotional and social development. Additionally, it highlights the mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of behaviors and traits, as well as the transformative nature of parenthood on individual identity and skills.

Uploaded by

lengyuelang78
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intended learning outcomes

1. Recognize the concept of parenting styles


2. Recognize the concept of attachment and
explain how attachment security develops
3. Identify the processes underlying
intergenerational transmission
4. Explain the processes underlying parents’
development

2
Parenting styles

3
•Parenting styles
•Standard strategies that parents use in their
child rearing (Baumrind, 1991)
•Predict adolescent adjustment, school
performance, and psychosocial maturity

4
Parenting styles can be understood as different
combinations of two dimensions:
warmth/responsiveness and expectations/control. 5
6
•Parenting styles
•Parent-child interaction pattern may change
over time as the child enters adolescence
•Both parties recognize the child’s growing
autonomy and competence and may thereby
together rebalance their interaction pattern

7
Attachment

8
•Attachment
•Strong emotional connection with those to
whom we feel closest (e.g., parents)
•Ensures that infants don’t stray too far from
the caretakers and thereby benefit from the
warmth, security, and guidance provided
(Bowlby, 1973)
•Sense of security in attachment varies between
infants

9
1. Baby plays with toys while mother is present
2. Stranger enters
3. Mother leaves
4. Stranger tries to interact with baby
5. Mother returns (“first union”) and stranger leaves
6. Mother leaves
7. Stranger returns
8. Mother returns (“second union”)
Ainsworth strange situation: Researchers observe how
comfortable the infant explores on his/her own, and the
infant’s reaction when encountering a stranger,
separating from mother, and reuniting with mother
(Ainsworth et al., 1978). 10
Type Observations
secure becomes upset when the parent leaves the room, but,
~60% when he or she returns, actively seeks the parent and is
easily comforted by him or her
insecure shows no distress when mom leaves; upon reunion,
(avoidant) actively avoids seeking contact with the parent,
~20% sometimes turning attention to something else

insecure upon separation, becomes extremely distressed; when


(anxious- reunited with the parent, has a difficult time being
resistant) soothed and often exhibits conflicting behaviors that
~20% suggest the want to be comforted but also the want to
“punish” the parent for leaving
11
•Attachment and outcomes
•A cornerstone of personality and social
development
•Infants with secure attachment grow up to be
more sociable and liked; to have stronger
friendships; to have more advanced emotional
understanding, conscience, and positive self-
concepts; to persist in challenging tasks; to be
less psychopathological, aggressive, and
disruptive (e.g., Bowlby, 2005)
12
•Antecedents of attachment
•Secure attachment is rooted in a history of
sensitive and responsive interactions between
the caregiver and the child

13
Harlow (1958) observed that baby monkeys preferred
the soft cloth mother over the wired mother, even
though the latter dispensed milk. 14
Mothers of children with avoidant attachment tend to
reject the infant or withdraws from contact with
him/her. Mothers of children with anxious-resistant
attachment to be inconsistently or unreliably available.
15
Sensitive caregiving (the ability to notice, interpret, and
respond to a child’s signals of need) is a key determinant
of attachment security. Figure shows the results from a
meta-analysis of 181 studies (Madigan et al., 2024). 16
•Attachment in adulthood
•Attachment processes also apply to
relationships in adulthood
•As people reach adolescence and adulthood,
they rely more on close friends and romantic
partners for attachment-related functions
•Secure people are more likely to have secure
partners, and to have enduring, satisfying, and
supportive relationships

17
•Attachment in adulthood
•Some consistency between attachment in
childhood and attachment in adulthood
•Early attachment experiences do not determine
a person’s fate but provide the foundation for
subsequent experiences

18
Intergenerational transmission

19
•Intergenerational transmission
•Transfer of abilities, traits, behaviors, and
outcomes from older to younger generations
•Social anxiety (e.g., Murray et al., 2008)
•Attachment (e.g., Van Ijzerdoorn, 1997)
•Parenting styles (e.g., Simons et al., 1991)

20
•Mechanisms behind
•Multiple transmission mechanisms (e.g., genetic
transmission, socio-economic environment,
deliberate instruction, observational learning)
•Young-to-old transmission also possible

21
Mothers’ depression contributed to their own life stress,
adversely affected their parenting quality and their
children’s development, and added life stress to their
children. These, in turn, were associated with children’s
depression (Hammen et al., 2004). 22
Children through exposure to aggression between their
parents may learn to accept coercion and aggression as
appropriate means to resolve conflicts with the partner,
and associate aggression with certain family roles
(Ehrensaft et al., 2003; Stith et al., 2000). 23
Parents with a fixed mindset (“ability is fixed”) tend to give more
person praise (e.g., “you are so smart”), while parents with a
growth mindset (“ability is changeable”) tend to give more
process praise (e.g., “I like your effort”). The feedback style, in
turn, contributes to different learning orientation (mastery vs.
performance), levels of persistence, and mindset in children (e.g.,
Gunderson et al., 2012; 2013). 24
Development of parents

25
•Development of parents
•Parenthood transforms one’s identity as parents
take on new roles
•Parents must develop new skills and abilities in
response to different stages in children’s
development

26
https://nobaproject.com/modules/the-developing-parent

Six stages of parenthood (Galinsky, 1987) 27


https://nobaproject.com/modules/the-developing-parent

Various sources of influences on parents’ behavior 28

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