4 Theory of Quadratic Equations

Knowledge
1. Quadratic Equations: Understanding the structure and components of
Pre & Post requisite quadratic equations of the form ax2+bx+c=0, where a≠0.
2. Graphs of Quadratic Functions: Knowledge of how to graph quadratic
9th Class Math functions y=ax2+bx+c and understanding their properties.
3. Roots and Coefficients Relationship: Understanding the relationship
Chapter # 5
between the roots of a quadratic equation and its coefficients.
Real Number
4. Formation of Quadratic Equations: Knowing how to form a quadratic
10th Class Math equation when the roots are given.
5. Discriminant of Quadratic Equations: Understanding the concept of
Chapter # 4
the discriminant in a quadratic equation and its significance.
6. Nature of Roots: Ability to identify the nature of the roots of a
quadratic equation using the discriminant.
7. Simultaneous Equations: Knowledge of solving a pair of linear and
quadratic equations simultaneously.
8. Quadratic Inequalities: Understanding quadratic inequalities and how
to solve them.
9. Real-World Applications: Awareness of the application of quadratic
equations and inequalities in various fields like physics, engineering, and
finance.
10. Changing the Subject of a Formula: Understanding how to manipulate
equations to isolate and solve for a specific variable.
11. Fractional Equations: Knowledge of solving fractional equations that
can be reduced to quadratic equations.
Skill

1. Solving Quadratic Equations: Proficiency in solving quadratic equations by factorization, using the
quadratic formula, completing the square, and through graphs.
2. Manipulating Formulas: Ability to change the subject of a formula for various applications.
3. Solving Fractional Equations: Proficiency in solving fractional equations reducible to quadratic forms.
4. Graphing Quadratic Functions: Skill in drawing and interpreting the graphs of quadratic functions.
5. Establishing Roots-Coefficients Relationship: Ability to establish and use the relationship between the
roots and coefficients of quadratic equations.
6. Formulating Quadratic Equations: Competence in forming quadratic equations from given roots.
7. Calculating Discriminant: Skill in finding the discriminant of a quadratic equation and interpreting its
meaning.
8. Determining Roots Nature: Ability to determine the nature of the roots (real, equal, or complex) of a
quadratic equation.
9. Solving Simultaneous Equations: Proficiency in solving simultaneous linear and quadratic equations.
10. Solving Word Problems: Ability to apply quadratic equations to solve real-world problems and word
problems.
11. Solving Quadratic Inequalities: Skill in solving quadratic inequalities in one unknown.
12. Applying Concepts to Real-World Problems: Competence in applying the concepts of quadratic
equations and inequalities to practical scenarios in physics, engineering, finance, etc.
Introduction
This chapter explores Solution of quadratic equations, fundamental in Do you know?
algebra and widely applied across fields like physics, engineering, and i.e and e.g are abbreviations for
finance. It addresses their structure, graphing techniques, the relationship Latin terms. i.e stands for ‘id
between roots and coefficients, and the discriminant's role in identifying est’ which means ‘that is’. e.g
stands for ‘example gratia’
roots' nature. The chapter also covers solving quadratic inequalities,
which means for example.
simultaneous equations, and practical real-world applications
Student Learning Outcomes

 Solve quadratic equations of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎 is not equal to 0

by factorization, quadratic formula, completing square
 Solve problems of “changing the subject of formula”

4.1 Quadratic Equation

A quadratic equation is a second degree equation in which highest exponent of the variable ‘x’ is a
square. The standard form of quadratic equation is,
ax2 + bx + c = 0 Where, a 0
If a = 0 then equation becomes linear equation. Where a, b, c are real
How to factorize?
numbers
♦ Check the equation first and
4.1.1 Solution Of The Quadratic Equation take out commons from each
We can use following methods to solve a quadratic equation: term, either it is variable or
1. Factorization. constant.
2. Completing square method. ♦ Use the zero factor property
that is,
3. Quadratic Formula
if P × Q = 0
4.1.2 Factorization Then either
A quadratic equation can easily be solved by splitting it in factors. The P=0
factorization method is illustrated in below examples. Or Q=0

Example 1: Solve the following equations by factorization.

i). 3x 2 = 4x ii). x2  6x + 8 = 0 iii). 2x2  9x + 10 = 0

3x 2  4x = 0 x2  4x  2x + 8 = 0 2x  5x  4x + 10 = 0
2

x (3x  4) = 0 x (x  4)  2 (x – 4) = 0 x (2x  5)  2 (2x  5) =

(x  2) (x  4) = 0 0
Either x = 0 or 3x  4=0 (x  2) (2x  5) = 0
4 Either x  2 = 0 or x  4 = 0 Either x  2 = 0 or 2x  5
x=0 or x
3 x = 2 or x = 4 =0
4 Roots of the equation are 2,4 and 5
Roots of the equation are 0, x=2 or x
solution set is {2 , 4} 2
2
 4 5
and the solution set is 0,  Roots of the equation are 2, and
2
 3
 5
the solution set is 2, 
 2
4.1.3 Completing Square method
Another method which we use to find the roots or solution set of the quadratic equation is
completing square method. Steps to solve quadratic equation by completing square method are as follow:
 Write the given quadratic equation in the standard form.
 Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x2, if it is other than 1.
 Shift the constant term to the right hand side of the equation.
2
 Add  1  co  efficient of `x  on both sides.
2 
 Write the left hand side of the equation as a perfect square and simplify the right hand side.
 Take square roots on the both sides of the equation and solve the resulting equation to find the
solution set of the equation.
Example 2: Solve the following equations by completing square.
i). (x + 3)2 = 9
(x + 3) =  3 Taking square roots on both sides
x + 3 = +3 or x + 3 =  3
x=0 or x =  6
Thus the solution set is {  6,0}

ii). x2 + 8x = 0
The below diagram illustrate the idea of completing square.

The total area = x2 + 8x Complete the square by adding 42

So, Area of square = x2+ 8x + 42

Now finding the roots of the given equation
x2 + 8x + 42 = 42
(x +4)2 = 16 taking square roots
(x + 4) =  4
x+4=4 or x + 4 = 4
x=0 or x = 8
The solution set is {  8, 0}
Example 3: Complete the square of x2 + 2kx
Solution:
 The total area of the figure (ii) = x2 + 2kx
= x2 + 2kx + k2
= (x + k)2

Example 4: 3x2 + 5x – 3 = 0
5
x2  x 1 0 dividing both sides by 3
3
2 2 2
5 5 5  5 61
x2  x     1     x   
3 6 6  6 36

 5 61
 x  =  taking square root on both sides
 6 6

x
5  61 So x  5  61 or x  5  61
6 6 6
The solution set is  5  61 5  61 
 , 
 6 6 

4.1.4 QUADRATIC FORMULA

Derivation of the quadratic formula by using completing square method:
The standard form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a  0
Divide each term by 'a' on both sides of the equation to make the coefficient of x2 equal to 1.
b c
x2 + x + = 0
a a

  on both sides.
2 2
b  b  c  b 
2
1
x2 + x +   + =  Adding  coefficient of x
a  2a  a  2a  2
 2 2
b  b   b  c
x2 + x +   =    move the constant to the right side of equation.
a  2a   2a  a
2
 b  b2 c b 2  4 ac
x      (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 2a  4a 2 a 4a 2

b b 2  4ac
x  taking the square roots on both side of the equation
2a 2a
b b2  4ac
x  is known as quadratic formula. (where a  0)
2a 2a

4.1.4 Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula

Example 5: Find the roots of the following equations using quadratic formula
i) x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
Compare the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
we get a = 1, b = 2, c = –3
Substitute the values in the quadratic formula  b  b 2  4ac
x
2a

(2)  (2) 2  4 1 3 2  16

x 
2 1 2
2  4 2  4
Hence x and x 
2 2
x =1 and x 3
Thus, the solution set is {  3, 1}.
ii) 2x2– 3x + 5 = 0 ...(i)
Compare the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
We get a = 2 , b = 3 , c = 5
 b  b 2  4ac
Substitute the values in quadratic formula x
2a
(3)  (3)2  4  2  5 3  9  40
x 
2  2 4

x  3  31
4
3  31 i 3  31 i  3  31 i 3  31 i 
x and x  Thus, solution set is  , 
4 4  4 4 
 Student Learning Outcomes

 Solve Fractional Equations that can be reducible to quadratic Equations

4.2 Algebraic Fractions Reducible To Quadratic Equations

This final section deals with finding the solutions of equations such as
𝑥 𝑥 2
+ =
𝑥 − 6 𝑥 + 2 15
and uses techniques from the earlier sections.
Example 6:
Find the solution of
𝑥 𝑥 2
+ =
𝑥 − 6 𝑥 + 2 15
Solution
The first stage is to combine the two fractions so that they have a common denominator.
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑥(𝑥 − 6) 2
=
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2) 15
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
=
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2) 15
2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
=
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2) 15
Then dividing both sides by 2 gives
𝑥 − 2𝑥 1
=
(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2) 15
Then multiplying both sides by 15 and (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2) gives
15(𝑥 − 2𝑥) = (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2).
Therefore
15𝑥 − 30𝑥 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 12
14𝑥 − 26𝑥 + 12 = 0.
This factorizes as
(𝑥 − 1)(14𝑥 − 12) = 0
𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 14𝑥 − 12 = 0
12 6
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = = .
14 7
Example 7:
Solve the equation
1 𝑥 5
+ =
𝑥 𝑥+2 3
Solution
The first step is to combine the two fractions.
 𝑥 +𝑥+2 5
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 3
Then multiplying by 3 and 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) gives
3(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2) = 5𝑥(𝑥 + 2).
3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6 = 5𝑥 + 10𝑥
0 = 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 6
This quadratic can be solved by completing the square (or using the formula) to give
7
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0 (dividing both sides by 2 )
2
7 7 7 49
∵ 𝑥+4 𝑥+
4
=𝑥 + 𝑥+
2 16
7 49
𝑥+ − −3=0
4 16
7 49 48
𝑥+ = +
4 16 16
97
=
16
7 √97
𝑥+ =±
4 4
7 √97
𝑥=− ±
4 4
−7 + √97 −7 − √97
𝑥= or
4 4
Student Learning Outcomes

 Solve problems of “changing the subject of formula”

4.3 Changing the Subject of a Formula

It refers to the process of rearranging an equation or formula to solve for a different variable. This skill
is crucial in various fields, allowing for flexibility in mathematical and real-world problem-solving.
Example 8:
Area of a Triangle:
Original Formula: The area A of a triangle can be calculated by A = 𝑏ℎ, where b is the base and h is
the height.
Changing Subject: To find the height h given the area and base, rearrange to ℎ =

Circumference of a Circle:
Original Formula: The circumference C of a circle is given by C=2πr, where r is the radius.
Changing Subject: To find the radius r from the circumference, rearrange to r = .
Equation of Motion:
Original Formula 2𝑎𝑆 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
Changing Subject: To find the initial velocity in terms of other variables
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑎𝑆
𝑣𝑖 = ± 𝑣𝑓 − 2𝑎𝑆
Example 9: Make 𝑥 the subject of the formula 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 3.
Solution:
Subtract 3 from both sides:
Divide both sides by 4 ;
𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3
𝑦 − 3 = 4𝑥
𝑦−3
=𝑥
4
So 𝑥 = is the same equation but with 𝑥 the subject.
Example 10: Make 𝑥 the subject of 𝑦 = 2 − 5𝑥
Solution: Notice that in this formula the 𝑥 term is negative.
𝑦 = 2 − 5𝑥 (the 𝑥 term is now positive)
𝑦 + 5𝑥 = 2 Add 5𝑥 to both sides
5𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 Subtract 𝑦 from both sides
2−𝑦 Divide both sides by 5
𝑥=
5
𝑦 = 2 − 5𝑥
𝑦 + 5𝑥 = 2
5𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 (the 𝑥 term is now positive)
2−𝑦
𝑥=
5
( )
Example 11: The formula 𝐶 = is used to convert between ∘ Fahrenheit and ∘ Celsius.
We can rearrange to make 𝐹 the subject.
5(𝐹 − 32)
𝐶=
9 Multiply by 9
9𝐶 = 5(𝐹 − 32)
Expand the brackets
9𝐶 = 5𝐹 − 160
Add 160 to both sides
9𝐶 + 160 = 5𝐹
Divide both sides by 5
9𝐶 − 160
=𝐹
5
Therefore the required rearrangement is 𝐹 = .
Example 12: Make 𝑥 the subject of 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑤
Solution:
Subtract 𝑦 from both sides:
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑤
𝑥 = 𝑤 − 𝑦 (this isolates the term involving 𝑥 )
𝑥 =± 𝑤 −𝑦
Square root both sides:
 Remember that you can have a positive or a negative square root. We cannot simplify the answer any
more.

Example 13: Make 𝑎 the subject of the formula 𝑡 =

Solution:
1 5𝑎
𝑡=
4 ℎ
Multiply by 4
5𝑎
4𝑡 =
ℎ
Square both sides
16𝑡 =
Multiply by ℎ :
16𝑡 ℎ = 5𝑎
Divide by 5 :
16𝑡 ℎ
=𝑎
5
Skill: 4.1
 Solving Quadratic Equations: Proficiency in solving quadratic equations by
factorization, using the quadratic formula, completing the square, and through
graphs.
Exercise 4.1
1. Write the following equations in standard form and identify which one is quadratic and which
one is linear.
i. 5x + 8 = 3x ii. (5x  2) (x + 5) = 8 iii. (x + 4) (5  2x) =
6 iv. x  2 x  3  1 v. 6x+ x  2  5 vi.
5 x x x5 x
x+ 3 2
 5
4x  1 x
2

2. Solve the below equations by factorization.

i. 3x2 = 6x ii. 12x2 = –7x iii. 18q2 + 9q = 0
x x7
iv. (3x  1) (x + 1) = 0 v.  vi. (2p + 5) (p + 5) = 0
x6 3x  5
vii.  3p + 27p  54 = 0
2
viii. 4x + 16x  9 = 0
2

3. Solve the equations by completing square method.

i. 2x2 + 5x = 0 ii. x2 +45=14x iii. x2 + 6x  15 = 0
11 1
iv. 3x2 + 5x + = 0 v. p2 + 8p  5 = 0 vi. x2  2x  168= 0
12 2
vii. 30 m + 25 m  6 = 2 m
2
viii. (6a  3)2= 25
4. Find the roots of the following equations if possible.
 x x 1 4 4 3
i.  4 ii. x2  x  = 0 iii. x (x  7)  310 = x 2  40
x2 x 15 15 2
8 6 1 x 2  x 1 1
iv.  =2 v.  =5 vi. x2  13 x + 91= 0
35  x 15  x 1 x 6  x 2 2
2x x 25
vii.   viii. (x  8) (x + 2) = 5(x +3)  15
x  1 x  3 24
5. Make “x” the subject of each of these formula
( )
i. y = 7x − 1 ii.y = iii.4y = − 2
iv. y = v. a − tx = b + yx vi. y =
6. Make W the subject of the formula T − W =

Student Learning Outcomes

 Draw the graphs of the quadratic function. y = ax + bx + c 𝑎 is not equal to 0

 Solve quadratic equations of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎 using graphs.
4.4 Quadratic Functions
A quadratic function has the form y = ax2 + bx + c where a≠0.
The simplest quadratic function is y = x2. Its graph can
be drawn from a table of values.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola. The parabola is one of

the conic sections, the others being circles, hyperbolae, and ellipses. They are
called conic sections because they can be obtained by cutting a cone with a
plane. A parabola is produced by cutting the cone with a plane parallel to its slant side. There are many
examples of parabolas in everyday life, including water fountains, suspension bridges, and radio
telescopes.

Terminologies to Understand
The graph of a quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c, a≠0 is called a parabola.

The point where the graph ‘turns’ is called the vertex.

If the graph opens upwards, the y-coordinate of the
vertex is the minimum or minimum turning point and the graph is
concave upwards.
If the graph opens downwards, the y-coordinate of the vertex is the
maximum or maximum turning point and the graph is concave
downwards
The vertical line that passes through the vertex is called the axis of
symmetry. Every parabola is symmetrical about its axis of symmetry.
The point where the graph crosses the y-axis is the y-intercept.
The points (if they exist) where the graph crosses the x-axis are called the
x-intercepts. They correspond to the roots of the equation y = 0.
Note:
Example 15: For a quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c,
a≠0:
Consider the Quadratic 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 3
 a > 0 produces the shape called
a. State the axis of symmetry b. Find the coordinate of the vertex concave up
c. Find the axes intercepts d. Sketch the Quadratic function a < 0 produces the shape called
Solution: concave down.
 If −1 < a < 1, a≠0 the graph is wider
y = 2x2 + 6x−3 has a = 2, b = 6, and c = −3 than y = x2
If a < −1 or a > 1 the graph is
a > 0 so the shape is
narrower than y = x2
a. 𝑥 = − = − the axis of symmetry is −

b. when 𝑥 = − , 𝑦 = 2 − +6 − − 3 = −7
the vertex is (− , −7 )
c. When x=0 , y=-3 y-intercept is -3 , When y=0 ,
2x2+6x-3=0
Using technology 𝑥 ≈ −3.44 or 0.436
d.

Skill: 4.2
 Graphing Quadratic Functions and their roots: Skill in drawing and
interpreting the graphs of quadratic functions and solving a quadratic equation
graphically

Exercise 4.2
1. Find the x-intercepts for:
a y = x2 − 9 b y = 2x2−6 c y = x2 + 7x + 10 d y = x2 + x−12
f y = −x2−6x – 8 g y =−2x2 −4x −2 h y = 4x2 − 24x + 36 i y = x2 − 4x + 1
2. For each of the following quadratics:
i state the axis of symmetry ii find the coordinates of the vertex
iii find the axes intercepts, if they exist iv sketch the quadratic.
a y = x2 − 2x + 5 b y = x2 + 4x − 1 c y = 2x2 −5x + d y = −x2 + 3x − 2
e y = −3x2 + 4x − 1 f y = −2x2 + x + 1 g y = 6x − x2 h y = −x2 − 6x − 8

Student Learning Outcomes

 Find discriminant of a given quadratic equation

 Identify the nature of roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant

4.5 NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

4.5.1 The discriminant of the quadratic expression ax2+bx+c.
The discriminant is the quantity under the
radical sign in the quadratic formula
b  b 2  4 ac
x =.
2a
2
So, b – 4ac is discriminant of the quadratic equation.
It is denoted by Greek symbol  (delta).
4.5.2 Find discriminant of a given quadratic equation
Example 16: Find the discriminant of 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
Solution: 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
Compare the equation with the standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 2, b = 3, c = 5
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac
= (3)2 – (42) (5) = 9 – 40
Discriminant =  = – 31

Example 17: Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation x2 + 3x–5= 0.

Solution: x2 + 3x–5= 0
Compare the equation with the standard quadratic equation.ax2+ bx + c = 0
Here a = 1, b = 3, c = –5
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac
 = (3)2 – 4(1) (–5) = 9+20
Discriminant = = 29

4.5.3 Nature of the roots of quadratic equation through discriminant

The discriminant b2- 4ac (where a, b, c ∈Q), determines the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0.There are four cases regarding nature of the roots.
Case-I: If b2 – 4ac < 0 then the roots are unequal and imaginary.
 b 
Case-II: If b2 – 4ac = 0 then the roots are equal and rational i.e it has repeated root   .
 2a 
2
Case-III: If b – 4ac > 0 and perfect square, then the roots are rational (real) and unequal.
Case-IV: If b2 – 4ac > 0 and not a perfect square, then roots are irrational (real) and unequal.
Remember the below flow chart

Example 18: Find the nature of the roots of the following equations.
i). x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a =1, b = 3, c = 5
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac
 = (3)2 – 4 (1) (5) = 9 – 20 = 11
As, b2 – 4ac < 0, so the roots of the equation will be unequal and imaginary

ii). x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
Solution: Compare the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac
 = 22 – 4 (1) (1) = 4 – 4 = 0
As, b2 – 4ac = 0, so roots of the equation will be real and equal (repeated).

iii). x2 + x – 6 = 0
Solution: compare the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 1, b = 1, c = – 6
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac
 = (1)2 – 4(1) (– 6) = 1 + 24= 25
As b2 – 4ac > 0 and perfect square, so roots of the equation will be rational (real) and unequal.
iv). 2x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
Solution: Compare the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a=2,b=3,c=–4
Discriminant =  = b – 4ac
2

 = (3)2 – 4(2) (– 4) = 9 + 32= 41

As, b2 – 4ac > 0 and not a perfect square, so roots of the equation will be irrational (real) and unequal.

4.5.4 To determine the nature of roots of a given quadratic equation and verify the result by
solving the quadratic equation.

.Example 19: Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations and verify the result.
i). x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
Solution: Compare the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 1, b = 3, c = – 10
Discriminant =  = b – 4ac
2

 = (3)2 – 4 (1) (– 10) = 9 + 40 = 49

As the  > 0 and perfect square, so the roots will be rational and unequal.
Now solving x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 by using the quadratic formula
3  (3) 2  4(1)(10) 3  9  40 3  7
x= = =
2(1) 2 2
3  7 3  7
x= and x =
2 2
x = – 5 and x = 2, hence the roots are rational (real) and unequal.
ii). x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
Solution: Compare the equation with ax2 + bx – c = 0
Here a = 1, b = – 4, c = 4
Discriminant =  = b – 4ac
2

 = (– 4)2 – 4 (1) (4)= 16 – 16 = 0

As  = b2 – 4ac = 0, sothe roots of the equation are rational (real) and equal.
Now solving the equation x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 using quadratic formula.
   4   4 1 4   4  0
2
 (  4) 
x
2 1 2
x = 2 and x = 2, hence the roots are rational (real) and equal.
2
iii). x –x+2=0
Solution: Compare the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 1, b = –1, c = 2
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac
 = (– 1)2– 4 (1) (2) = 1 –8 = – 7
As, the  = b2 – 4ac < 0 so, roots of the equation will be complex.
Now solving the equation using quadratic formula
  1   1  4 1 2
2
1  7
x 
2 1 2
1  7i 1  7i
x and x  , hence, the roots are imaginary (complex).
2 2
iv). x2 + 8x – 7 = 0
Solution: Compare the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 1, b = 8, c = – 7
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac
 = (8)2 – 4 (1) (– 7) = 64 + 28= 92
As  = b2 – 4ac > 0 and not perfect square, so the roots will be irrational (real) and unequal.
Now solving the equation x2 + 8x – 7 = 0 using quadratic formula.
8  4 1 7 
2
8  8  92
x   4  23
2 1 2
x  4  23 and x   4  23 hence, the roots are irrational(real) and unequal.

4.5.5 To determine the value of unknown involved in a given

quadratic equation when the nature of its roots is given.

Example 20: Find the value of k, when the roots are rational (real) and equal.

i). 2x2 + kx + 5 = 0
Solution: Compare 2x2 + kx + 5 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 2, b = k, c = 5
Discriminant =  = b2 – 4ac = 0 (as roots are rational (real) and equal)
 = k – 4 (2) (5) = k – 40 = 0
2 2

k2 = 40
Hence, k  40 and k   40

ii). kx2 – 3x + 1 = 0
Solution: Compare kx2 – 3x + 1 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = k, b = – 3, c = 1
Discriminant =  = b – 4ac = 0 (as roots are rational (real) and equal)
2

 = (–3)2 – 4 (k) (1) = 9 – 4k = 0

9
k=
4
2
iii). x – 2x + k = 0
Solution: Compare the above equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Here a = 1, b = – 2, c = k
Discriminant =  = b – 4ac = 0 (as roots are rational (real) and equal)
2

 = (– 2)2 – 4 (1) (k) = 4 – 4k = 0

Hence k = 1
Skill: 4.3
 Calculating Discriminant: Skill in finding the discriminant of a quadratic
equation and interpreting its meaning

Exercise 4.3
1. Find discriminant of the following equations
i. 2x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 ii. 5x2 – 5x + 4 = 0 iii. x2 + 5x + 7 = 0 iv. 4x2 – 8x – 5 = 0
2. Find nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations.
i. 4x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 ii. x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 iii. x2 – 7x – 4 = 0 iv. 8x2 – 14x + 3 = 0
3. Find value of k, when the roots are rational (real) equal.
i. kx2 + bx + c = 0 ii. 2x2 + kx – 8 = 0 iii. 8x2 + 3x – (2k+1) = 0 iv. kx2 – 5x – 2 = 0
4. Check the nature of the roots of the following equations. If the roots are imaginary (complex) then
find the roots.
i. 2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 ii. 8x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 iii. 3x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 iv. x2 + x + 1 = 0
5. Find the value of k. If discriminant is,   0 Then also find the roots of the equation.
i. (k+1)x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 ii. 3x2 + 4x – (k–2) = 0
iii. 4x2 + kx – 8 = 0 iv. x2 – (2k–1)x + 1 = 0
6. Show that the roots of these equations are real. if possible,
i. (p – q) x2 + (q – r) x + (r – p) = 0 ii. 3x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
Student Learning Outcomes

 Establish relationship between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations

 Form a quadratic equation when roots are given
4.6 ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
4.6.1 Relation between roots and coefficients of a quadratic equation
To establish the relation between roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation, we express the sum and
product of the roots of the quadratic equation in term of its co-efficient.
Let  and  be the roots of quadratic equation.
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
 and  
2a 2a
    
Sum of the roots =  +    b  b  4ac    b  b  4ac 
2 2
i).
 2a   2a 
   

b  b2  4ac  b  b2  4ac 2b

 +  
2a 2a

b  Coefficient of x 
Hence , +     2 
a  Coeffient of x 
   
Product of the roots =    b  b  4ac    b  b  4ac 
2 2
ii).
 2a   2a 
   

    
2
 b 
2
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac  b 2  4ac
 
4a 2
4a 2

b 2  b 2  4ac 4ac c
  2
 2 
4a 4a a

c  Constant 
Hence,  
 2 
a  Coefficient of 'x ' 
b c
Sum of roots can be denoted as S   and product of roots as P 
a a
4.6.2 To find the sum and product of the given quadratic equation without
solving it
Example 21: Without solving find the sum and product of the roots of the following equations.
i) 3x2 + 4x – 2 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation with ax2+b +c=0, we get, a = 3, b = 4, c = – 2
 Co  efficient of x  b 4
Sum = S =  +     2 
  
 Coefficient of 'x '  a 3
 Constent term  c 2
Product = P = .   2 
 
 Coefficient of ' x '  a 3
ii) 2x2 – 7x + 4 = 0
Solution: Comparing the equation with ax2 bx+c= 0 we get, a = 2, b = – 7, c= 4

 Coefficient of x  b 7
Sum = S =  +     2 
 
 Coefficients of x  a 2
c 4
Product = P = .   Constent term 2     2
 Coefficient of ' x '  a 2
4.6.3 To find the value (s) of unknown (s) involved in the given quadratic Equation
a). Sum of roots is equal to a multiple of the product of roots.

Example 22: Find the value of k. If sum of the roots of equation 6x2 – kx + 4 = 0 are equal to two times of
the product of its roots.
Solution: For the given equation 6x2 – kx + 4 = 0 ;
a = 6 , b = – k and c = 4
b k
Sum of the roots = S =  +   
a 6
c 4
Product of roots = P = .  
a 6
According to the given condition  +  = 2.(.)
k 4
 2.  
6 6
Hence k =8

b). Sum of the squares of roots is equal to a given number

Example 23: Find the value of k if sum of the squares of roots of equation x2 – 5kx + k2 = 0 is 3.
Solution: For the given equation 2x2 – 5kx + k2 = 0 ;
a = 2, b = – 5k and c = k2

b 5k
Sum of the roots = S =  +    
a 2
c k 2
Product of roots = P = .  
a 2
According to the given condition; 2 + 2 = 3
2 + 2 – 2 + 2 = 3 (adding and subtract 2)
( + )2 – 2 = 3
2
 5k   k2 
   2  3 (substituting values of P and S)
 2   2 
25k 2
 k2  3  25k2 – 4k2 = 12
4
12 3
21k2 = 12 => k2  => k  2
21 21
2 2
Hence k  and k  
7 7

c). Two roots differ by a given number

Example 24: Find the value of k if the roots of the equation x2 + kx – 15 = 0 differ by unity.
Solution: For the given equation x2 + kx – 15 = 0;
a = 1, b = k, c = –15
k
Sum of roots = S = +  
1
Given that; + =  + –1 ( =-1 )
k 1 k
 = 2–1 => = …(ii)
1 2
c 15
Product of roots = P = .     15
a 1
Also given that . = .(–1) ( =-1 )
2
 1 k   1 k 
–15 =  –   –  + 15 = 0…….(iii)  
2 2
=>   + 15 = 0
 2   2 
1 k
(Substituting value of   in equation (iii) )
2
1  2k  k 1  k 
2
 + 15 = 0
4 2
1 – 2k + k2 – 2 + 2k + 60 = k2 + 59 = 0
k2 = – 59 => k =  59i

d). Roots satisfy a given relation (e.g 2 + 5 = 7 where  ,  are roots of a given equation)

Example 25: Find the value of k if the roots  ,  of the equation x2 – 5x + k = 0 satisfy the relation 2 +
5 = 7
Solution: For given equation x2 – 5x + k = 0; a = 1, b = –5, c = k
5
Sum of roots = S =  +   = 5 … (i)
1
k
Product of roots =P=   = k … (ii)
1
Also given that 2  + 5 = 7 … (iii)
By Solve equation (i) and (iii) to get the value of  and 
=6  = –1
Now, Substituting the value of  and  in equation(ii).
. (6) (–1) = k
k= –6
e). Both sum and product of roots are equal to a given number

Example 26: Find the value of p and q of the quadratic equation px2 + 6x – q = 0 if both sum and product
of roots are equal to 15.

Solution: For given equation px2 + 6x – q = 0; a = p, b = 6, c = – q

  b 6
Sum of the roots= S=  +   
a p
c q
Product of the roots= P = .  
p p
6 2
By given condition, +  = 15 => P=
p 5
q
Also given that; .   = 15
p
q (5) 2  2
 15 (Substituting p   ) – q 15   
 2  5  5
q=6
Skill: 4.4-4.6
 Establishing Roots-Coefficients Relationship: Ability to establish and use the
relationship between the roots and coefficients of quadratic equations.
 Formulating Quadratic Equations: Competence in forming quadratic equations
from given roots

Exercise 4.4
1. If  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation, then without solving find the sum and product of
the roots of the following quadratic equations
i. 3x2 – 2x + 4 = 0 ii. x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 iii. 5x2 + 8x – 9 = 0
iv. 13x2 + 8x – 14 = 0 v. px2 + 2qx – 3 = 0 vi. (p+q)x + 2x + 6 = 0
2. Find the value of k, if the
i. Sum of the roots of 3x2 + kx + 9 = 0 is equal to 3-times of the product of the roots.
ii. Sum of the roots of 4x2 + kx + 1 = 0 is equal to the product of the roots
iii. Sum of the roots of kx2 + 2x – k2 = 0 is equal to the double of the product of the roots.
3. Find the value of k if the sum of squares of the roots of equation
3x2 + kx + 5 = 0 is 8.
4. Find the value of k if the sum of squares of the roots of equation
4kx2 + 2kx – 6 = 0 is 10.
5. Find the value of k if the roots of the equation 2x2 + 4x  k2 = 0 differ by 4.
6. Find the value of k if the roots of the equation 3x2 – 4x + k = 0 differ by unity.
7. Find the value of k if the roots of the equation 2x2 + 2kx – 3 = 0 satisfy the relation 2 + 5 = 7.
8. Find the value of k if the roots of the equation x2 – 6x + k = 0 satisfy the relation 8 – 7 = 14
9. Find k if sum and product of the roots of the equation kx2 + 6x – 18 = 0 is 10.
10. Find the value of k if the sum and product of the roots of the equation
2x2 + (k – 1) x – 6 = 0 is unity.

4.7 SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

4.7.1 Symmetric functions of roots of a quadratic equation.
If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0), then expressions of the
form  + , , 2 + 2, 2 – 2 are known as the function of the roots or symmetric function of the
roots of an equation. The values of the expression remains unchanged when the roots of the equation are
interchange. For example: if f(,) = 2+2 then
f (,) = 2+2 = 2+ 2 Function:
A function is a relation
4.7.2 Symmetric function of the roots of a quadratic equation in term of its that associates members
coefficients of known set with
members of another set.
If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0), then
It work just like a
the symmetric functions of this equation are; machine that takes input
b c and gives output after
S = +   and P =   some working
a a
It is usually denoted by f
Example 27:Find the value of  +  + 2 if  = 3 and  = 4.Also, find
2 2

the value if  = 4 and  = 3 and show that f(,) is a symmetric function.

Solution: Given equation is 2 + 2 + 2
For  = 3 and = 4
 +  + 2 = (3)2 + (4)2 + 2 (3) (4) = 9 + 16 + 24
2 2

=49
For  = 4 , = 3
 +  + 2 = (4)2 + (3)2 + 2 (4) (3) = 16 + 9 + 24
2 2

= 49
Hence, the expression 2 + 2 + 2 shows a symmetric function of  and .

Example 28: If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 (≠ 0)

1 1
then evaluate 
α β
Solution: For given equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
b
Sum of roots =S =  +  
a
c
Product of roots = P=  
a
1 1 α β
 
α β αβ
b /a ba
 
c/a ca
1 b b
Hence,  
α β c
Example 29: If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
1 1
then evaluate 2  2
α β
Solution: For the given equation 3x2 – 4x + 4 = 0;
we have a = 3, b = – 4, c = 4
b 4
Sum of roots= S =  +   
a 3
c 4
Product of roots = P =   
a 3
1 1 β2  α2
Now,  
α 2 β 2  αβ 2

 α+β   2αβ
2
α 2  β 2  2αβ  2αβ
 
 αβ   αβ 
2 2

2
4  4  16  24
   2 
3 3  9
 
4
2
16
  9
3
16  24 8
 
16 16
1 1 1
Hence, 2
 2 
α β 2
Exercise 4.5
1. Find the value of  +  + 5.
5 5

If  = 1 and  = 2, also find the value of 5+ 5 + 5 if  = 2 and

 = 1 and find either it is a symmetric or a non-symmetric function of  and .
2. If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0), then evaluate.
 
i. 5 + 5 ii.  iii. 33
 
3. If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation 4x2 – 3x + 16 = 0, then evaluate
1 1 1 1
i. 2  2 ii.  iii. 34 + 43
α β αβ α β
4.8 FORMATION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

4.8.1: Formation of a quadratic equation whose roots are given;

If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0; then

b c
Sum of roots = S= (+) = & Product of roots = P = () =
a a
 b  c
Now ax2 + bx + c = x2–   x + =0
 a  a
=> x2 –( +)x +  = 0
Thus, the formula for forming the quadratic equation whose roots are given is;
x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0
Example 30: Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 3 and 5.

Solution: Let,  = 3 and  = 5

Sum of roots = S =  + = 8
Product of the roots = P =  = 15
Required quadratic equation is given as;
x2 – Sx + P = 0
x2 – 8x + 15 = 0 (substitute the values)
4.8.2 Form the quadratic equation whose roots are of the type
(i) 2 + 1 , 2 + 1 (ii) 2 , 2
1 1 α β
(iii) , (  0 ,   0) (iv) , (  0 ,   0)
α β β α
1 1
(v) α  β,  (  0 ,   0)
α β
Where  ,  are the roots of a given quadratic equation.
Example 31: If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
Then form quadratic equation having roots :
1 1
(i) 2 + 1, 2 + 1 ; (ii) 2 , 2 ; (iii) , ;
α β
α β 1 1
(iv) , ; (v) α  β, 
β α α β
Solution: If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; then
b c
Sum of roots=S =  +    & Product of roots=P = . =
a a
i). For 2 + 1, 2 + 1
Sum=S =  +  = 2 + 1 + 2 + 1
S = 2 ( + ) + 2
 b  b  2a  2b
S  2     2 = 2 1   
 a  a a
Product =P= .
= (2 + 1) (2 + 1)
= 4 + 2 ( + ) + 1
c  b 4c  2b  a
P  4   2   1 
a  a a

Now using x2 – Sx + P = 0
2a  2b 4c  2b  a
x2  x 0
a 2
Hence 2ax2 – (4a – 4b) x + (4ac – 2ab + a2) = 0 is the require quadratic equation.
ii) For 2 , 2
Sum=S =  +  = 2+ 2 = (+)2 – 2 .
2
 b  c  b2 c b 2  2ac
S      2   2  2 
 a a a a a2
c2
Product =P= . = 2.2= ()2 
a2
By using, x2 – Sx + P = 0
 b 2  2ac  c2
x2   2  x   0
 a  a2
a2x2 – (b2 – 2ac) x + c2= 0 is the required quadratic equation.
1 1
iii) For , 
α β
 1 1  β+α
Sum=S  α+β=    
 α β  αβ
 b
  b
a
S  
c c
a
Product=P = .
1 1 1 a
P  .  
α β αβ c
2
By using, x – Sx + P = 0
 b a
x2     x   0
 c c
2
cx + bx + a = 0 is required quadratic equation.

α β
Solution: iv). +
β α
α β α 2 +β 2
Sum =S = + =
β α βα
α 2 +β 2 +2αβ  2αβ  α+β   2αβ
2

S = 
αβ αβ
2
 b  c  b 2 2c
    2  
a  a   a2 a

c/a c/a

S
b 2
 2ac a  
b 2  2 ac
a 2 .c ac
 α β
Product=P = . = × = 1
β α
By using, x2 – Sx + P = 0
 b 2  2ac 
x2    x + 1= 0
 ac 
2 2
(ac)x – (b – 2ac) x + ac = 0
This is the required quadratic equation.
1 1
v). For, +  , +
α β
Sum=S =  + 
1 1 (α+β)
= ( + ) +  +  =  α+β  +
α β αβ
b b / a b b
   
a c/a a c
bc  ac
S
ac

1 1
Product=P = . =  α+β   + 
α β
 α+β   α+β 
2

=  α+β   =
 αβ  αβ

2
 b
  b2
a
P  
c ac
a
2
By using, x – Sx + P = 0
   bc  ab   b2
x 
2
x 0
 ac  ac
(ac) x2 + (bc + ab) x + b2 = 0 is required equation.

Example 32: If  and  are the roots of the equation 3x2 + 2x – 4

0. Form an equation having roots. 3 + 4 , 3 + 4
Solution:
Comparing x2 + 2x + – 4 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 3, b = 2, c = – 4

Sum = S =  +  P = product = .

b 2 c 4
S    P  
a 3 a 3
 Now, 3 + 4 , 3 + 4
S = (3 + 4) + (3 + 4) = 3( + ) + 8
 2
S  3    8 = 6
 3
Product= P = (3 + 4) (3 + 4) = 9 + 12 + 12 + 16
= 9 + 12( + ) + 16
 4  2
 9     12     16
 3  3
P=–4
2
By using, x – Sx + P = 0
x2 –6x – 4 = 0 is the required quadratic Equation.

Exercise 4.6
1. Write the quadratic equation having following roots.
i. 1, 5 ii. 4, 3i
iii. 8, 3 iv. 9, 6i
v. 3, – 8 vi. p, 2q
vii. 1+i ,1–i

2. If  and  are the roots of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0, then form an equation whose roots are.
i. 6 + 5, 6 + 5 ii. 2, 2
3. If  and  are the roots of the equation 3x2 – 5x + 8 = 0, then form an equation whose roots are
1 1 1 1
(i) 2 + 1, 2 + 1 (ii) 2, 2 (iii) , iv.    , 
   

Student Learning Outcomes

 Solve a pair of linear and quadratic equations simultaneously

4.9 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Simultaneous equations consist of a system of more than one equations which are satisfied by the same
values of the variables involved. In other words, simultaneous equations are a system of equations
having a common solution.
The set of the all the order pairs (x,y) which satisfies the system of the equations is called the solution
set of the system.
4.9.1 To solve a system of two equations in two variables when one equation is linear and other is
quadratic
Example 32: Solve the system of the equations. 4x + y = 6; 3x2 + y2 = 0
Solution: Let 4x + y = 6 … (i)
3x2 + y2 = 0… (ii)
y = 6 – 4x … (iii) (From Equation (i) )
Now 3x2 + (6 – 4x)2 = 0 (substituting y = 6 – 4x in equation (ii) )
3x2 + (16x2 – 48x + 36) = 0
19x2 – 48x + 36 = 0 …(iv)
By using quadratic formula
 48   4 19  36 
2
48 
x
2 19 
48  2304  2736 48  432
x 
38 38
48  12 3i 24  6 3i
x x
38 19
24  6 3i 24  6 3i
So, x and x
19 19
24  6 3i 24  6 3i
For x  For x 
19 19
 24  6 3i   24  6 3i 
y  6  4   y  6  4  
 19   19 

y

114  4 24  6 3i  y 

114  4 24  6 3i 
19 19
18  24 3i 18  24 3i
y y
19 19
Hence the solution set is
 24  6 3i 24  6 3i   24  6 3i 18  24 3i  
 ,  ,  ,  
 19 19   19 19  
4.9.2 To solve a system of two equation in two variables when both equations are quadratic
Example 33: Solve the system of equations x2 + 3y2 = 4; x2 – 6y2 = 19
Solution: Let x2 + 3y2 = 4… (i)
x2 – 6y2 = 19… (ii)
By solving equation (i) and equation (ii) we get
x2 = 9 => x =  3

For x = 3 For x = – 3
(3)2 + 3(y2) = 4 (– 3)2 + 3y2 = 4 (substituting value of x in (i))
9 + 3y2 = 4 9 + 3y2 = 4
3y2 = – 5 3y2 = – 5
5 5
y2  y2 
3 3
5 5
y  i y  i
3 3
  5   5  
Hence solution set is  3,  i  ,  3,  i  
 3   3  

Example 34: Solve the system of equations ; x – y = 2 ; x2 + 2xy + y2 = 3
Solution: Let x – y = 2… (i)
x2 + 2xy + y2 = 3… (ii)
y = x – 2… ………(iii)
Substituting y = x – 2 in equation (i)
x2 + 2x(x – 2) + (x – 2)2 = 3
x2 + 2x2 – 4x + x2 – 4x + 4 = 3
4x2 – 8x + 1 = 0……….. (iv)
By using quadratic formula
  8   ( 8) 2  4  4 1 8  48
x 
2  4 8
84 3 2 3
x 
8 2
2 3 2 3
So, x and x 
2 2
2 3 2 3
For x  For x 
2 2
2 3 2 3
y 2 y 2
2 2
2 3 4 2 34
y y
2 2
2  3 2  3
y y
2 2
 2  3 2  3   2  3 2  3  
Hence, the solution set is  , , , 
 2 2   2 2  

Skill: 4.8  Solving Simultaneous Equations: Proficiency in solving

simultaneous linear and quadratic equations

Exercise 4.8
Solve the following system of simultaneous equations.
i. x + y = 4 2x2 = 8y2 – 9 ii. x + y = 7 x2 + y2 = 40 6x2 + 4y2 = 18
iii. x2 – y2 = 49 x2 + y2 = 11 iv. 2x – 3y = 4 x2 + y2 = 15
2 2 2 2
v. 2x + y = – 5 2x + 3xy – y = 82
 Student Learning Outcomes

 Solve word problems involving quadratic equations

4.10 Real life problems leading to quadratic equations

Example 35: The product of two consecutive even numbers is 24. Find the numbers?
Solution: Let the 1st number = x ; 2nd number = x + 2
According to the given condition
x (x + 2) = 24
x2 + 2x = 24
x2 + 2x – 24 = 0
method.
(x – 4) (x + 6) = 0 (by using the factorization)
x – 4 = 0 and x + 6 = 0
Hence, First even number = 4 Second even number = 6
Example 36: The length of the rectangular field is 4 km more than
its width and the area of the rectangular field is 96 km2. Find its
dimensions.
Solution: Let the width of rectangular
field = x km
Length of the rectangular
field = (x + 4)km
Area of the rectangular field = 96km2
Dimensions =?
According to the given condition.
x(x + 4) = 96
x2 + 4x = 96 ⇒ x2 + 4x – 96 = 0
By using the factorization method.
x2 + 12x – 8x – 96 = 0
x(x + 12) – 8(x + 12) = 0
(x – 8) (x + 12) = 0
x – 8 = 0 and x + 12 = 0
x = 8 and x = – 12
Hence, The roots of the above quadratic equations are – 12 and 8.
Dimensions: Width of rectangular field = x = 8 km
Length of rectangular field = x + 4 = 12 km
Example 37: Hamza rides his power boat up and down a drainage ditch. The water in the drainage ditch
flows at 6 miles per hours. Hamza takes 5 hours longer to travel 360 miles against the current than he
does to travel 360 miles with current. Find the speed of the Hamza's boat in still water.
Solution: Let the speed of the Hamza's boat in still water = x miles per hours Let the time taken by
Hamza to travel with the current = t hours
Total distance = 360 miles.
Time taken by Hamza to travel against the current = t + 5
Speed of Hamza's boat when he was traveling with current = x +6
Speed of Hamza's boat when he was traveling against current = x-6
Since we know
distance
Speed 
time
Step-II: According to the given conditions.
Against the current with current
Distance = time  speed Distance = time  speed
360 = (t + 5).(x – 6)…(i) 360 = t.(x + 6)…(ii)
From equation (ii)
360
t
x6
Substitute this value in equation (i)
 360  
   5 (x – 6) = 360 ...(iii) Check:
 x  6   For x = 30
 360  5  x  6   Substitute this value in
  (x – 6) = 360 equation (C)
 x  6 
 360 
(360 + 5x + 30) (x – 6) = 360(x + 6)   5  (x – 6) = 360
 x6 
(5x + 390) (x – 6) = 360x + 2160
 360  (30 – 6) = 360
x(5x + 390) – 6 (5x + 390) = 360x + 2160   5
2  36 
5x + 390x – 30x – 2340 = 360x + 2160
(10 + 5) (24) = 360
5x2 + 30x – 30x – 4500 = 0 (15) (24) = 360
5x2 – 4500 = 0 360 = 360
4500
x2 
5
2
x = 900
x =  30
Hence, the solution or roots of the quadratic equation are 30 , – 30
As the speed cannot be negative. Therefore, required speed = x = 30 miles per hour.
Skill: 4.9  Solving Word Problems: Ability to apply quadratic
equations to solve real-world problems and word problems

Exercise 4.9
1. Find the two consecutive positive odd numbers whose product is 143.
2. The product of two consecutive positive numbers is 182. Find the numbers.
2
3. Find two consecutive positive odd numbers, if the difference between their reciprocal is
15
2
4. The altitude of a triangle is 8cm greater than its base, if its area is 120 cm . Find its base.
5. Find the original fraction if its numerator is 1 less than the denominator and increasing both by 2
 increases the fraction by a known amount.
6. For a rectangle with length x and width x−8, and an area of 105 cm², find x.
7. A 10m string is cut into two parts, each forming a square. If the difference in their areas is 60m², find
the side lengths of the squares.
8. Shazmeena's boat takes equal time to travel 13km upstream and 30km downstream. With a current
speed of 5km/h, find her boat's speed in still water.
9. Class-10 students on a tour pay a total fare of Rs. 2720. If 3 more join, each pays Rs. 50 less. Find
the original number of students.
10. A rectangular sign board, 3 feet longer in length than width, with a maximum area of 54 square feet,
is planned for a book advertisement. Determine its length and width.
2
11. Sophia has a rectangular garden whose width is of its length. If its area is 170.7 square feet, find
3
the length and width of the garden.
Student Learning Outcomes

 Solve quadratic inequalities in one unknown

4.12 Quadratic Inequality

Inequalities, stemming from quadratic equations, derive their name
from the Latin word 'quadrature,' signifying 'square.' They represent
second-degree inequations Note:
You can write quadratic inequalities in one variable in one of the The difference between a
2 2 quadratic equation and a
following four forms: ax + bx + c < 0 ; ax + bx + c ≤ 0
quadratic inequality is that
ax2 + bx + c > 0 ; ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 the quadratic equation is
where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. equal to some number
You can solve quadratic inequalities graphically or algebraically. The while quadratic inequality
solution set to a quadratic inequality in one variable can have no values, one is either less than or greater
value, or an infinite number of values than some number

4.12.1 Solve a Quadratic Inequality of the Form ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0, a > 0

Example 38: x2 - 2x - 3 ≤ 0
Solution:
Method 1: Roots and Test Points
Solve the related equation x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 to find the roots. Then,
use a number line and test points to determine the intervals that
satisfy the inequality.
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑥 = −1 𝑥 = 3
Plot -1 and 3 on a number line. Use closed circles since these values are solutions to the inequality
The x-axis is divided into three intervals by the roots of the equation. Choose one test point from
each interval, say -2, 0, and 5. Then, substitute each value into the quadratic inequality to determine
whether the result satisfies the inequality
Use a table to organize the results.
 Interval 𝑥 < −1 −1 < 𝑥 < 3 𝑥>3

Test Point -2 0 5

(−2) − 2(−2) − 3 0 − 2(0) − 3 5 − 2(5) − 3

Substitution = 4+4−3 = 0+0−3 = 25 − 10 − 3
= 5 = −3 = 12
Is 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 ≤ 𝟎 ? no yes no

The values of x between -1 and 3 also satisfy the inequality. The value of x2 - 2x - 3 is negative in the
interval -1 < x < 3. The solution set is {x | -1 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ R}.

Method 2: Case Analysis

Factor the quadratic expression to rewrite the inequality as (x + 1)(x - 3) ≤ 0.
The product of two factors is negative when the factors have different signs. There are two ways for this
to happen.
Case 1: The first factor is negative and the second factor is positive. x+ 1 ≤ 0 and x - 3 ≥ 0
Solve these inequalities to obtain 𝑥 ≤ −1 and 𝑥 ≥ 3

Any x-values that satisfy both conditions are part of the solution set.
Test Yourself
There are no values that make both of these inequalities true. Is the value of x a solution to the
Case 2: The first factor is positive and the second factor is negative. given inequality?
x a) x = 4 for 𝑥^2 − 3𝑥 − 10 > 0
b) x = 1 for 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4 ≥ 0
+ 1 ≥ 0 and x - 3 ≤ 0 c) x = −2 for x2 + 4x + 3 < 0
Solve these inequalities to obtain 𝑥 ≥ −1 and 𝑥 ≤ 3 d) x = −3 for −𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 4 ≤ 0

These inequalities are both true for all values between -1 and 3, inclusive.
The solution set is {x | -1 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ R}
Solve a Quadratic Inequality in One Variable
Example 40: 2x2 - 7x > 12.
Solution:
First, rewrite the inequality as 2x2 - 7x - 12 > 0.
Solve the related equation 2x2 - 7x - 12 = 0 to find the roots. Use the quadratic formula with a = 2, b = -
7, and c = -12.
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−7) ± (−7) − 4(2)(−12) How to solve quadratic
𝑥 = inequalities
2(2)
In order to solve quadratic
7 ± √145 inequalities by factorizing:
𝑥 =
4 1. Factories the quadratic
7 + √145 7 − √145 expression.
𝑥 = or 𝑥 = 2. Find the values of x that
4 4
make each bracket equal zero.
𝑥 ≈ 4.8 𝑥 ≈ −1.3 3. Write the solution using
Use a number line and test points inequality notation.

Choose a test point from each of the three intervals, say -3, 0, and 6, to determine whether the results
satisfy the original quadratic inequality.
Use a table to organize the results.
7 − √145 7 − √145 7 + √145 7 + √145
Interval 𝑥< <𝑥< 𝑥>
4 4 4 4
Test Point -3 0 6

2(−3) − 7(−3) 2(0) − 7(0) 2(6) − 7(6)

Substitution = 18 + 21 = 0+0 = 72 − 42
= 39 = 0 = 30
Is 2𝑥 − 7𝑥 > 12? yes no yes

√ √
Therefore, the exact solution set is 𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 < or 𝑥 > ,𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
 4.11 Graphical Representation of Quadratic Inequalities
Quadratic inequalities are similar to quadratic equations and when
plotted they display a parabola. We can solve quadratic inequalities
to give a range of solutions.
For example,
The quadratic equation x2+6x+5=0 has two solutions.
This is shown on the graph below where the parabola crosses
the x axis.
We could solve this by factorizing: (x+1)(x+5)=0.
The two values of x that equate this equation to zero are
x = −1 and x = −5
For example,
The quadratic inequality x2+6x+5 ≤0 can be solved by factorizing but
instead of two solutions, there are a range of solutions.
x2+6x+5≤0 means that the we need to know the x values that when the
graph is less than 0.
This corresponds to where the curve is below the x axis.
We can see the from the graph that the x values need to be
between −1 and −5.
Therefore the solution to this inequality can be written using inequality
notation, −5≤x≤−1.
For example,
The quadratic inequality x2+6x+5>0 is similar to the previous
inequality and has a range of solutions.
x2+6x+5> 0 means that we need to know the x values when the graph
is greater than 0.
This corresponds to where the curve is above the x axis.
We can see the from the graph that the x values need to be greater
than −1 and less than −5.
Therefore the solution to this inequality can be written using inequality
notation as two inequalities x > −1 or x < −5.
Skill: 4.10  Solving Quadratic Inequalities: Skill in solving quadratic inequalities in one
unknown.

Exercise 4.10
Use roots and test points to determine the solution to each inequality.
a) x(x + 6) ≥ 40 b) -x2 - 14x - 24 < 0 c) 6x2 > 11x + 35 d) 8x + 5 ≤ -2x2
Use sign analysis to determine the solution to each inequality.
a) x2 + 3x ≤ 18 b) x2 + 3 ≥ -4x c) 4x2 - 27x + 18 < 0 d) -6x ≥ x2 – 16
Solve each inequality.
a) x2 - 3x + 6 ≤ 10x b) 2x2 + 12x - 11 > x2 + 2x + 13
c) x2 - 5x < 3x2 - 18x + 20 d) -3(x2 + 4) ≤ 3x2 - 5x – 68
 Student Learning
Outcomes
Apply the concept of quadratic equations, and quadratic inequalities, to real world
problems (such as in physics, engineering, and finance, i.e. calculating max and
min heights in projectile motion, determining the max price on a company’s budget,
stability of population, growth of business, the relationship between hours worked
and amount earned etc.)
4.14 Apply the Concept of Quadratic Equations and Inequalities to Real World Scenarios
Quadratic equations are essential in various fields and daily activities, including engineering,
agriculture, science, military, and sports. They model real-life scenarios like the trajectory of a thrown
ball, calculating its range, height, and flight duration. These equations also help in determining object
speeds, and analyzing profit and loss. Additionally, they are crucial in architectural designs, such as
calculating the height of arch bridges based on their width
Example 41:
A ball is thrown straight up, from 5m above the ground, with the velocity of 9m/s. When does it hits the
ground? (Ignore the air friction and gravitational acceleration 𝑎=9.8m/s2)
Solution:
To find the time when it hits the ground we can use the equation
1
ℎ(𝑡) = ℎ + 𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡
2
where, ℎ(𝑡) is the height at a time t, ℎ is the initial height , 𝑣 is the initial velocity and t is time
As, a=9.8m/s2 so the term becomes
ℎ(𝑡) = ℎ + 𝑣 𝑡 − 4.9𝑡
when the ball hits the ground h(t)=0 ,𝑣 =9m/s and ℎ =5m so, will become
−4.9𝑡 + 9𝑡 + 5 = 0
Using quadratic formula;
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑡=
2𝑎
By putting values,
−9 ± 9 − 4(−4.9)(5)
𝑡=
2(−4.9)
The possible solutions are
-0.73s (discard as time cannot negative)𝑡 ≈
2.15s𝑡 ≈
So, the ball hits the ground approximately 2.15 seconds after it is thrown.
Example 42:
A basketball player shoots a ball from ground level with an initial speed of 15 m/s at an angle of 30
degrees to the horizontal. Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball and the time it takes to
reach the highest point.
Solution:
Initial speed of a ball (vo)=15m/s
Launch angle 𝜃=25
Gravitational acceleration a=9.8m/s2
The vertical component of initial velocity
(voy)=vo𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(voy)=7.61m/s
Time to reach the maximum height is given by
vy(t)= (voy)−gt
Use the vertical velocity equation, setting vy(t)=0 at the maximum height. So the equation becomes
(voy)−gt =0
t=
t≈0.78s
to calculate maximum height using equation,
h(t)=ho+𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡
h(t)=0+(7.61)(0.78) − (9.8)(0.78)
h(t)≈2.95m
Example 43:
A small manufacturing company produces and sells a product for a week. Their cost function and
revenue function in dollars are given as C(x) = 3x+8 and R(x) =−𝑥 + 23𝑥 , respectively. What is the
maximum profit of the product manufactured per week?
Solution:
As, the profit function, P(x), is the difference between the revenue function, R(x), and the cost function,
C(x):
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥) − 𝐶(𝑥)
Substituting the given revenue and cost functions:
𝑃(𝑥) = (−𝑥 + 23𝑥) − (3𝑥 + 8)
𝑃(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 23𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 8
𝑃(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 20𝑥 − 8
The vertex of a quadratic function of the form ax^2 + bx + c is given by:
𝑥 = −𝑏 / (2𝑎)
In this case, a = -1, b = 20, and c = -8. Substituting these values:
−20
𝑥 =
(2 × −1)
𝑥 = 10
This tells us that the maximum profit occurs when 10 units of the product are manufactured.
To find the maximum profit, we can substitute x = 10 into the profit function:
𝑃(10) = −1(10) + 20(10) − 8
𝑃(10) = −100 + 200 − 8
𝑃(10) = 92$
Therefore, the maximum profit of the product manufactured per week is $92.
Example 44:
The population (P) of a small town is given by 𝑃(𝑡) = −0.2𝑡 + 8𝑡 + 300 where t is the time in years.
Explore when the population is expected to be at its maximum, and determine the corresponding
 population size.
Solution:
As, the given quadratic function is:
𝑃(𝑡) = −0.2𝑡 + 8𝑡 + 300
To determine the time period during which the population is at its maximum, The vertex of a quadratic
function in the form ax^2 + bx + c is given by:
𝑥 = −𝑏 / (2𝑎)
By butting values
𝑥 = −(+8) / (2(−0.2))
𝑥 = 20
This indicates that the maximum population occurs when t =20 years
Now, To find the maximum population, we can substitute t =20 into the population function:
𝑃(20) = −0.2(20) + 8(20) + 300
𝑃(20) = 380

Therefore, the maximum population of the small town is expected to be 380 people when t =20 years.
Example 45:
If a baseball is thrown at an initial speed of 15 m/s from a height of 2m
above the ground, the inequality −4.9t + 15t + 2 > 0 models the
time, t, in seconds, that the baseball is in flight. During what time
interval is the baseball in flight?
Solution:
The baseball will be in flight from the time it is thrown until it lands
on The ground.
Graph the corresponding quadratic function and determine the
coordinates of the x-intercepts and the y-intercept.
The graph of the function lies on or above the x-axis for values of x
between approximately −0.13 and 3.2, inclusive. However, you cannot
have a negative time that the baseball will be in the air. The solution set to the problem is {t | 0 < t < 3.2,
t ∈ R}. In other words, the baseball is in flight between 0 s and approximately 3.2 s after it is thrown.
Skill: 4.12  Applying Concepts to Real-World Problems: Competence in
applying the concepts of quadratic equations and inequalities to
practical scenarios in physics, engineering, finance, etc.

Exercise 4.12
1.Baseball Trajectory: Calculate the time for a baseball thrown from 21m high to hit the .1
ground using ℎ = −3𝑡 + 7𝑡 + 21.
2. Rocket Launch: Determine the time for a rocket launched at 30 m/s at a 40-degree angle to return to
the ground with ℎ = −5𝑡 + 30𝑡 + 10.
3. Diver's Jump: Find the time for a diver jumping at 8 m/s at a 30-degree angle to hit the water using
ℎ = −3𝑡 + 8𝑡 + 2.
4. Objects Falling from a Bridge: Determine the time difference between two objects dropped from
160 feet - one stationary and the other at 48 feet/second.
5. Cyclist Ramp Jump: Calculate the time at which a cyclist, launching at 12 m/s at a 20-degree
angle, is closest to the ground with ℎ = −2𝑡 + 10𝑡 + 5.
6. Horizontal Ball Throw with Wind: Compute the horizontal distance a ball travels when thrown
horizontally at 15 m/s from 10 meters high, with a 5 m/s wind.
7. Company Profit Maximization: Find the number of products a company must sell to maximize
profit and the maximum profit using 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 100𝑥 + 1600.
8. Species Population Dynamics: Identify the time period when a species' population is decreasing
and the corresponding values using 𝑃(𝑡) = 3𝑡 − 15𝑡 + 20.
9. Worker's Optimal Earnings: Determine the optimal number of working hours for maximum
earnings with 𝐸(ℎ) = −2ℎ + 19ℎ.
10. Manufacturing Company Profit: Calculate the maximum weekly profit for a product with cost
function C(x)=6x+9 and revenue function 𝑅(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 19𝑥.
11. Baseball Flight Duration: Determine the time interval during which a baseball thrown from 1.5m is
in flight with −4.9𝑡 + 17𝑡 + 1.5 > 0.
12. Boating Festival Ice Thickness: a) Find the minimum ice thickness to support a 750 kg boat with
9ℎ ≥ 750. b) Formulate and solve a new inequality for a 1500 kg boat. c) Explain why the required
ice thickness for 1500 kg isn't double that for 750 kg.
Student Learning Outcomes

 Explain, with examples, how mathematical models and equations are often used
to make predictions and test hypotheses in science. [e.g., In physics, mathematical
equations are used to describe the motion of objects and the behavior of energy an
matter. In chemistry, mathematical models are used to predict the behaviour of
chemical reactions and the properties of molecules. In biology, mathematical
models are used to predict the growth and spread of populations and the spread of disease.]
4.15 Applications in Mathematical Modelling
Mathematical modeling is a technique using which we can represent a physical system by an equation or
a set of equations. Once an equation or a set of equations has been developed, they must be solved to
obtain results. These results can provide us with useful information regarding the system. This technique
is widely used in all science fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology to predict the behaviors of
physical systems. Mathematical models are mostly built around theoretical principles or hypotheses. A
mathematical model built upon a theory or hypothesis is often used to obtain numerical data which can
be compared with experimental results to validate the hypothesis.
Using mathematical models in physics, we can model how planets move in space. In chemistry, we can
predict what happens when different chemicals mix. In biology, we can understand how a population of
an animal species changes over time. So, these models help us make sense of the world. They give us
clues and help us solve the mysteries of how things work in the world around us.
Example 46:
Assume a ball of mass 200g is thrown up in the air with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate the
maximum height it reaches 2s after leaving the ground.
Solution
This case deals with projectile motion. The height at any given time can be obtained by using the second
equation motion: ℎ = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
We can factorize it to obtain:

Inserting the values of parameters provided ℎ = 10 10 + (−9.8)(2)

ℎ = 20 𝑚
An interesting thing to note here is that the height attained by the ball is independent of its mass as we
do not see mass in the mathematical model. This simple problem also illustrates that we can calculate
the speed a particular object must be thrown to attain a particular height. This simple model can be used
to understand the principle upon which projectiles work.

Example 47:
The total energy possessed by a system can be expressed as a sum of both kinetic and potential energies.
Let an object of mass 0.2 kg be placed at a height of 100m with no initial velocity. Now the ball starts
falling and about 5s after falling, the velocity of the object is given by 50 m/s. Calculate its total energy.
Hint: Follow Example 1 to calculate height.
Solution
Firstly, we develop the equation for the height of the object:ℎ = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
1
ℎ = (0)𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
1
ℎ = 𝑔𝑡
2
Now, we need to develop the equation for total energy.
𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ and 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2
Now, inserting the value of h that we have calculated earlier:
1 1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑔𝑡
2 2
1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑣 + 𝑔 𝑡 )
2
Now, inserting the values provided:
1
Total Energy = (0.2)(50 + (−9.8) (5) )
2
Total Energy = 490.1 J
In this problem, it was observed that sometimes to create a mathematical model another one might be
incorporated into it to attain a final model. In complex engineering problems, there are many parameters
that come into play. Each of these parameters might be dependent on different simpler parameters.
Therefore, it is common practice to combine different models in order to simplify a complex problem.\

Example 48:
A population of rabbits starts with 2 individuals and doubles every month. What will be the population
after an year? Use the exponential growth formula 𝑃 = 𝑃 × 2 where P is the population after time t, Po
is the initial population, and t is the time in months.
Solution
The data provided in the problem statement is as follows:
𝑃 =2
𝑡 = 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
Now putting these values into the mathematical model provided, we get:
𝑃 =2×2
𝑃 = 8192
This problem shows how a single pair of animals if bred correctly can create a massive population of a
single species. Although in real scenarios a lot of other factors come into play and a much complex
mathematical model might be used, this simple problem still provides critical information for biologists
which are working with endangered animals.

Example 49:
Suppose you have a balloon with a volume of 1.5 liters at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. If the
balloon is heated to a new temperature of 75 degrees Celsius while the pressure remains constant, what
will be the new volume of the balloon? Use the Charles law: = where T1 is the initial temperature,
V1 is the initial volume, T2 is the final temperature and V2 is the final volume.
Solution
The data provided in the problem statement is as follows:
𝑉 = 1.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑇 = 25 °𝐶 = 298 𝐾
𝑇 = 75 °𝐶 = 348 𝐾
Now putting these values into the mathematical model provided, we get:
1.5 𝑉
=
298 348
𝑉 = 1.75 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
This problem demonstrates the behavior of gases. The balloon is merely a container for air which is the
gas under observation in this problem. This exact principle is used in hot air balloons where the volume
of the balloon is increased by increasing the temperature of the air trapped inside it.
Exercise 4.13
1. Determine the fall time for a stone thrown horizontally at 10 m/s from a cliff, using ℎ = 𝑔𝑡 , where
h is the cliff height and g is gravity's acceleration.
2. Find the maximum height of a projectile launched at 20 m/s at a 30° angle using ℎ = , where vy is
the vertical velocity component.
3. A mass-spring system undergoes simple harmonic motion with a period of 2 seconds. Find the mass
of the object attached to the spring if the spring constant is 100 N/m. The period of a mass-spring
system is given by 𝑇 = 2𝜋 where T is the period, m is the mass, and k is the spring constant.
4. Find the image distance and identify if it's real or virtual for an object placed 30 cm from a concave
mirror with a focal length(𝑓) of 15 cm, using the mirror formula = +
5. Calculate the rabbit population after 5 years, starting from 200 rabbits growing at 10% per year,
using the formula 𝑃 = 𝑃 × (1 + 𝑟) Po is the initial population, r is the growth rate and t is the time
in years.
6. A chemical reaction has a rate constant of 0.02 s-1. Calculate the half-life of the reaction. The half-
( )
life (t1/2) is related to the rate constant (k) by the equation: 𝑡 = where k is the rate constant.
7. Find the concentration of reactant A after 20 seconds in a second-order reaction with initial
concentration 0.1 M and rate constant 0.05 M⁻¹s⁻¹, using the formula [𝐴] = [ ]
where [A0] is the
initial concentration, k is the rate constant and t is the time taken.
8. Determine the new pressure when a gas is compressed from 3 m³ to 2 m³ at constant temperature,
using Boyle’s Law (P1V1=P2V2). Initial pressure is 1 atm.
9. Calculate the pH value of a 0.05 M solution of HNO3. Hint: Use the equation 𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻 ]
where [𝐻 ] represents the concentration of H+ ions.
10. Calculate the volume of a 0.5 M HCl solution needed to prepare 250 mL of a 0.2 M solution, using
the dilution formula M1V1=M2V2. Also, find the volume of water to add.

Revision Exercise 2
1. Choose the correct option.
i. The discriminant of a quadratic equation is denoted by Greek symbol.
a).  b).  c).  d). 
ii. The discriminant of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 where a  0 is:
2

a). b2 + 4ac b). b2 + 4ax c). b2 – 4ac d). b2 – 4ax

iii. A complex number having real and imaginary parts are :
a). 1 b). 2 c). 3 d). 4
iv. If < 0 then roots are:
a). real and unequal b). imaginary and unequal
c). real and equal d). imaginary and equal
v. If > 0 and perfect square then the roots of the equation are
a). real and unequal b). real and equal
c). real and repeated d). none of these
vi. If  = 0 then the roots are
a). real and unequal b). real and equal
c). real and repeated d). both (b) and (c)
vii. The cube roots of 1 are:
a). – 1 b).  c). 2 d). 1,,2
viii. The cube roots of – 1 are:
a). – 1 , –  , 2 b). – 1, , – 2
c). – 1 ,  , 2 d). none of these
1 1
ix. + is equal to:
α β
 1 1 1 1 α α+β
a). b).  c).  d).
α+β α β α β α.β
x. We use the formula to form the quadratic equation, where S for sum of roots and P for product of
roots:
a). x2 + Sx + S = 0 b). x2 – Sx + P = 0
c). x2 – Px + S = 0 d). x2 – Sx – P = 0
xi. The method of synthetic division was introduced by:
a). Paolo Ruffini b). Walter Rudin
c). Newton c). DR Abdul-salam
xii. The system of equations having the common solution is called system of:
a). quadratic equations b). linear equation
c). non-linear equations d). simultaneous equation
2
xiii. Roots of the equation x – 4x + 3 = 0 are:
a). real and unequal b). real and equal
c). complex d). non of these
xiv. The nature of the roots can be determined by:
a). perfect square method b). synthetic division
c). discernment d). sum of roots
xv. The sum and product of the roots of the equation 3x2 + 7x – 11 = 0:
11 7 7 11
a). S  ,P  b). S  ,P 
3 3 3 3
3 11 t 5
c). S  ,P  d). S  , P 
11 7 5 8
2. Write the short answers of the following questions.
i. Define discriminant. v. Write the formula to from the quadratic
ii. Write an expression to check the nature of the equation when roots are given.
roots of given quadratic equation. vi. Form the quadratic equation when the roots
iii. Find the nature of the roots of the equation are 3, 4.
2
4x – 6x + 8 = 0 are: vii. Define simultaneous equation.
iv. Define symmetric function. viii. Write the standard quadratic equation
3. Find the value of p when the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 – (p + 1) x + 4 = 0 is real.
4. Reduce the power of 390 into 1,  or 2
5. Find the value of k if the sum of the square of the roots of the equation 2kx2 + 4(k – 1) x + 6 = 0 is 16.
6. Evaluate 59 + 64 + 1
7. Find the sum and product of the roots of the equation 3px2 – 5qx + 6r = 0
8. Find the value of t using synthetic division. If
– 1 is the zero of the polynomial x3 – 3tx2 + 12 = 0
9. The product of two consecutive negative integers is 1122. Find the integers.
10. The length of the rectangle is thrice the breadth. If the area is 900 cm2 then find the length and
breadth of the rectangle.
11. An investor's return on investment is modeled by the quadratic equation 𝑅(𝑥) = 0.5𝑡 − 7𝑡 + 3
where t is the time in years. Determine the maximum return and the time it takes to achieve this return.
 Summary
The discriminant is an expression that appears under the radical sign in the quadratic formula of ax2 + bx
+ c = 0.
Discriminant is denoted by a Greek symbol  (delta) Which is  = b2 – 4ac.
If < 0 then roots are imaginary and unequal.
If > 0 and perfect square then roots are real and unequal.
If  = 0 then roots are real and repeated or equal
If > 0 and not perfect square then the roots are irrational and unequal.
The roots of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a  0 are
b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
 
 2a  2a
The sum and the product of the roots of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c =0 where a  0 are,
b c
 
+ a And . a respectively.
Symmetric functions:
In symmetric function, the values of the expressions remain unchanged in which the roots of the equations
are interchanges.
Use formula to form the quadratic equation when roots are given,
x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0 or x2 – Sx + P = 0
Simultaneous equations: It is the system of equations having common solution.
Quadratic Inequalities involve expressions of the form ax2+bx+c set in relation to a value (e.g., >0, <0).
Solving Method: Typically solved by finding the roots of the corresponding quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 +
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 and testing intervals to determine where the inequality holds.
Graphical Interpretation: The solution can be visualized on a graph, where the parabola intersects the x-
axis.
Changing the Subject of a Formula
This involves rearranging an equation to solve for a particular variable, often needed in algebraic
manipulations.
Applications: Crucial in fields like physics, engineering, and economics, where formulas need to be
adjusted to solve for different variables based on the context.
Real-World Applications of Quadratics
Physics: Used to model motions like the trajectory of a projectile or the dynamics of objects under
gravity.
Engineering: Essential in design and analysis, such as stress-strain analysis or optimization problems.
Finance: Applied in calculating profit maximization, cost functions, and investment growth.