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This document provides a comprehensive study of functions, focusing on evaluating, identifying, and operating on various types of functions, including their inverses and compositions. It covers essential concepts such as domain, co-domain, and range, as well as different types of functions like into, injective, surjective, and bijective. Additionally, the document explains operations on functions, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with practical examples to illustrate these concepts.

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13 views5 pages

6 Corrections

This document provides a comprehensive study of functions, focusing on evaluating, identifying, and operating on various types of functions, including their inverses and compositions. It covers essential concepts such as domain, co-domain, and range, as well as different types of functions like into, injective, surjective, and bijective. Additionally, the document explains operations on functions, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with practical examples to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

cantabpublisher98
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In this comprehensive study of functions,

we develop essential skills in evaluating,


identifying, and operating on various
types of functions, including their
inverses and compositions. We
emphasize the practical application of
these concepts in real-world scenarios,
such as finance, engineering, and
enhance our understanding through
graphing techniques, solving absolute
value equations and inequalities. This
knowledge equips us to effectively apply
mathematical principles in diverse
professional and everyday situations.

6.1.2 Domain, Co-Domain and Range


of a Function
Understanding the domain, codomain and range of
a function is essential for grasping how functions
map inputs to outputs and describe the possible
values involved.
Domain:
The domain of a function is the set of all possible
input values (independent variable) for which the
function is defined.

Example: For the function C (x)=50 x , the domain


is all non-negative numbers (0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , …), since
you can't buy a negative number of apples.

Co-Domain:
The co-domain of a function is the set of all possible
outputs that the function could produce, whether or
not it actually does.

Example: For C (x)=50 x , the co-domain could be


any amount of money, including unrealistic values
like 1 PKR, even though that's not possible with
whole apples.

Range:
The range of a function is the set of all
actual outputs produced by the function
from the inputs in its domain.
Example: For C (x)=50 x , the range
includes values like 0 PKR, 50 PKR, 100
PKR, etc, which are the actual outputs
based on whole apples.

Relation
A relation is a connection or mapping between
elements of two sets. In the context of functions, a
relation shows how each element from the first set
(called the domain) is associated with an element in
the second set (called the co-domain).

Let's consider two sets:

 Set A={1 ,2 , 3 }
 Set B={a , b , c ,d }

Now, a relation from A to B is a set of ordered pairs


where each element in A is related to an element in
B

For example, the relation R can be defined as:

R={(1, a),(2 , b),(3 , c)}

This means:

 The element 1 from set A is related to the


element a from set B,
 The element 2 from set A is related to the
element b from set B,
 The element 3 from set A is related to the
element c from set B.

The domain is the set of elements from A that are


related to elements in B.

 Domain of the relation R :{1 , 2 ,3 }

The co-domain is the entire set of elements in B that


could potentially be related to elements from A .

 Co-Domain of the relation R :{a ,b , c , d }

(i) g2 = {(0, 2), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3),


(3,5)}
g2 is not a function, the relation does not
fulfill the uniqueness condition
because element 3 in set L is associated
with two different outputs (3 and 5) in set
M.

Here, f is an into function because not all


elements of B are covered by the range of
f. The element ‘3’ in B is not mapped by
any element in A. The into function can
into
be written as f : A → B .

Function Type Description Example


Not every locker is assigned to a Student A→Locker 1,
student, so some lockers remain empty. Student B→Locker 2,
Into Each student has a locker, but there isn’t Student C→Locker 3,
a requirement for all lockers to be used. Locker 4 (unused)
Every student has a unique locker, Student A→Locker 1,
ensuring no locker is shared. Some Student B→Locker 2,
Injective lockers may remain empty. Student C→Locker 3
Locker 4 (unused)

All lockers are used, ensuring every


locker has at least one student. Some Student A→Locker 1,
lockers might be shared. Student B→Locker 1,
Surjective
Student C→Locker 2

Each student is paired with a unique


locker, with no sharing or empty Student A→Locker 1,
lockers. This creates a perfect one-to- Student B→Locker 2,
Bijective
one correspondence between students Student C→Locker 3
and lockers.

For an inverse function to exist, the original function


f must be bijective. This allows us to define an
inverse function, f −1. The inverse function f −1 takes
elements from the range of f and maps them back to
the corresponding elements in the domain of f ,
effectively reversing the original function's process.

Steps to Find the Inverse Function


Algebraically
Finding the inverse of a function
algebraically involves a few key steps.
Here's a general method to find the
inverse of a function f(x):

6.3 Operations on Functions


Functions can be combined in several ways to create
new functions. The two main operations on
functions are addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. Let's explore each operation in detail.

Addition of Functions:
If you have two functions f (x) and g(x ), you can
create a new function by adding them together. The
result is a function that combines the outputs of both
functions.

(f + g)(x)=f (x )+ g (x)

Example:
Let f (x)=2 x +3 and g(x )=x 2.
Then,

(f + g)(x)=(2 x+3)+ ( x 2 )=x 2 +2 x+3

Subtraction of Functions:
Subtraction works similarly. You can subtract the
outputs of one function from another.

(f −g)(x)=f ( x)−g( x)

Example:
Let f (x)=2 x +3 and g(x )=x 2.
Then,

Multiplication of Functions:
To multiply two functions, multiply the
outputs of both functions.
(f × g)(x)=f (x )× g (x)
Example:
Let f (x)=2 x +3 and g( x )=x 2.
Then,

(f × g)(x)=(2 x+3) × ( x 2 )=2 x 3 +3 x2


Division of Functions:
To divide one function by another, divide
the outputs of both functions.

( fg )( x )= gf (x(x))
Example:
Let f (x)=2 x +3 and g( x )=x 2.
Then,

( fg )( x )= 2 xx+32

This operation is only valid where g(x )≠ 0.

Exercise 6.2

– ×
3. Find f + g(x), f g(x), f g(x) and (x) for the
following functions:
(i) f ( x )=x +2and g ( x )=3 x−4

(ii) f ( x)=5 x 2 +1 and g ( x )=x 3−x

(iii) f ( x )=4 x 3−2 x and g ( x )=x 2+ 3 x +1

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