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Equation Sheet

The document contains equations and concepts related to fluid mechanics including ideal gas law, shear stress, flow patterns, hydrostatic force, Reynolds theorem, mass and momentum conservation, Bernoulli's equation, Navier-Stokes equations, dimensional analysis, internal and external flows, boundary layers, and drag coefficients.

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82 views3 pages

Equation Sheet

The document contains equations and concepts related to fluid mechanics including ideal gas law, shear stress, flow patterns, hydrostatic force, Reynolds theorem, mass and momentum conservation, Bernoulli's equation, Navier-Stokes equations, dimensional analysis, internal and external flows, boundary layers, and drag coefficients.

Uploaded by

ewok123
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENG 103 Fluid Mechanics

EQUATION SHEET
[FINAL EXAM VERSION]
Ideal Gas Law
p/ = RT, R = R
o
/M, R
o
= 8314 kg.m
2
/(kmol.s
2
.K)
Shear Stress in a Newtonian Fluid (1D)
=
du
dy
Flow Patterns
Streamlines:
dx
u
=
dy
v
=
dz
w
Pathlines:
x =
_
udt; y =
_
v dt; z =
_
wdt
Total dierential
When a dierential equation has the form:
P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy = 0
If P/y = Q/x, then there is a function F(x, y) such that
dF = P(x, y)dx +Q(x, y)dy(= 0)
The original dierential equation can then be integrated as
F = constant
with
F
x
= P(x, y) and
F
y
= Q(x, y)
Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion

p g

k = a
Note: a is the acceleration and

k is the unit vector aligned
with gravity but pointing up.
Hydrostatic force on a at surface
(coordinates of the center of pressure)
y
CP
= y
CG

I
x

x
sin
p
CG
A
, x
CP
= x
CG

I
x

y
sin
p
CG
A
where, CG denotes the centroid of the at surface, is the
angle betweeb the at surface and the horizontal, I
x

x
is the
second moment of area of the at surface and I
x

y
is the
product of area of the at surface. Note that the signs in
these equations depend on the direction of the y axis. Here
it is assumed that the y axis is directed upward.
Reynolds Theorem
For a control volume moving at constant velocity
dB
dt

sys
=
d
dt
__
C.V.
dV
_
+
_
C.S.

V
R
d

A
where B is an extensive property and is the corresponding
intensive property.

V
R
is the velocity of the uid relative to
the CV; if the CV is not moving,

V
R
=

V .
Mass Conservation
For a control volume moving at constant velocity
d
dt
__
C.V.
dV
_
+
_
C.S.
(

V
R
n)dA = 0

V
R
is the velocity of the uid relative to the CV; if the CV is
not moving,

V
R
=

V .
Momentum Equation
For a control volume moving at constant velocity
d
dt
__
C.V.

V dV
_
+
_
C.S.

V (

V
R
n)dA =

V
R
is the velocity of the uid relative to the CV; if the CV is
not moving,

V
R
=

V .
Steady ow energy equation (one inlet, one outlet)
_
p
g
+
V
2
2g
+z
_
1
=
_
p
g
+
V
2
2g
+z
_
2
+h
friction
h
pump
+h
turbine
Bernouillis Equation
p
g
+
V
2
2g
+z = Cst.
Note: This equation has multiple restrictions that you must
know.
Continues on the next page...
Gradient, Divergence, Curl, and Laplacian
(f is an arbitrary scalar function and

F is an arbitrary
vector with cartesian components F
x
, F
y
, F
z
and cylindrical
components F
r
, F

, F
z
)
Cartesian coordinates

f =
_
_
f/x
f/y
f/z
_
_

F =
F
x
x
+
F
y
y
+
F
z
z


F =
_
_
F
z
/y F
y
/z
F
x
/z F
z
/x
F
y
/x F
x
/y
_
_

F =

2

F
x
2
+

2

F
y
2
+

2

F
z
2

2
f =

2
f
x
2
+

2
f
y
2
+

2
f
z
2
Cylindrical coordinates

f =
_
_
f/r
(1/r)f/
f/z
_
_

F =
1
r
rF
r
r
+
1
r
F

+
F
z
z


F =
_
_
(1/r)F
z
/ F

/z
F
r
/z F
z
/r
(1/r)[(rF

)/r F
r
/]
_
_

r
=

r
_
1
r
(rF
r
)
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
F
r

2

2
r
2
F

+

2
F
r
z
2

=

r
_
1
r
(rF

)
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
F

2
+
2
r
2
F
r

+

2
F

z
2

z
=
1
r

r
_
r
F
z
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
F
z

2
+

2
F
z
z
2

2
f =
1
r

r
_
r
f
r
_
+
1
r
2

2
f

2
+

2
f
z
2
Irrotational Flow

V =

0
Bernoullis Equation
p

+
V
2
2
+gz = cst.
Potential Flow
( is the streamfunction, is the velocity potential)
Cartesian coordinates
u =

x
=

y
v =

y
=

x
Polar coordinates
v
r
=

r
=
1
r

=
1
r

r
Continuity Equation

t
+

.(

V ) = 0
Cartesian coordinates

t
+
u
x
+
v
y
+
w
z
= 0
Acceleration of a uid particle
a =
D

V
Dt
=

V
t
+u

V
x
+v

V
y
+w

V
z
Stress Tensor (Incompressible Newtonian uid)

xx
= p + 2
u
x

xy
=
yx
=
_
u
y
+
v
x
_

yy
= p + 2
v
y

yz
=
zy
=
_
v
z
+
w
y
_

zz
= p + 2
w
z

zx
=
xz
=
_
w
x
+
u
z
_
p =
1
3
(
xx
+
yy
+
zz
)
Navier-Stokes Equations (Incompressible Newtonian uid)
D

V
Dt
=

+
2

V +g
Cartesian coordinates
u
t
+u
u
x
+v
u
y
+w
u
z
=
1

p
x
+
+
_

2
u
x
2
+

2
u
y
2
+

2
u
z
2
_
+g
x
v
t
+u
v
x
+v
v
y
+w
v
z
=
1

p
y
+
+
_

2
v
x
2
+

2
v
y
2
+

2
v
z
2
_
+g
y
w
t
+u
w
x
+v
w
y
+w
w
z
=
1

p
z
+
+
_

2
w
x
2
+

2
w
y
2
+

2
w
z
2
_
+g
z
2
Dimensional Analysis, Modeling
In the expressions below, L is a reference length, V a reference
velocity, g is the acceleration of gravity, , , are uid
properties (density, viscosity, surface tension)
Reynolds Number Re =
V L

Froude Number Fr =
V

gL
Weber Number We =
V
2
L

Internal Flow
Entrance length, laminar ow:
L
e
/D 0.06 Re
D
Entrance length, turbulent ow:
L
e
/D 4.4 Re
1/6
D
Darcy-Weisbach:
h
f
= f
L
D
V
2
2g
Laminar ow in a circular pipe:
u(r) = u
max
_
1
r
2
R
2
_
u
max
= 2V
h
f,lam
=
128LQ
gD
4
=
32LV
gD
2
Colebrooks formula:
1

f
= 2.0 log
_
/D
3.7
+
2.51
Re
D

f
_
Haalands formula:
1

f
1.8 log
_
_
/D
3.7
_
1.11
+
6.9
Re
D
_
Obstruction ow meters
m =
C
d
A
t
_
1
4
_
2(p
1
p
2
)
Note: Assumes no elevation dierence between pressure taps.
External Flows
Drag Coecient:
C
D
=
F
D
1
2
U
2
A
Lift Coecient:
C
L
=
F
L
1
2
U
2
A
Boundary Layers
Boundary layer thicknesses:
Velocity thickness
point where u/U = 0.99
Displacement thickness

=
_

0
_
1
u
U
_
dy
Momentum thickness
=
_

0
u
U
_
1
u
U
_
dy. Also, =
D
U
2
Results of Blasius analysis (laminar ow, at plate):

x

5.0

Re
x
;

x

1.721

Re
x
;

x

0.664

Re
x
Flat plate drag coecient relations:
Laminar ow (Blasius):
C
D
=
1.328
Re
1/2
L
Turbulent Flow (smooth plate):
C
D
=
0.031
Re
1/7
L
Transitional Flow:
C
D
=
_
_
_
0.031
Re
1/7
L

1440
Re
L
for Re
trans
= 5 10
5
0.031
Re
1/7
L

8700
Re
L
for Re
trans
= 3 10
6
Fully rough turbulent Flow:
C
D

_
1.89 + 1.62 log
L

_
2.5
3

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