Current Electricity

CURRENT : "Rate of flow of charge . "

E
Current =
charge F =
>
-

time ↓
A

unit :
Ampere >
- A =

</
free electrons.
> Metals
good conductors because
they
have
-

are

>
- electrons are

negatively charged.

]
KEY :
-

- conventional current (positive to negative)

=> electron flow (negative to
positive)
 - C
D VS A .
C

>
- D . C
means direct current . It flows in
only one direction.

-> A .
2 means
alternating current. It
repeatedly changes
direction-

>
-

The graphs below elaborate the behaviour of D . C and A -

c

over time . ↑

period , T = 0 .
5 s

frequency
,f
=
= = H

0
.
5 1

e de

* Negative values mean current

flowing direction
is in opposite .
 >
- D . C is
supplied by cells ,
batteries
,
and D .
C .

power supply
.

I ---fi
+
-

--

cell
battery D
. C
power supply .

>
-
A .
C is
supplied by
A . C
generators/A .
>
power supply.

No or
- ~

A -
c supply

Period of A .

CLT) :
Time to
complete one
cycle ,
unit :

of <(f) of completed .
second
Frequency cycles
A .

: Number in one &

unit : Hz

f =
MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT :

>
-

Measured with an Ammeter

>
-

Symbol -

A -

>
-
Must be connected in series
,
not in .
parallel
>
-

The resistance of ammeter itself is almost negligible , so

that it does not affect the current's value

.

used
x--I
L

connected

-
I
Ammeter can be before or

T
-

* T
2*
-

0-
(0

20mA
.
after
02A)

,
0-3 2A
the resistor

,
1-1A
,
does

,
not

0-5A
matter

,
0 _
.

20 A

to the
- Ammeters have different ranges ,
it must chosen
according
value of current that has to be measured .
 2A

X -

2 3
10
I
I I 15 & I Y
↑
& I /
I
z 5
28 I
I X
↑ / I A /
I A r
r

- -
*

deflection is small deflection is large to read

very easy
-
-

Reading not Reading will be

precise
-precise
- -

very
 Basic
symbols
circuit

wire :

switch :

↓ -

cell i I

battery
-

:
-- . . . . . . . . . . . . .

filament lamp :

resistor "
&: Write down the
missing
values of currents in the

following circuits -

1) A /
211
0
2) ./
.

, . .
. .

IA
a Iz =

5A
Iz 0 .

=
n
0 5A 5A
I +2
.

= = 0 .

--
-

-
-

> X= X-
2A - 1

5*
3) Iz
4)
=
4A

-A
----- I [ #
· X -
I A X-
- =-
2A

-
-

x = X-
A 3A

5) & 7A X *

9A I 4A v3A
a Iz
= ~ =
v2A
.

/
* X

[
13 = 9 A
 Question

Suppose you are provided with five random materials. Your job is to identify, which one is a
conductor, and which one is an insulator. Draw a circuit diagram to show how you will investigate
each material and write a short description of your experiment.

~
11
Connect the object and close the switch. If the bulb
lights up, it’s a conductor and if the bulb does not
light up, It’s an insulator.
X- I

↑
object will

be
connected
here
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (e . m . f .
) : "workdone
Lor energy transformed from other forms to electrical) to drive a

"
Unit charge around a
complete circuit .

(12)
> J
e .
m .

f .
= work done
>
- E =
W
-

Tharge ↓
R
-
V

examples
-
: unit :
Volt >
- V = J /
electrical energy
cell or
battery : converts chemical energy
to .

mechanical energy to electrical

generator : converts
energy.

>
-
2 .
m .

f is associated with
power source in a circuit
 cell :
from chemical
- energy
to electrical energy

3V = emt

3V d
=
p
.

-
x

bulb :
from electrical energy
and heat
to
light
PSTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (p .
d .
) : "Workdone (or

energy
transformed from electrical to otherforms) to drive a

component I
"

unit charge across a

. between 2
points .

J
.
d workdone V >
w - volt-V J /
p
=
> unit
.

= =
-
:

charge
-

V
Y R + C

Examples :

resistor : converts electrical

energy
to thermal energy

filament lamp electrical to and thermal

: converts energy light energy

motor converts electrical

energy
to mechanical and thermal
:
energy.

>
-
P d .
.
is associated with loads in a circuit .
MEASUREMENT OF E . M F
. . & P D. . (VOLTAGE) :

+
- measured with a voltmeter or
oscilloscope

symbol In
+
- -v- 88

>
-
must be connected in .
parallel
> The resistance of the voltmeter itself is high , so that
very
-

no current flows through it .

for e .
m . f .
: Prepd .

:
-

open close

* l --- 1
Y
-I ---1

[= 7
-

[
12 v
· A
A
&

E a
4V = V
, &V = Va
 The readings V + V2 should be
equal to e mof of
>
- . .

battery
the that
.
However are
we
Assuming no
energy

the
last
battery
is in wives or

.
>
-

Practically ,
the readings v, We will be
slightly less

of
battery
because
than ent the some energy is

lost as heat due to resistance of wires and

internal resistance of the battery.

 Resultant e . m . f of multiple sources
.

In series In parallel
qv
I
4V V
D zu I

-iii &

1
-
qv
-
-

4 + 2 + a = 15V
Resultant emf =
qu

12V 3V

combined
li
t

&
+
T -

qu 1 .

5 v ↑

12 - 3 av
=

I I

3
I

3 + 1 .
5 + 9 = 13 .
5V
 Find
2 : the value of the
missing p.d or e.mof in the
following circuits .

Ju * * 3V
12V

I 4) E ar
=

7)
1) I

& v V .
=
4u V= 12 v

V = 6V
8v nV
Vc =
12 V
-

6V
-

2) I

* 12 V 6V
5) -
*

8) -

-
- Gu V
, = Gv 6V

zv V = 42 -

V
, = zv
Vz =
zv 10 V
6v
-

* 4V

3) I
Vz = zu

V = GV E = 9V

- -
6)

V= GV
4U 5V

-
-

the total p.d. across the components in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual p.d.s across each component

the p.d. across an arrangement of parallel resistances is the same as the p.d. across one branch in the arrangement of
the parallel resistances
 RESISTANCE : "ratio of p
.
d .
across a
component to the

current
passing through it
"

van

Y v

i
>
-

I
Resistance = R = unit : ohms 1 V/A
> >
-
=

rent >
-
A

>
- Resistance is how much voltage is needed for It of current

to flow through .
component
a

resistance
Example A bull has 5001 .
>
-

> It mean when there is a

p.d of 500r across the

bulb It of current will flow through .

it
,

>
-
If there is 250 across the bulb then the
,

current will be 0 .

.
5A
 - 3u 3v ↑
V <V
I
I =
-
I

Ev if R is
kept
constant.
1802

- -

2
I a l
I
R

if V is kept
constant
Examples :

& A bulb has a current of 2A

passing through it ,
it is switched

on for 2 hours · Calculate the charge passing through it

?

2 A GV cell drives 150 C of charge in a circuit. How much

energy
is transformed by the cell
? (workdone by cell)
.
3 A resister converts 3005 of energy
from electrical to heat .

There is a current of 0 .

5A in the resistor for 5 minutes

.

Determine the pd across the resistor

.

& An electric kettle of resistance 180 is connected to a

power the current the mettle

supply
What is in
220V .
?
EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE RESISTANCE :

method 1 -InmI

It
:
-

-
J
>
-
close the switch Las
> Take current reading from ammeter
-

d from
>
-
Take the
p
. .

reading voltmeter .

R to calculate the resistance

E
- Use =
.

This method accurate because

only
are
is not we

very
taking one set of readings.
 HOW To OBTAIN I-V CHARACTERISTIC (Graph)

variable power supply

&
-- Yo
17)
-
D

-
-

F
·
v ~

I
variable Rheostat
resistor
L
>
-

keep variable resistor at max value >

-

start with the min value of

>
- Take the voltmeter and ammeter variable
power supply
.
voltmeter and ammeter
readings. >
- Take the

>
-

Gradually reduce the value of readings .

of
variable resistor and
repeatedly >
-

Gradually increase the value

take readings of voltmeter variable

power supply
and
repeatedly
and ammeter .
take the voltmeter and ammeter

readings .
 Table : Clab simulation) Graph :
fit
best
f
/ line
3

v/ F V = I =
R &

j
. %15-
8
X

D 68 0 00 68 -
014
-

3
: :
.

475 .
0 013- X

3 .
958 . 002
0 . 212- &

523
1 . 57 8 .
003 0-011- X

2 . 77
0 805 554
0 .
518-
0
.
009 &
&
5
:

(5
---------------- ------

0 839-
.
.
,

4 . 50 0 .
008562 8 .
008- X

6 55 595
0 .
871-
i
0 011
.
.

0 .
06- I

05- X I
600 0 .

7 . 20 0 .
012
&
0
.

04 -
615
8 :
000 -
013 .
3 303- X
I

"
302- X
9 80 3
-
.
.
8 05 Goo
8 00 X
&
.

(3 18
& o
b
N

1
I

2 3
M N

Y
M

E
A

G T
R

&
>
V/
directly -Roughly
proportional constant
 ->
Pick
any point on the
graph (line

R to find resistance . R

I
- use = >
- =
= 611 M

-
 DHM'S LAW : It states that :
"The current
passing
through a metallic conductor
d )
is
directly proportional to the

potential difference (p .
.

across it
, provided that temperature
"
remains constant

Ohmic conductors Non-ohmic conductors

don't
Conductors that
obey Conductors that
obery
Ohm's law Ihm's law .

I
I a V
M
Encharacteristic
I = kV
al

E " gradient
- 1
= k =

------

>
v
 resistor +T
for
-

I-V characteristics also

a

mem X

of metallic wire at constant temperature (ohmic

D a

I V
a N

- - - - -
gradient a
t I gradient
------
& R

> V > I

R
T Isn Va
-
↑ high R
-

R
high
↑
low R

SV > I
& filament lamp-X- (non-ohmic)

~
Im dec
ind

[aresistive
radient inc
radiant inc
.

& tauch
vasis

~
3 I

-> As the lamp reaches its operating voltage ,

more current flows
.

>
- It becomes
very
hot
, temprises.
Therefore resistance of
>
- the the lamp increases
.
⑬ semiconductor diode : (non-ohmic) I

> Disde is a device that allows

In
-

the current to flow

only
in

small direction .
flows
current

↑
one

~
mA >
-
When current flows in the

opposite direction )-re values)

~
-- I
3
the resistance of diode becomes

low threshold 0
. 6V
very high , so current is
very voltage
almost .
zero

~ MA
>
- When current flows in the

#i
forward direction (+ve values)
-

>
I

It
El ]
·
the

low
resistance
and a
of diode
small current
is

not
allowed allowed
can flow .
RELATIONSHIP OF RESISTANCE WITH

LENGTH CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AND

,

TYPE OF MATERIAL :

Resistance of a conductor depends on:

1) Type of material (resistivity 9) , >

-
R &
I
2) Temperature >
-

Temp inc .

then Resistance inc .

3) Length >
-
Ral Lif A and
I are
constant)

= ↑

u) R (if 1 and constant

Cross-sec area >
-
&
Y I are

(Since nd2 Addr R

therefore
>2)
A = C
,
- 3

: E
and
E =

(
 4
dia 20 .
mm
I J Imm wire
wire
.

&

R 1882
R = 25d

A
= ar2 A =

(f) 2
a
d
=
r = A
2

&
2d 3

d
15 cm

sam
-

" 2
2

A 19 6 A = 78 5 176 7
im cm
A
·
.
= . cm
=

A 4 A 9 A
 & di li Ri
X X X X
D A copper wire has a diameter of 0.50 mm, a length of 1 km and a resistance of 84 Ω.
Ru
R2 & same

a) Calculate the resistance of a wire of the same material and diameter with a length of 500 m.
b) Calculate the resistance of a wire of the same material with a diameter of 1.0 mm and a length
as
of 1 km. 2 same

Re 3
de

+=
Rol
()
= =

+
2

(b) Rc

R2
=
= 21 a
= )
& A certain wire has a length of 10m and a resistance of 60Ω. Calculate the resistance of 20 m of
the wire.

= =
R2 = 120 -

& A certain wire has diameter of 0.20 mm and a resistance of 60Ω. Calculate the resistance of a
wire of the same material with a diameter of 0.40 mm.

= = R2 = 15 e

=
Ga = Ra
T
 Resistor Combinations :

series Parallel :

RI R2

Effective Resistance =
R, + R2
-
Effective resistance ,
R =

[ +
The effective resistance

be than The effective resistance

will greater
individual value s will be less than

individual value s
 Find the combined resistance for the following combinations

Example 1 :

Example3 :
2002

50235- >

com
7
432 -

# ENT -
-

1231 -
- -

2002

Example 2
: (200 +
280)" + 100 = 200 m

405

Example4

Ef
:

rig
-

-
-

--
l
300

(t
+
5 +

50)" = 12 .
02 -

(2 +
50s)" =
1202-
 Tricks
-
②
D >
-

Only 2 resistors in parallel >

-
Identical resistors in
parallel
5002 1305

B
[F]
T

[et -Lip o
E

pe
10002 of resisters .

Effective R =

Prodet 1
22501

=
=
333R