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Probability

The document provides an overview of probability, defining key terms such as sample space, event, and element, and includes examples of calculating probabilities using various scenarios like coin tossing and dice throwing. It explains basic properties of probability, additive laws, conditional probability, and independent events, along with illustrative examples for each concept. Additionally, it introduces Venn diagrams as a tool for visualizing relationships between sets.

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goyeejoshua13
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11 views25 pages

Probability

The document provides an overview of probability, defining key terms such as sample space, event, and element, and includes examples of calculating probabilities using various scenarios like coin tossing and dice throwing. It explains basic properties of probability, additive laws, conditional probability, and independent events, along with illustrative examples for each concept. Additionally, it introduces Venn diagrams as a tool for visualizing relationships between sets.

Uploaded by

goyeejoshua13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability

Probability
• It is use to describe the likelihood of an event to happen.
• It deals with events that occur by chance.
• It is used in gambling and insurance.

Total number of possible outcomes


𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐏 =
Total number of sample space

*Common Example is tossing a coin.


Definition of Terms
• Sample Space (S)
- the set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment

• Event
- a subset of a sample space.

• Element
- each outcome in a sample space

 Example: *Throwing a dice


Probability
• Example 1: Tossing a coin
When a coin is tossed, there are a two possible outcomes:
 Heads (H) or
 Tails (T)

*
We say that the probability of the coin landing H is ½.
And the probability of the coin landing T is ½.
Probability
• Example 2: Throwing a dice
When a single die is thrown, there are six possible outcomes
“1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6”

*The probability of any one of them is 1/6.


Example 3
• A card is drawn from an ordinary deck of card. Find these probalities.
a) Of getting a jack.
b) Of getting the 6 of clubs
c) Of getting a 3 or a diamond
d) Of getting a 3 or a 6.

Ans.
a) 4/52
b) 1/52
13 3 16
c) 52 + 52 = 52
d) 8/52
Basic Properties of Probability
1) The probability of any event E, P(E), must be between 0 and 1
inclusive. That is, 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
2) If an event is impossible, the probability of the event is 0.
3) If an event is a certainty, the probability of the event is 1.
Other Properties ofProbability
• Additive Laws of Probability
• Conditional Probability
• MULTIPLICATION THEOREM FOR CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
• Independent Events
Additive Laws of Probability
Addition Rule #1
• When two events A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability that
A or B will occur is
P A or B = P A + P(B)
Additive Laws of Probability
Example 4:
What is the probability of drawing a 4 or a 7 from a shuffled
deck of cards?

Ans. 8/52
Additive Laws of Probability
Example 5:
The corporate research and development centers for three local companies
have the following number of employees:
Company A 110
Company B 750
Company C 250
If a research employee is selected at random, find the probability that the
employee is employed at Company A or B.

Ans.
P(A or B) = 86/111
Additive Laws of Probability
Addition Rule #2
• If A and B are not mutually exclusive, the probability that A or B will
occur is
P A or B = P A + P B − P(A and B)
Additive Laws of Probability
Example 6:
The probability that Paula passes mathematics is 2 / 3 , and the
probability that she passes English is 4 / 9. If the probability of passing
both courses is 1 / 4, what is the probability that Paula will pass at least
one of these courses.

Ans. 31/36
Additive Laws of Probability
Example 7:
In a hospital unit there are 8 nurses and 5 physicians; 7 nurses
and 3 physicians are females. If a staff person is selected at random,
find the probability that the staff is a nurse or a male.

Ans.
P(N or M) = 8/13 + 3/13 – 1/13 = 10/13
Additive Laws of Probability
Rule for Complementary Events

ഥ =1−P E
P E or ഥ
P E =1−P E or ഥ =1
P E +P E
Additive Laws of Probability
Example 8:
If the probability that a person lives in an industrialized country
of the world is 1/5, find the probability that a person does not live in an
industrialized country.

Ans.
4/5
Additive Laws of Probability
Example 9:
If the probabilities that an automobile mechanic will service 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, or 8, or more cars on any given workday are, respectively, 0.12,
0.19, 0.28, 0.24, 0.10, and 0.07, what is the probability that he will
service at least 5 cars on his next day at work ?

Ans.
0.69
Additive Laws of Probability
4. If A, B, C... is a sequence of mutually exclusive events, then
P( A or B or C or…) = P(A) + P (B) + P(C)....
Additive Laws of Probability
Example 10:
If the probabilities are, respectively, 0.09, 0.15, 0.21, and 0.23
that a person purchasing a new automobile will choose the color green,
white, red, or blue, what is the probability that a given buyer will
purchase a new automobile that comes in one of those colors?

Ans.
0.68
Conditional Probability
- are calculated when we need to know the likelihood of event A
happening given that event B has already happened.
- they have a key-symbol (|) or (/)
Let A be an arbitrary event in a sample space S with P (E) > 0. The
probability that, an event A occurs once E has occurred or, in other
words, the conditional probability of A given E, written P (A / E), is
defined as follows:

Example: (Use Additive Law #1 example)


MULTIPLICATION THEOREM FOR
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
- If events A and B can both occur, then
P (A ∩ B) = P(A / B) · P (B)

since P (A ∩ B) = P (B ∩ A) , then

P (A ∩ B) = P (B /A ) · P (A) .

Example: (Use Additive Law #1 example)


INDEPENDENT EVENTS
- two events A and B are independent if and only if P(A / B) = P (A) and
P (B /A ) = P (B). So that,
P (A ∩ B) = P(A ) · P (B)
INDEPENDENT EVENTS
Example 11:
The probability that Gusion and Balmond still alive in 50 years of
age is 0.4 and 0.35 respectively. What is the probability that Gusion and
Balmond will be alive 50 years of age?

Ans.
0.14
Venn Diagram
- an illustration of the relationships between and among sets, groups of
objects that share something in common.
A

B C

General formula for 3 circles Venn:


n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A ∩ B) – n(B ∩ C) – n(C ∩ A) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
Venn Diagram
• Example:
• Certain group of people were asked what they like in a newspaper. Find their
total number if of those people there are:
41 people liked the headlines,
33 people like the editorials,
36 people like the sports coverage,
14 people like the headlines and the sports coverage,
9 people like the editorials and the sports, but not the headlines,
8 people like the headlines and the sports, but not the editorials,
12 people like the headlines and neither of the other two coverages
20 people didn’t like any of the coverage

*For class participation (seatwork)

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