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Bankers Safety Algorithm Assignment

The document discusses the Banker’s Algorithm and Safety Algorithm, which are used in operating systems to prevent deadlocks by managing resource allocation efficiently. It outlines the theoretical foundations, implementation details, and the pros and cons of these algorithms, highlighting their importance in ensuring system stability. Additionally, it briefly compares deadlock detection and recovery methods to avoidance strategies.

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29 views3 pages

Bankers Safety Algorithm Assignment

The document discusses the Banker’s Algorithm and Safety Algorithm, which are used in operating systems to prevent deadlocks by managing resource allocation efficiently. It outlines the theoretical foundations, implementation details, and the pros and cons of these algorithms, highlighting their importance in ensuring system stability. Additionally, it briefly compares deadlock detection and recovery methods to avoidance strategies.

Uploaded by

muneebsajjadgondal786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Banker’s Algorithm and Safety

Algorithm in Operating Systems


1. Introduction
In multiprogramming environments, managing system resources efficiently is critical to
ensure smooth execution of processes. However, improper allocation can lead to deadlocks,
where a group of processes are stuck waiting indefinitely. To avoid such scenarios,
operating systems employ algorithms like the Banker’s Algorithm and the Safety Algorithm.
These algorithms help in deciding whether granting a resource request can lead to a safe or
unsafe state of the system. This assignment explores the theoretical foundation,
implementation, benefits, and limitations of the Banker’s and Safety Algorithms in operating
systems.

2. Deadlock and the Need for Prevention


A deadlock is a situation where a group of processes is waiting for resources in a way that
none of them can proceed. Four necessary conditions for a deadlock to occur are:
1. Mutual Exclusion: Only one process can use a resource at a time.
2. Hold and Wait: A process holding a resource is waiting to acquire additional resources
held by other processes.
3. No Preemption: Resources cannot be forcibly taken from processes holding them.
4. Circular Wait: A closed chain of processes exists, each waiting for a resource held by the
next in the chain.

3. Banker’s Algorithm: Deadlock Avoidance


The Banker’s Algorithm, developed by Edsger Dijkstra, is a deadlock avoidance algorithm. It
is named so because it resembles a banker deciding whether or not to approve loan
requests based on available resources. The core idea is to simulate resource allocation for
pending requests and check whether a safe state can be maintained.

Assumptions:
- The number of processes and resource types are known.
- Each process must declare its maximum resource needs in advance.
- Resources can be allocated and deallocated dynamically.
- The system must determine whether granting a resource will still leave the system in a
safe state.
4. Data Structures Used
To implement the Banker’s Algorithm, the following data structures are used:
- Available[]: A vector indicating the number of available instances of each resource.
- Max[][]: A matrix defining the maximum demand of each process for every resource.
- Allocation[][]: Shows the number of resources of each type currently allocated to
processes.
- Need[][]: Calculated as Max[i][j] - Allocation[i][j], representing remaining needs of each
process.

5. The Safety Algorithm


The Safety Algorithm checks whether the system is in a safe state, meaning that there exists
at least one sequence in which all processes can complete without leading to deadlock.

Steps:
1. Initialize: Work = Available, Finish[i] = false for all processes
2. Find a process i such that Finish[i] == false and Need[i] <= Work
3. Simulate Completion: Work = Work + Allocation[i], Finish[i] = true
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all processes are finished or no such process is found
5. If all Finish[i] are true, the system is in a safe state; otherwise, unsafe.

6. How Banker’s Algorithm Works


Steps:
1. If Request[i] <= Need[i] and Request[i] <= Available, proceed
2. Pretend to allocate: Update Available, Allocation[i], and Need[i]
3. Run the Safety Algorithm to check if the system remains safe
4. If safe, proceed with allocation; if not, rollback.

7. Safe vs. Unsafe States


Safe State: The system can allocate resources in some order to all processes and avoid
deadlock.
Unsafe State: No safe sequence exists. A deadlock is possible, but not certain.

8. Pros and Cons of Banker’s Algorithm


Pros:
- Guarantees deadlock avoidance
- Ensures system stability and predictability

Cons:
- Requires knowing the maximum demand of all processes
- Not scalable for large systems
- Computationally expensive

9. Deadlock Detection and Recovery (Brief Comparison)


Unlike avoidance algorithms, deadlock detection allows the system to enter deadlock and
then recover. This involves:
- Resource Allocation Graphs
- Cycle Detection Algorithms
- Recovery methods such as process termination or rollback

10. Conclusion
The Banker’s and Safety Algorithms are foundational concepts in operating systems for
managing resources safely. By evaluating requests and simulating future allocations, these
algorithms prevent deadlocks before they happen. While not suitable for all environments,
they remain critical in systems where reliability is essential.

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