General Chemistry I

Lab Final Exam Review

1. Lab Safety, Chemical Hygiene, and Lab Techniques

Describe proper lab attire.

List several lab safety rules.

What is chemical hygiene? List some common chemical hygiene practices.

How should you handle glassware and ceramics?

Define meniscus and parallax error.

Describe how to read a graduated cylinder.

Describe how to determine the volume of an object by water displacement.

2. Measuring Mass and Volume, Calculating Density
Record the volume of liquid in each graduated cylinder to the correct number of
significant figures. The unit for all is milliliters.

What is the density of an object with a mass of 6.25 g and a volume of 2.90 cm 3?

The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm3. What is the volume of a 454-g sample of
aluminum?

What is the mass of a 35.0-cm3 sample of copper? (D = 8.96 g/cm3)

A cube of copper has a mass of 325 g. What is the length of the cube’s sides?
 A student is attempting to determine the density of a small rock. The rock has a
mass of 12.55 g. The student fills a graduated cylinder to 10.00 mL with water,
then carefully submerges the rock. The water level rises to 13.95 mL. What is the
density of the rock?

Which of the following should you use to precisely measure 21.00 mL of water?
Explain.
50-mL beaker
100-mL graduated cylinder
25-mL graduated cylinder

3. Atomic Coatings
Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when galvanized iron (zinc
coated) is placed in hydrochloric acid. What type of reaction is this?

What is galvanized iron? How does the galvanizing process protect the iron?

How was the mass of zinc coating the iron determined in this experiment?

Describe how to safely handle acid.

List some signs of a chemical reaction observed in this experiment.

Convert 457 pm to cm.

 A rectangular piece of galvanized iron has a length of 3.3 cm and a width of 3.2
cm. The initial mass of the sample is 3.28 g and the mass of the sample after
treatment with HCl is 3.08 g. Zinc has a density of 7.14 g/cm3 and the diameter of
a zinc atom is 268 pm.
Mass of zinc coating:

Volume of zinc coating:

Volume of zinc coating per side:

Thickness of zinc coating per side:

Number of layers of zinc atoms per side:

A student performing this experiment stopped the reaction by diluting with water
BEFORE all the zinc had reacted. How would this error affect the calculated
value of the number of layers of zinc atoms?

4. Forming and Naming Ionic Compounds

Draw a cation surrounded by four water molecules.

Draw an anion surrounded by four water molecules.

Write an equation showing how calcium chloride dissolves in water.

Write an equation showing how potassium carbonate dissolves in water.
 What is a precipitate?

Determine whether the following compounds are soluble or insoluble. Use

solubility rules.
KCl
Fe(NO3)3
Mg(OH)2
CuCO3
Na2SO4
Ag3PO4
AgNO3

When working with multiple bottles of reagents, how can you ensure that they
don’t become contaminated?

Draw a water molecule, showing its shape and indicating the partial charges.

Write the name and formula of the precipitate that will form when each of the
following pairs of solutions are combined.
lead(II) nitrate + potassium hydroxide

sodium carbonate + copper(II) sulfate

sodium chloride + silver nitrate

cobalt(II) nitrate + sodium phosphate

A student mixes two ionic solutions together and observes a precipitate even
though no precipitate is predicted. Give a possible reason for this.

5. Sugar Content in Beverages

Define solution, solvent, and solute.
 How is percent by mass of a sugar solution determined?

What is a calibration curve?

What was plotted on the x-axis of the calibration curve in this lab? On the y-axis?

Given the equation for the best-fit line of a calibration curve like the one
described above, how would you determine the percent sugar in a beverage?

List the steps for determining the density of a liquid.

What mass of sugar is needed to prepare 50.0 g of a 6% sugar solution?

What is the percent sugar in a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5 g of sugar in

38.5 g of water?

6. Separating a Mixture by Filtration

Define heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures.
 How can salicylic acid be dissolved in aqueous solution?

How does filtration separate the components of a mixture?

Define filtrate.

Use the data to perform the calculations:

Mass of Erlenmeyer flask: 30.03 g
Mass of Erlenmeyer flask + mixture: 30.54 g
Mass of filter paper 1: 1.21 g
Mass of filter paper 1 + iron oxide: 1.42 g
Mass of filter paper 2: 1.26 g
Mass of filter paper 2 + salicylic acid: 1.55 g

Original mass of iron oxide-salicylic acid mixture:

Mass of recovered iron oxide:

Mass of recovered salicylic acid:

Total mass of recovered solids:

Mass percent of iron oxide:

Mass percent of salicylic acid:

7. The Hydrogen Spectrum and the Bohr Model

Describe the Bohr model of the atom.

What happens to hydrogen’s electron when it absorbs energy?

 What happens to hydrogen’s electron when it moves from a higher energy level
to a lower energy level?

How many visible lines appear in hydrogen’s line emission spectrum?

What is the name of the series of spectral lines in which the electron drops from
higher energy levels to n=2? What kind of energy is emitted by these electron
transitions?

Calculate the wavelength of light, in nanometers, that would be produced when

hydrogen’s electron moves from n=6 to n=3.

8. Molecular Models
Summarize VSEPR theory.

For each of the following, give the expected molecular shape:

electron density regions: 3
bonded atoms: 2

electron density regions: 5

bonded atoms: 4

electron density regions: 6

bonded atoms: 4

electron density regions: 4

bonded atoms: 2

electron density regions: 5

bonded atoms: 3

For each of the following, draw a Lewis structure. Then give the electronic
geometry and molecular shape. Also note whether the molecule is polar or
nonpolar.
BrF3
CH3Br
BeCl2
BF3
H2S
PCl3
 PCl5
SF4
I3-
SF6
XeCl4
BrF5

9. Types of Chemical Reactions

Explain how to recognize each of the following types of reactions.
Synthesis -

Decomposition -

Single Replacement -

Double Replacement -
Combustion -

List several signs of a chemical reaction.

Classify each of the following as S, D, SR, DR, or C.

MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2

2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 → 2NaNO3 + PbCl2

2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

CuCO3 → CuO + CO2

2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

2Fe + 3CuCl2 → 3Cu + 2FeCl3

H2O + CO2 → H2CO3

C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O

Write balanced equations for each of the following:

Copper wire combines with oxygen.

Copper(II) carbonate decomposes when heated.

A piece of zinc is placed in hydrochloric acid.

 Hydrogen gas combines with oxygen.

A piece of zinc is placed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.

Solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide are mixed.

Methane burns in air.

10. Factors That Affect Reaction Rate

Summarize collision theory.

How does an increase in temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

How does an increase in the concentration of a reactant affect the rate of a

chemical reaction?

Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 mol of NaCl in

enough water to make 5.75 L of solution.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric
acid.
 What are two observations that indicate that the reaction described above is
complete?

11. Single Replacement Reactions and Metal Activity

Consider the single replacement reactions shown below:
3Mg + 2Fe(NO3)3 → 2Fe + 3Mg(NO3)2

What element is oxidized?

What element is reduced?

Write the net ionic equation.

Write the oxidation half reaction.

 Write the reduction half reaction.

2Al + 3Pb(NO3)2 → 3Pb + 2Al(NO3)3

What element is oxidized?

What element is reduced?

Write the net ionic equation.

Write the oxidation half reaction.

Write the reduction half reaction.

Refer to an activity series to predict whether or not a chemical reaction will take
place in each of the following instances. If yes, write the products and balance
the equation.
Cu + Fe(NO3)3 →

Mg + AgNO3 →

Al + Sn(NO3)2 →

Au + NaCl →

Fe + CuSO4 →

12. Leftover Aluminum Wire

Write a balanced equation for the reaction that takes place when aluminum wire
is placed into a solution of copper(II) chloride.

Define limiting reactant.

Define theoretical yield.

Briefly list the steps required to determine the limiting reactant in a chemical
reaction.

How is percent yield calculated?

How is percent error calculated?

Use the data below to perform the calculations.

Initial mass of CuCl2∙2H2O (g): 0.50 g
Initial mass of aluminum wire (g): 0.25 g
Mass of leftover aluminum wire (g): 0.20 g
Actual mass of aluminum reacted (g): 0.05 g
Mass of evaporating dish + copper (g): 52.66 g
Mass of evaporating dish (g): 52.48 g
Actual mass of recovered dry copper (g): 0.18 g

Determine moles of CuCl2∙2H2O.

Determine moles of aluminum that should react (theoretical).

Determine mass of aluminum that should react (theoretical).

Determine percent error for reacted aluminum.

Determine predicted mass of recovered copper (theoretical).

Determine percent error for recovered copper.

Determine percent yield for recovered copper.

What observations indicate that CuCl2 is the limiting reactant in this experiment?

What are some reasons that the percent yield of copper might be greater than
100%?

What are some reasons that the percent yield of copper might be less than
100%?
13. Determination of the Acetic Acid Concentration in Vinegar by Titration
What is vinegar?

Draw the structure of acetic acid and indicate the acidic proton.

What is titration?

Define titrant and analyte.

Write the balanced net ionic equation for the titration of acetic acid with sodium
hydroxide.

Define equivalence point, endpoint, indicator, and phenolphthalein.

Why does the pink color in the flask persist at the endpoint of the titration?
A student measures a sample of vinegar with a mass of 5.126 g. If the density of
vinegar is 1.005 g/mL, what is the volume of this sample?

The student adds a few drops of phenolphthalein to the vinegar, then titrates it to
a pink endpoint with 1.0 M NaOH. If the initial volume of NaOH in the syringe is
10.00 mL and the final volume of NaOH at the endpoint of the titration is 5.87 mL,
what is the volume of NaOH delivered to the flask?

Calculate the number of moles of NaOH delivered to the flask.

Calculate the number of moles of acetic acid in the vinegar sample.

Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the vinegar sample.

Calculate the molarity of acetic acid in the vinegar.

Calculate the percent mass of acetic acid in the vinegar.