COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-1
1a) Configure settings using BIOS/UEFI tools on a pc?
BIOS(basic input/output system)

BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to

start the computer system after it is powered on. It also manages data flow between the
computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard disk, video
adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.

The 4 functions of BIOS

BIOS identifies, configures, tests and connects computer hardware to the OS immediately
after a computer is turned on. The combination of these steps is called the boot process.

These tasks are each carried out by BIOS' four main functions:

1. Power-on self-test (POST). This tests the hardware of the computer before
loading the OS.
2. Bootstrap loader. This locates the OS.
3. Software/drivers. This locates the software and drivers that interface with
the OS once running.
4. Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) setup. This is a
configuration program that enables users to alter hardware and system
settings. CMOS is the name of BIOS' non-volatile memory.

How to Configure the BIOS Using the BIOS Setup Utility

The BIOS Setup Utility contains both read-only information and settings that can be
customised. Use this procedure to access the BIOS Setup Utility and customize settings.

1. Enter the BIOS Setup Utility by pressing the F2 key while the system is
performing the power-on self-test (POST).
The main BIOS Setup menu screen appears.
2. Use the following keyboard keys to navigate the BIOS Setup Utility:
3. Navigate to the item to be modified.
4. Press Enter to select the item.

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 5. Use the up or down arrow keys or the + or – keys to change a field.
6. When you are finished customising BIOS settings, navigate to the Exit screen.
7. Select one of the exit options and press Enter.

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1b) Identify different components of mother board ?

Motherboard

A motherboard is basically a printed circuit board (PCB) used to connect different parts of
a computer like the central processing unit, memory, hard drive, printer, mouse, keyboard,
graphics card, and other peripherals through physical slots and interface connectors.

Components of Motherboard

Some of the important components of the motherboard are defined below

1. Keyboard and mouse

There are mainly 2 types of mouse and keyboard connectors. The first connector is known
as PS/2 & the second connector is known as USB.
2. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
The USB port is used for connecting the computer system. In the computer system, there
are various types of devices that are connected with the USB port like keyboard, mouse,
camera, scanner, printers, and another device. The main use of a USB port is to connect
the peripheral devices and computer motherboards
3. Parallel port
The old printers that were used in the past used the parallel port to connect with the
computer system. In the parallel port, multiple wires are used to send or receive multiple
bits of the data in a single instance.
4. CPU chip

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The central processing unit is the processor that controls all the functions of the computer
system. For the computer system, the central processing unit is called the brain of the
computer system.
5. RAM slots
The RAM slots are used for connecting the RAM (memory) in the computer system.
6. Floppy Controller
The older motherboard chip contains a 34-pin type ribbon cable for connecting the
computer system with a floppy drive. In this ribbon cable, one end is directly connected
with the computer system and one end is connected with the motherboard.
7. IDE controller
The integrated drive electronics are also known as ATA or Parallel ATA. The IDE is the type
of component that is issued for hard drive control.
8. PCI slot
The full form of PCI is a peripheral component interface. The PCI slot is mainly used to
insert the expansion cards on the computer. The other PCI devices can also be connected
like a sound card, network card, video card, modems, and other devices.
9. ISA slot
Industry-standard architecture (ISA) is defined as standard architecture for expansion
buses. The ISA slot is issued for connecting input devices and modems.
10. CMOS Battery
The CMOS battery is used for storing the BIOS settings on the motherboard. The CMOS
battery is also capable of storing the time and data in it.

11. AGP slot

AGP (Accelerated Graphics slot) is a type of computer slot that is used for attaching the
video card to the system.
12. CPU slot
The CPU slot is a type of port that is used to connect the central processing unit to the
motherboard of the computer system.
13. Power supply slot
The power supply slot is used for providing the electric supply to the computer system so
that it can start and perform its functions. In the power supply type connector, there are
a total of 20-pins that are used to maintain the power supply to the computer system.

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1c) Analyze various RAM types, pc extensions cards and storage devices ?

What is RAM?

RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory, is a hardware device generally located on
the motherboard of a computer and acts as an internal memory of the CPU. It allows CPU
store data, program, and program results when you switch on the computer. It is the read
and write memory of a computer, which means the information can be written to it as well
as read from it.

Types of RAM:
Integrated RAM chips can be of two types:

1. Static RAM (SRAM) 2.Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Both types of RAM are volatile, as both lose their content when the power is turned off.
1) Static RAM:
● Static RAM (SRAM) is a type of random access memory that retains its state for
data bits or holds data as long as it receives the power. It is made up of memory
cells and is called a static RAM as it does not need to be refreshed on a regular
basis because it does not need the power to prevent leakage, unlike dynamic RAM.
So, it is faster than DRAM.

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2) Dynamic RAM:

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a type of semiconductor memory that is

typically used for the data or program code needed by a computer processor to function.
RAM is located close to a computer's processor and enables faster access to data than
storage media such as hard disk drives and solid-state drives.

Types of DRAM :
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) syncs memory speeds with CPU clock speeds, letting the
memory controller know the CPU clock cycle. This allows the CPU to perform more
instructions at a time.

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) was more widely used in the early 2000s for graphics cards.

Double-Data-Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)

Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) almost doubles the bandwidth in data rate of
SDRAM by using double pinning. This process allows for data to transfer on rising and
falling edges of a clock signal.

Fast Page Mode DRAM (FPM DRAM)

Fast Page Mode DRAM (FPM DRAM) gives higher performance than other DRAM types
through focusing on fast page access.

Extended data out DRAM (EDO DRAM)

Extended data out DRAM (EDO DRAM) improves the time to read from memory on
microprocessors, such as the Intel Pentium.

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 EXTENSION CARDS

An extension card is an electronic card/board that is used to add extra functionality to a

computer. It is inserted into an expansion slot on the motherboard of a computer.
Expansion cards contain edge connectors that are used to create an electronic link between
motherboard and card, thus enabling these two to communicate

Expansion cards are also known as add-on cards or interface cards.

Types Of Computer Expansion Cards:

1) GRAPHICS CARD

A graphics card (also called a video card, display card, graphics adapter, VGA card/VGA,
video adapter, display adapter, or mistakenly GPU) is an expansion card which generates
a feed of output images to a display device, such as a computer monitor.

2) SOUND CARD
A sound card is an expansion card or IC for producing sound on a computer that
can be heard through speakers or headphones.

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3) NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC)
A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component without which a computer cannot
be connected over a network. It is a circuit board installed in a computer that provides a
dedicated network connection to the computer. It is also called network interface
controller, network adapter or LAN adapter.

4) TV TUNER CARD
Want to turn your computer into a TV? Yes, we can. Install one of these TV tuner cards,
use their application, and that will enable the computer to tune into local TV channels.

A TV tuner card is a kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received
by a computer.

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 STORAGE DEVICES
A storage unit is a part of the computer system which is employed to store the information
and instructions to be processed. A storage device is an integral part of the computer
hardware which stores information/data to process the result of any computational work.
It can also store information/data both temporarily and permanently. Computer storage is
of two types:

● Primary Storage Devices: It is also known as internal memory and main

memory. This is a section of the CPU that holds program instructions, input
data, and intermediate results. It is generally smaller in size. RAM (Random
Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) are examples of primary
storage.

● Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary storage is a memory that is stored

external to the computer. It is mainly used for the permanent and long-term
storage of programs and data. Hard Disk, CD, DVD, Pen/Flash drive, SSD, etc,
are examples of secondary storage.

Storage Devices
1. Primary storage devices

(i) RAM: It stands for Random Access Memory. It is used to store information that is used
immediately or we can say that it is a temporary memory. With the help of RAM, computers
can perform multiple tasks like loading applications, browsing the web, editing a
spreadsheet, experiencing the newest game, etc. It ranges from 1GB – 32GB/64GB
depending upon the specifications. There are different types of RAM, although they all
serve the same purpose, the most common ones are :

● SRAM: It stands for Static Random Access Memory. It consists of circuits that
retain stored information as long as the power supply is on. It is also known as
volatile memory. It is used to build Cache memory.

● DRAM: It stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is used to store binary
bits in the form of electrical charges that are applied to capacitors. The access
time of DRAM is slower as compared to SRAM but it is cheaper than SRAM and
has a high packing density.

● SDRAM: It stands for Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is faster

than DRAM. It is widely used in computers and others.

● ROM: It stands for Read-Only Memory. The data written or stored in these devices
are non-volatile, i.e, once the data is stored in the memory cannot be modified or
deleted.

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 ● PROM: PROM is Programmable Read-Only Memory. These are ROMs that can be
programmed. A special PROM programmer is employed to enter the program on the
PROM. Once the chip has been programmed, information on the PROM can’t be
altered. PROM is non-volatile, that is data is not lost when power is switched off.

● EPROM: Another sort of memory is the Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.

It is possible to erase the info which has been previously stored on an EPROM and
write new data onto the chip.

2. Magnetic Storage Devices

(i) Floppy Disk: It is also known as a floppy diskette. It is generally used on a personal
computer to store data externally. A Floppy disk is made up of a plastic cartridge and
secured with a protective case.

(ii) Hard Disk: It is a storage device (HDD) that stores and retrieves data using magnetic
storage. It is a non-volatile storage device that can be modified or deleted a number of
times without any problem.

(iii) Magnetic Card: It is a card in which data is stored by modifying or rearranging the
magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles present on the band of the card. It is also
known as a swipe card. It is used like a passcode(to enter into a house or hotel room),
credit card, identity card, etc.

(iv) Tape Cassette: It is also known as a music cassette. It is a rectangular flat container
in which the data is stored in an analog magnetic tape. It is generally used to store audio
recordings.

(v) SuperDisk: It is also called LS-240 and LS-120. It is introduced by Imation

corporation and it is popular with OEM computers. It can store data up to 240 MB.

3. Flash memory Devices

It is a cheaper and portable storage device. It is the most commonly used device to store
data because it is more reliable and efficient as compare to other storage devices. Some
of the commonly used flash memory devices are:

(i) Pen Drive: It is also known as a USB flash drive that includes flash memory with an
integrated USB interface. These devices are very portable. It ranges from 1GB to 256GB
generally.

(ii) SSD: It stands for Solid State Drive, a mass storage device like HDDs. It is more
durable because it does not contain optical disks inside like hard disks. It needs less power
as compared to hard disks, is lightweight, and has 10x faster read and write speed as
compared to hard disks.

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(iii) SD Card: It is known as a Secure Digital Card. It is generally used with electronic
devices like phones, digital cameras, etc. to store larger data. It is portable and the size
of the SD card is also small so that it can easily fit into electronic devices.

(iv) Memory Card: It is generally used in digital cameras. printers, game consoles, etc.
It is also used to store large amounts of data and is available in different sizes. To run a
memory card on a computer you require a separate memory card reader.

(v) Multimedia Card: It is also known as MMC. It is an integrated circuit that is generally
used in-car radios, digital cameras, etc. It is an external device to store data/information.

4. Optical Storage Devices

Optical Storage Devices is also a secondary storage device. It is a removable storage

device. Following are some optical storage devices:

CD: It is known as Compact Disc. It contains tracks and sectors on its surface to
store data. It is made up of polycarbonate plastic and is circular in shape. CD can store
data up to 700MB. It is of two types.

● CD-R: It stands for Compact Disc read-only. In this type of CD, once the data
is written can not be erased. It is read-only.

● CD-RW: It stands for Compact Disc read Write. In this type of CD, you can
easily write or erase data multiple times.

● DVD: It is known as Digital Versatile Disc. DVDs are circular flat optical discs used
to store data. It comes in two different sizes one is 4.7GB single-layer discs and
another one is 8.5GB double-layer discs.

● Blu-ray Disc: It is just like CD and DVD but the storage capacity of blu ray is up
to 25GB. To run a Blu-ray disc you need a separate Blu-ray reader. This Blu-ray
technology is used to read a disc from a blue-violet laser due to which the
information is stored in greater density with a longer wavelength.

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

WEEK-2

2a) Identify various cpu’s, cooling methods and pc connections Interfaces ?

What is CPU (Central Processing Unit)

A Central Processing Unit, or CPU, is functionally the most important component of a
computer system. Without a CPU, any computer is more or less non-functional. It is
generally referred to as the ‘brain’ of the computer due to the vast number of functions it
performs.
Types of CPU
1. Single-core CPU
It is the oldest type of CPU which is available and employed in most of the personal and
official computers. The single-core CPU can execute only one command at a time and its
not efficient in multi-tasking.
2. Dual-core CPU
It is a single CPU that comprises of two strong cores and functions like dual CPU acting
like one. Unlike the CPU with a single core, the processor must switch back and forth within
a variable array of data streams and if or more thread is executed, the dual-core CPU
manages the multitasking effectively.
3. Quad-core CPU
The quad-core CPU is a refined model of multiple core CPU features and design with four
cores on a single CPU. It divides the workload in between the cores, and quad-core enables
for effective multitasking
4. Hexa Core processors
It is another multiple core processor which is available with six cores and can execute the
task which works rapidly than the quad-core and dual-core processors. Smartphones are
available with hexacore processors.
5. Octa-core processors
The octa processors are developed with eight independent cores to execute an effective
task that is efficient and even acts rapidly than quad-core processors. Trending octa-core
processors comprises of a dual set of quad-core processors that divides different activities
between the various types.
6. Deca-core processor

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Deca-core is available with ten independent systems that are deployed to execute and
manage the task that is successful than other processors that are developed until now. It
is faster than other processors and very successful in multi-tasking.

COOLING SYSTEMS
Computer cooling systems are active or passive cooling systems designed to dissipate
excessive heat generated through a Pc. Proper and regular heat dissipation from the
systems ensures efficiency and effectiveness while working. This also maintains an optimal
performance that ensures the system stays protected against any damage and works for
a longer time span.
1) FANS
Fans, unlike heat sinks, form an active cooling system. They use energy to run, thus
enabling the air to circulate. They work on pushing air out of your PCs and laptops through
their casing. Fans are used with heat sinks in a computer system wherein a heat sink is
first placed on top of it, after which the fan is piled on.
2) HEAT SINKS
Heat sinks can be applied with multiple components inside the system. Their function is to
dissipate the heat from the element they have been fixed to.
3) LIQUID COOLING
Working on the same concept as the IC Engines(internal combustions engines), liquid
cooling systems have recently been introduced with advanced technology. The most
commonly used liquid for cooling purposes is distilled water. This form of computer
cooling solution is the best out of all other types for efficient cooling.

INTERFACE
A hardware interface is used to connect two or more electronic devices together. For
example, a printer typically connects to a computer via a USB interface. Therefore, the
USB port on the computer is considered the hardware interface. The printer itself also has
a USB interface, which is where the other end of the USB cable connects Ethernet
connections are commonly used for networking, which is why most cable modems and
routers have an Ethernet interface

Connection Types:

Serial: The serial cable is accountable of transferring the data between the two devices
with the help of some serial communication protocol.

VGA: Video graphic accelerator connectors are normally the ones we see at the back of
the computer. They can carry both the audio and the video signals through the cables.

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HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a proprietary audio/video interface
for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio
data from an HDMI-compliant source device, such as a display controller, to a compatible
computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device

Audio: The audio cable is very normal and is used frequently by everyone. They are like
the cable we plug in the computers and that wire is connected to the headset.

RJ-45: RJ 45 is very standardized cable and mostly it is seen in the edged of the Ethernet
cable. It is in somehow, a square shape.

DVI: The digital visual interface is the name of this connector. It has two types which can
support the analogue and digital media transfer.

RJ-11: RJ 11 is a bit different from the RJ 45. It is smaller and is used in the phone
connectors. It contains around 4-6 wires in it.

2b) Identification of various power supply, display devices and common pc

connectors ?

Power supply:

Power supply or PSU (power supply unit) is a hardware component of a computer that
supplies all other components with power. The power supply converts a 110-115 or 220-
230 volt AC (alternating current) into a steady low-voltage DC (direct current) usable by
the computer and rated by the number of watts it generates. The image shows an Antec
True 330, a 330 Watt power supply.

There are 3 types of power supply in common use:

● AT Power Supply - used in very old PCs.

● ATX Power Supply - still used in some PCs.

● ATX-2 Power Supply - commonly in use today.

Display devices in computer:

The display device is an output device used to represent the information in the form of
images (visual form). Display systems are mostly called a video monitor or Video

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display unit (VDU).Display devices are designed to model, display, view, or display
information. The purpose of display technology is to simplify information sharing.

There are some display devices given below:

1. Cathode-Ray Tube(CRT)

2. Color CRT Monitor

3. Liquid crystal display(LCD)

4. Light Emitting Diode(LED)

5. Direct View Storage Tubes(DVST)

6. Plasma Display

7. 3D Display
Common PC connectors:

1) VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY (VGA)

This is one of the older display connectors, also called an “analog video connector”. This
used to be everywhere in desktops and laptops.

2) DIGITAL VISUAL INTERFACE (DVI)

Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video display interface used to connect a video source,
such as a video display controller, to a display device, such as a computer monitor. It was
developed with the intention of creating an industry standard for the transfer of digital
video content.

3) HIGH DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE (HDMI)

● HDMI Type A: The full-sized HDMI, is used on desktops and some

laptops.

● Mini HDMI Type C: For the smaller tablets and ultra books.

● Micro HDMI Type D: For mobile devices.

4) DISPLAY PORT
DisplayPort (DP) is a digital display interface used to connect a video source to a display
device such as a computer monitor. It can also carry audio, USB, and other forms of data

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2c) Install and configure common peripheral devices and SOHO multi-function
devices .
Peripheral Settings
The peripheral settings refers to peripheral device settings. These are those devices that
are connected to a product to add functionalities. The peripheral device in POS can be
Barcode Scanner, Barcode Printer, Pole Display, Weight Scale, Barcode Data Mapping, etc.

Steps for Peripheral Settings

1. Click Tools > Configuration Manager > Device Settings.

2. The Device Configuration screen is displayed.

1. Click Peripheral Settings.

2. The Peripheral Settings screen is displayed.

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The Peripheral Settings comprises of
• Barcode Scanner
• Barcode Printer
• Pole Display
• Weighing Scale

SOHO multifunctional device:

• SOHO is the acronym of Small Offices/Home Offices
• The basic characteristics of SOHO is that it is small in both the size of the office
space and the number of employees.
• The SOHO network allows computers in a home office or a remote office to connect
to a corporate network, or access centralized, shared resources.
• A SOHO network can be a mixed network of wired and wireless computers.
• Since these networks are meant for businesses, they may also include printers and
sometimes voice over IP (VoIP) and fax over IP technology.
• Other devices include Barcode scanners , printers etc.

How to install multifunctional devices and SOHO networks:

Step 1: Configuration.
The foremost step in setting up the SOHO multifunction devices and network is to ensure
that appropriate drivers are installed in order to guarantee the devices’ smooth and
optimum function.

Step 2: Device sharing

The second most important feature is sharing, which enables the sharing of documents
between businesses, employees, etc.
Wired
● USB
● Serial
● Ethernet
Wireless
● Bluetooth
● 802.11 (a, b, g, n, a, c)
● Infrastructure vs ad-hoc
Integrated print server (hardware)
● Cloud printing/remote printing

Step 3: Managing public network

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Sharing local/networked device via Operating System settings
● Data privacy
● User authentication on the device
● Hard drive caching

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-3

3.a)Identify various types of network cables and connectors and characteristics

AIM
To identify various network cables and to study the specifications, standards, and
features of these cables

DESCRIPTION
There are three major types of network cables namely coaxial, twisted pair and fibre optic
cable.

Coaxial Cable
This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the
braiding, braiding covers the insulation, and the insulation covers the conductor.

Sheath
• This is the outer layer of the coaxial cable.
• It protects the cable from physical damage.

Braided-shield
• This shield protects signals from external interference and noise.
• This shield is built from the same metal that is used to build the core.

Insulation

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 • Insulation protects the core.
• It also keeps the core separate from the braided-shield.
• Since both the core and the braided-shield use the same metal, without this layer,
there will be a short- circuit in the wire. Insulation thereby avoids any chances of
short circuiting.

Conductor
• The conductor carries electromagnetic signals.

Based on conductor a coaxial cable can be categorized into two types;

o Single-core coaxial cable.
o Multi-core coaxial cable.

A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor, while
a multi-core coaxial cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires of cable.

Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted pair cables are form of guided media. They have two conductors that are generally
made up of copper and each conductor has insulation. These two conductors are twisted
together, thus giving the name twisted pair cables. These conductors are twisted together
forming a twisted pair cable.

Twisted pair cables come in two variants

• Shielded Twisted Pair
• Unshielded Twisted Pair

Shielded Twisted Pair

In the STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an additional
metal shield, which are then wrapped together with a single outer plastic sheath.

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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
This is the most popular form of cables in the network which are usually employed
in manufacturing ethernet cables. The UTP has four pairs of wires, all inside plastic
sheath

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective
materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of
electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large
amount of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks
between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting. Fiber optic
cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and
twisted pair cables.

Straight through and Crossover Cable

A straight through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in local area networks
to connect a computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also
sometimes called a patch cable. On a straight through cable, the wired pins match. Straight
through cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiring standard or both ends
use T568B wiring standard.

A crossover Ethernet cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices
together directly. Unlike straight through cable, the RJ45 crossover cable uses two
different wiring standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end
uses the T568B wiring standard. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same
type: e.g. two computers (via network interface controller) or two switches to each other.

Use straight through Ethernet cable for the following cabling:

• Switch to router
• Switch to PC or server
• Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

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 • Switch to switch
• Switch to hub
• Hub to hub
• Router to router
• Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
• PC to PC

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Result
Thus the specifications, standards, and features of various network cables were
identified and analysed successfully.

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-3

3.b) Implement the following characteristics of TCP/IP

i)IPV4 and IPV6 ii)Client side DNS Settings

AIM
To configure IPv4 and IPv6 address settings in the network

DESCRIPTION

IPv4 CONFIGURATION

TOPOLOGY

ADDRESSING TABLE

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Configure the PCs
Configure PC1 and PC2 with IP addresses.
a. Click PC1, and then click the Desktop tab.
b. Click IP Configuration. As give in the Addressing Table above, configure the IP
address for PC1 is 192.168.1.1 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Enter this
information for PC1 in the IP Configuration window.

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 c. Click PC2, and then click the Desktop tab.
d. Click IP Configuration. As give in the Addressing Table above, configure the IP
address for PC1 is 192.168.1.2 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Enter this
information for PC1 in the IP Configuration window.

Step 2: Test connectivity between switches.

a. Click PC1. Close the IP Configuration window if it is still open. In the Desktop tab, click
Command Prompt.
b. Type the ping command and the IP address for S1, and press Enter.

Packet Tracer PC Command Line 1.0

PC> ping 192.168.1.253

Step 3: Verify network connectivity.

Network connectivity can be verified using the ping command. It is very important that
connectivity exists throughout the network. Corrective action must be taken if there is a
failure. Ping S1’s and S2's IP address from PC1 and PC2.
a. Click PC1, and then click the Desktop tab.
b. Click Command Prompt.
c. Ping the IP address for PC2.
d. Ping the IP address for S1.
e. Ping the IP address for S2

Result
Thus the IPv4 settings were configured in the network and data transfer was
successful.

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3. b).ii) Client side DNS Settings
AIM
To implement DNS settings of TCP/IP in the network
PROCEDURE
Step 1: In Cisco Packet Tracer, Create a topology by dragging and dropping a PC & Server
from end systems and a switch from network devices panel.
Step 2: Connect the PC to Switch and Server to Switch using Copper Straight cable from
Connections panel.

Step 3: Configure the Server settings

Step 3.1: From the Services dialog box of the Server, Click on the HTTP tab
Step 3.2: Turn the HTTP Port Status to ON
Step 3.3: Customize the webpage using the edit option of index.html in file
manager panel and save the updates.
Step 3.4: Click on the DNS tab from the Services dialog box.
Step 3.5: Turn the DNS Server status to ON. Customize a name for the website and
configure an IP address for the server. Click Add. Once done, the DNS Server will
appear in the dialog box below. Save the settings
Step 3.6 : Configure the IP Address of the Server by PC > Desktop > IP
Configuration> IP Address and DNS Server address
Step 4: Configure the PC settings
Step 4.1 : Configure the IP address for the PC and map the DNS sever address.
Step 5 : To access the webpage, PC > Desktop > Web Browser. Provide the DNS Sever
address in the url link of the dialog box that appears. The webpage appears.

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 .

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RESULT
Thus the client side DNS settings were successfully implemented.

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-4

4.a) Identify following TCP and UDP Ports

i)21-FTP ii)443-HTTPS iii)80-HTTP iv)Telnet

i)21-FTP
AIM
To configure FTP protocol in the network

TOPOLOGY

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Configure the End Devices.
Configure the end devices PC0,PC1 and Laptop0 with the following configuration.
HOST NAME NETWORK ID SUBNET MASK DEFAULT GATEWAY
Server0 21.21.21.1 21.21.21.1
PC0 21.21.21.2 21.21.21.1
PC1 21.21.21.3 21.21.21.1
Laptop0 21.21.21.4 21.21.21.1

Step 2: Configure FTP Services on the Server

a. Click Server > Services >
b. Turn on the FTP Service
c. Create a user profile by providing a Username and Password for the service
d. Provide access privileges like Read ,Write, Delete etc to the service profile by
clicking on them.
e. Click Add button and the profile will be added.

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Step 3: Verify FTP connectivity.
a. Click PC1, and then click the Desktop tab.
b. Click Command Prompt.
c. Enter the following command ftp 21.21.21.1 and click enter
d. Enter the username and password of the ftp profile
e. FTP server is connected

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Step 4: Verify FTP file transfer.
a. To test file transfer, Create a text file using text editor.
b. Upload the file by using the command put filename.txt and the file will be
uploaded successfully
c. In the Command prompt, on entering “dir” command, the recently created file
will be displayed
d. To download the file, get filename.txt command will read the contents of
file.

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Result
Thus, FTP protocol was configured successfully.

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ii) iii) 80-HTTP and 443-HTTPS
AIM
To configure HTTP and HTTPS protocol in the network

TOPOLOGY

PROCEDURE
1. Create a network by deploying a PC and a Server. Connect them with a switch
2. Configure IP address for both server and client
3. Make sure to Turn ON the HTTP and HTTPS Server by Clicking the Services Tab of
the Server.
4. Customize the webpage by editing the “index.html” file available in the HTTP
Services Tab
5. In the PC> Desktop>Web Browser, ping the IP Address of the Server to display the
webpage.

RESULT
Thus the HTTP and HTTPS Server are deployed and configured successfully.

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iv)Telnet

AIM
To configure TELNET service in the network

DESCRIPTION
Telecommunication Network. Telnet is used to connect to the remote device using
the command line interface.

TOPOLOGY

PROCEDURE
1. Set PC0, IP address to 192.168.1.2/24
2. Set interface fast Ethernet 0/0 IP address to 192.168.1.1/24
3. Set privileged mode password to Cisco
4. Enable telnet lines on router
5. Test telnet connection via your PC

CONFIGURATION COMMANDS
Step 1
Click on pc0 > click on desktop tab > click on ip configuration > set ip address
Step 2
Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Step 3
R1(config)#enable password cisco.
Step 4
Router(config)#line vty 0 15
Router(config-line)#password cisco
Router(config-line)#login
Step 5
Click on pc0 > click on command prompt > type telnet 192.168.1.1 > type privileged
mode password.

RESULT
Thus the TELNET protocol was successfully implemented.

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4.b. Analyze the following TCP and UDP protocols
i)SMD ii)SNMP iii)DHCP

AIM
To implement SMD, SNMP and DHCP protocols in the network.

TOPOLOGY

PROCEDURE:
1. Create a network by deploying two pc’s, one switch and one router.
2. Connect them by using a copper straight cable.
3. Configure IP address for the router as 10.10.10.1.and ensure that the router
port status is ON
4. Assign the IP address and default gateway for PC0 as 10.10.10.2, and
10.10.10.1
5. Similarly assign the IP address and default gateway for PC1 as 10.10.10.3,
and 10.10.10.1 respectively
6. To configure SNMP server, Click on the Router >CLI, give the command
snmp-server community nsm ro and press enter.
Note: nsm is the password
ro refers to read only community.
rw refers to read write community.
snmp-server community nsm rw
7. Click PC>Desktop>MIB Browser> IP Address > Select Advanced Button
8. In the dialog box, specify the read and write community password i.e “nsm”
9. Expand the MIB Tree in the left column to system and select .sysName
10. Select “Get” operation in the right pane and click GO button.
11. The router record appears.

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.

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 DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL

TOPOLOGY

PROCEDURE
1. Build the network topology
2. Configure IP Address for the router as 192.168.1.1 and Subnet 255.255.255.0
3. Configure DHCP server on the Router. In the server we will define a DHCP pool of
IP addresses to be assigned to hosts, a Default gateway for the LAN and a DNS
Server.
Router(config)#
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool MY_LAN
Router(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.1.1
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.1.10
4. Add ip dhcp excluded-address command to our configuration so as to configure the
router to exclude addresses 192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.10 when assigning
addresses to clients. The ip dhcp excluded-address command may be used to
reserve addresses that are statically assigned to key hosts.
Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.10
5. Now go to every PC and on their IP configuration tabs, enable DHCP. Every PC
should be able to obtain an IP address, default gateway and DNS server

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 0

RESULT
Thus the SMD, DHCP Server were deployed and configured successfully.

AKSHAYA V , Assistant Professor , Dept of CSE Page 43

 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-5

5.A. Configure the following network types

i) LAN ii) WAN iii) WLAN

AIM
To configure local area, wide area and wireless lan network.

DESCRIPTION
ADDRESSING TABLE
HOST NAME NETWORK ID SUBNET MASK DEFAULT GATEWAY
PC0 11.11.11.1 255.0.0.0
PC1 11.11.11.2 255.0.0.0
PC2 11.11.11.3 255.0.0.0
LAPTOP0 11.11.11.4 255.0.0.0
LAPTOP1 11.11.11.5 255.0.0.0
LAPTOP2 11.11.11.6 255.0.0.0
SWITCH0

TOPOLOGY

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PROCEDURE
1. Deploy PC0,PC1,PC2,Laptop0,Laptop1 and laptop2
2. Form a network by connecting all these end devices with a switch using copper
straight cable.
3. Configure IP addresses for all the end devices as given in IP address table
4. Click on the end device.Open Desktop tab> Command Prompt
5. Send messages among end devices and check for successful data transmission
using ping command.
Syntax : ping DestinationIPaddress
ping 11.11.11.3

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 WAN NETWORK
ADDRESS TABLE
HOST NAME NETWORK ID SUBNET MASK DEFAULT GATEWAY
PC0 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0 10.10.10.3
PC1 10.10.10.2 255.0.0.0 10.10.10.3
LAPTOP0 11.11.11.1 255.0.0.0 11.11.11.3
LAPTOP1 11.11.11.2 255.0.0.0 11.11.11.3
ROUTER 0/0 : 10.10.10.3
0/1 : 11.11.11.3

TOPOLOGY:

PROCEDURE

1. Configure Network A with PC0,PC1 with Switch with IP address 10.10.10.1,

10.10.10.2 and default gateway with 10.10.10.3 respectively
2. Configure Network B with Laptop0 and Laptop1 with Switch with IP address
11.11.11.1, 11.11.11.2 and default gateway with 11.11.11.3
3. Connect Network A and Network B with a router and specify IP address for both
the ports as 10.10.10.3 and 11.11.11.3 respectively
4. Ping PC0 from Network A and PC2 from Network B

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 WAN NETWORK

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 WIRELESS LAN

TOPOLOGY

ADDRESS TABLE
HOST NAME NETWORK ID SUBNET MASK DEFAULT GATEWAY
LAPTOP0 192.168.0.2 255.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
LAPTOP1 192.168.0.3 255.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
LAPTOP2 192.168.0.4 255.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
WRT300N 192.168.0.1

PROCEDURE
1. Create a wireless network with 3 laptops and a wireless router.
2. Configure IP address for the devices as given in the IP address table
3. Deploy wireless receiver in the laptop,
a. Click on the Physical Tab
b. Switch off the laptop
c. Remove the console module
d. Choose WPC300 from left pane and place in the tab
e. Switch on the Laptop
4. Wireless Router Configuration:
o Router > GUI Tab> Basic Setup> Disable DHCP Configuration
o Provide a Network Name for the router by choosing Router > GUI
Tab>Wireless Security > Basic Wireless Settings > Network Name
o Set a security key for the router by choosing Router > GUI Tab>Wireless
Security >Wireless Security > Security Mode : WPA Personal and
enter the secret key in Passphrase
5. Wireless Connectivity can be setup by
Laptop > Desktop > PC Wireless > Connect > Choose the Network Name
In the Profile Tab, Enter the passcode and click connect button to ensure wireless
Connectivity
6. Ping message and ensure proper data transmission

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Result
Thus local area, wide area and wireless lan networks were deployed and configured
successfully.

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5.b. Configure network architecture using the following
i) HUB ii) Switch iii) Router

AIM
To configure network devices such as hub, switch and router in the network.
DESCRIPTION
• Hub
A hub is a basically multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires
coming from different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which
connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices.

• Switch
A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency and performance. A switch is a data link layer device. The switch can
perform error checking before forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it
does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets selectively to
the correct port only.

• Routers
A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect
LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which
they make decisions on routing the data packets.
ADDRESSING TABLE
HOST NAME NETWORK ID SUBNET MASK DEFAULT GATEWAY
PC0 10.10.10.1 255.0.0.0 10.10.10.21
PC1 10.10.10.2 255.0.0.0 10.10.10.21
LAPTOP0 10.10.10.3 255.0.0.0 10.10.10.21
PC2 11.11.11.1 255.0.0.0 11.11.11.21
ROUTER 0/0 : 10.10.10.21
0/1 : 11.11.11.21
TOPOLOGY

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PROCEDURE
1.Configure Network A with PC0,PC1,Laptop0 with Switch with IP address 10.10.10.1,
10.10.10.2, 10.10.10.3 and default gateway with 10.10.10.21
2.Configure Network B with PC02 with Switch with IP address 11.11.11.1 and default
gateway with 11.11.11.21
3.Connect Network A and Network B with a router
4.Ping PC0 from Network A and PC2 from Network B

Result
Thus different network devices hub, switch and router has been configured
successfully.

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-6

6. Installation of Windows Operating System

AIM
To install windows operating system.

PROCEDURE

Step 1: Connect a blank USB flash drive or insert a blank writable DVD.
Step 2: Make sure you have a product key
Step 3: Click Download tool now.
Step 4 : Double-click the downloaded file. Its name begins with "MediaCreationTool" and
ends with ".exe. Click Yes when prompted to allow the installer to run.
Step 5 : Click Accept to accept the license.
Step 6: Select "Create installation media" and click OK.
Step 7 : Select your preferences and click Next
Step 8 : Choose an installation type and click Next.
Step 9: Create your installation media.
Step 10: Connect your Windows 10 installation media.
Step 11: Boot the PC into the BIOS.
Windows 8.1 or 10: From Windows, open Settings, select Update & Recovery
or Update & Security, and go to Recovery > Restart now > Troubleshoot >
Advanced Options > UEFI Firmware Settings > Restart.
Step 12 : Go to the Boot tab/ Boot Order
Step 13: Select a device from which to boot. You have a couple of options here:
• For a USB flash drive, select the Removable Devices option.
• For a disc installation, select the CD-ROM Drive or Optical
Drive option.
Step 14 : Save your settings and restart the computer.
Step 15: Click Install Now.
Step 16: Select Language Preferences and click Next
Step 17 : Select appropriate instructions to finish setup
Step 18 : Enter your Windows 10 key, then click Next.

RESULT
Thus the windows operating system was installed successfully.

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-7

7. Installation of Application and Device Drivers management

AIM
To install device drivers in the windows operating system.

DESCRIPTION
A device driver is an essential piece of code that allows Windows 10 to detect and interact
with a specific piece of hardware (graphics card, hard drive, or network adapter), as well
as peripherals.

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Click the Start button and then click Control Panel.

Step 2: In the Control Panel window, click Hardware and Sound

Step 3: In the Devices a Printers window, under Hardware and Sound, click Device
Manager.
The device manager can also be accessed on your keyboard, press the Windows logo
key and R at the same time to invoke the Run box. Type devmgmt.msc in the run box
and click the OK button to open Device Manager

Step 4 :In the Device Manager window, click to select the device for which you would
like to find drivers.In Device Manager, right-click on the device name and click Update
driver

Step 5: Select Browse my computer for drivers

Step 6: Select the location where the driver update is available

Step 7: Driver installation takes place. The device drivers are installed successfully.

RESULT
Thus the device drivers were successfully installed.

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 COURSE HAND OUT
Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-8
8. a) Study the common problems related to the following
i) Mother Board ii) CPU iii) RAM iv) Power
AIM
To study the common issues related to Motherboard, CPU , RAM and Power
MOTHER BOARD
PROBLEMS PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
1. Incorrect time display on The CMOS battery may be loose. Secure the battery.
windows rebooting

2. The system displays the The CPU settings are not correct in Set the advanced BIOS
incorrect CPU information on the advanced BIOS settings. settings correctly for the
booting. CPU.
3. User can hear fans spinning POST procedure is not executing Fault cabling, damaged or
but the computer does not start misseated CPU, or other
and there are no beeps from the motherboard component
speaker.
4. The hard drive LED on the The hard drive LED cable is Correctly orient the hard
front of the computer does not incorrectly oriented to the front case drive LED cable to the front
light. panel connections case panel connection and
reconnect

CPU
PROBLEMS PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTONS

1.The computer does not boot or 1.The CPU has overhead. . Reinstall the CPU.
it locks up. . Replace the CPU fan.
2.The CPU has failed. . Add fan(s) to the case.

2.The CPU fan is making an The CPU fan is failing Replace the CPU fan.
unusual noise.

3.The computer reboots without 1.The front-side bus is set too 1.Reset to the factory default
warning, locks up, or displays high. settings for the other board.
error messages. Lower the front-side bus
settings.

2.The CPU multiplier is set too 2. Lower the multiplier settings.

high.

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 RAM
PROBLEMS PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
1. The computer does not The RAM that has been added might Install the correct type of
recognize the newly inserted not be the same type of RAM that was RAM.
RAM. already installed.
2. The Blue Screen of Death The computer shows a blue screen at Faulty RAM. The best way
random and then shuts down. out is to buy a spare RAM
and test if that resolves the
problem.
3. Frequently Used Files Get The frequently accessed files get Replacing the faulty RAM
Corrupted corrupted because the file structure chip should solve the
slowly degenerates due to faulty RAM problem.
chips.
4. Unable to Install New While trying to install new programs Replace Faulty RAM
Programs that were installed flawlessly on
another machine, but they are giving
out error messages on your computer.
This may be because of a computer
memory fault. This can also occur when
you try to install a new OS.
POWER
PROBLEMS PROBABLE CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

1. The computer will not turn on. 1.The power button is not 1.Correctly orient the power
connected correctly to the button to the front case panel
front Panel connector. connector and reconnect.

2.Plug the computer into a

2.The AC outlet is faulty. known good AC outlet.

3.Use a known good power

3. The power cord is faulty. cord.

4.Turn on the power supply

4.The power supply switch is switch.
not turned on
5.Install a known good power
5.The power supply has supply.
failed.

2.The computer reboots but turns The power supply is starting Replace the power supply.
off unexpectedly; or there is smoke to fail.
or the smell of burning electronics.

RESULT
The issues related to Motherboard, CPU, Ram and power were analysed.

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 Week-8B

8.B. Troubleshoot the following failures

i) Read/Write Failure ii) Slow Performance iii) Failure to boot

AIM
To analyse and troubleshoot read/write, performance and boot failure issues.

DESCRIPTION:
i) Read/Write Failure
CAUSES:
1. Misaligned fitting
2. Faulty memory card reader
3. Incompatible/outdated device driver
4. Write protected data
SOLUTIONS
1. Connect memory card to other device and check if it is functioning properly
2. Check memory card reader
3. Test the device driver
4. Unlock write protected switch
5. Disable read-only status via “diskpart”

ii) Slow Performance

CAUSES
1. Too many data
2. Less resources
3. Corrupted or fragmented hard drive

SOLUTIONS
1. Remove unnecessary programs
2. Delete temporary files
3. Defragment hard disk drive

iii) Failure to boot

CAUSES
• Hardware issues
• Software Issues

SOLUTIONS

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Hardware Issues
1.Check the power cords on the computer and monitor. Also inspect the cord for damage.
2.Check the seating on each end of the video signal cable as well as the monitor's power
button.
3.Listen for beeps during the boot process. Preset audible error signals are programmed
into the motherboard's BIOS chip. These beeps indicate a variety of issues on the
motherboard. Check your computer's documentation or the BIOS manufacturer's website
for information on decoding these beeps.
4.Watch the monitor for any error messages. If the computer doesn't beep or stop during
the POST, the most frequent error messages are “Hard drive not found” or “Non-system
disk or disk error.”
Software Issues
1. Update BIOS Settings and upgrade operating system.

RESULT
Thus possible causes for read/write, performance and boot failure issues were
analysed and troubleshooting techniques were implemented.

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-9

9. Trouble Shoot the following symptoms of Video, projector and display issues
i) VGA Mode ii) No Image of Screen iii) Dead Pixels iv) Color patterns

VGA MODE:
PROBLEMS:
1. Flickering of screen Inaccurate color reproduction. Blackout display suddenly. No
signal from the source to display.

CAUSES:
1. Faulty VGA cable.

SOLUTIONS:
1. Check whether the VGA connector fits in perfectly to its port.
2. Make sure your VGA connector is not damaged. If possible, replace the connector.
3. Press F8 for about 7-10 seconds after the Post screen appears on the computer’s
start-up screen.

NO IMAGE OF SCREEN:
CAUSES:
1. A problem with the display, or if it indicates a problem starting the
computer.

SOLUTION:
1. Download and install the latest BIOS, graphics driver, and CPU chipset.
2. Press F8 during the start-up process, and use VGA mode to use a basic mode
configuration that nearly any monitor will be able to display.

DEAD PIXELS:
CAUSES:
1. Smudge or dust
2. Manufacturing/Quality issue
3. Overheating
4. Damaged LCD

SOLUTIONS:
1. Remove the top cover
2. Disassemble the main circuit
3. Take out the DMD chip assembly
4. Clean or replace the DMD chip

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COLOR PATTERNS:
CAUSES:
1. Due to outdated drivers such as BIOS, video card (GPU), chipset, and monitor
driver, faulty video cable, and outdated operating system updates.

SOLUTION:
1. Restart your computer.
2. Check Cable Pins, especially if it is missing a color.

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 COURSE HAND OUT

Course Title : Computer Hardware and System Essentials

Week-10

10. Trouble shoot the following issues of wired, wireless and mobile devices
i) No Connectivity ii) IP conflict iii) Ghost Cursor iv) Sticking Keys

i) No Connectivity

Causes:
1. Network Performance Issues
2. Bandwidth and Traffic Issues
3. Configuration Issues
4. IP Address Conflicts
Solutions:
1. Check network range and bandwidth.
2. Ensure the device drivers are updated.
3. Check DHCP Server, conflicting MAC address and resolve it.

ii) IP conflict
IP address conflicts can happen when two devices in your network have the same IP
address. As a result, the devices become disabled or disconnected from the system.
Solutions:
Step 1: Check for Conflicts in Your DHCP Server
Step 2: Check for Duplicate IP Addresses
Step 3: Identify Conflicting MAC Addresses
Step 4: Locate the Switch Ports of Your Conflicting Devices and ensure there are no
mismatch.

iii) Ghost Cursor

Mouse cursor ghosting issue is likely to occur in 60Hz displays. Mouse cursor ghosting can
be explained as lagging in mouse cursor while a light version of cursor termed as ghosts
runs along with real pointer.
Solutions:
1. Display Pointer Trails Option
2. Disconnecting Second Display
3. Change Power Management Settings.

iv) Sticking Keys

1. Check keyboard connection
2. Check for possible viruses and remove the virus. Run through an anti virus
software
3. Update or Install the correct keyboard driver
4. Clean the keyboard thoroughly.

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