HANOIKIDS VOLUNTARY ENGLISH TOUR GUIDING CLUB

TRAINING DEPARTMENT
COMPACT INFORMATION PACKAGE

DI TÍCH NHÀ TÙ HỎA LÒ

HỎA LÒ PRISON
Acknowledgements
On behalf of Hanoikids’ Training Department, we would like to express our sincere
gratitude to all current members of the Department whose names are to be listed below for their
tireless dedication, perseverance and endeavors in accomplishing this highly demanding and
prolonged project. Despite several obstacles such as lack of human resource, members’ tight
schedules, coincidence with other Training projects, controversies over information credibility,
they still persisted in completing this Information Project and guaranteeing its accuracy to every
detail:
NGUYỄN TRUNG HIẾU (Gabe)
NGUYỄN TUYẾT NGÂN (Alex)
NGUYỄN HẢI YẾN (Mimx)
HOÀNG KIM NGỌC (Dori)
NGUYỄN BÍCH NGỌC (Tròn)
LÝ LƯU LY (Lyn)
NGUYỄN QUỲNH ANH (Fami)
DƯƠNG QUỐC TRUNG (Panda)
ĐẶNG THỊ PHƯỢNG (S)
ĐÀO KHÁNH HUYỀN (Cam)
THÂN VIỆT ANH (Khỉ)
LÊ THÙY LÂN (Lana)
HOÀNG BẢO HUẤN (Dâu)
NGUYỄN THU TRANG (Zóm)
TẠ ĐÌNH VIỆT ANH (Nghệch)
NGUYỄN DIỄM HẰNG (Diha)
A special thank must be given to our beloved Head of Department – Nguyễn Trung Hiếu,
whose, apart from hands-on involvement in the writing process, invaluable knowledge and
consultation play a key part in the eventual outcome of the project.
We also want to take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Former Head of
Department – Nguyễn Quỳnh Anh who supervised the team during the beginning and kept
motivating other members throughout the whole project.
Besides, we wish to thank our lovely Deputy Head of Department - Nguyễn Tuyết Ngân
for her passionate commitment and significant help in the technical aspect of the project.
With the hope of ensuring an easy access and use of the information package to Hanoikids
members of all generations, in Phase 2 of Information Project, we have deliberately simplified the
full version into a compact one which would have been impossible without the tremendous efforts
of the following members of Training Department:
 Mr. NGUYỄN TRUNG HIẾU (Gabe)
Ms. NGUYỄN BÍCH NGỌC (Tròn)
Ms. LÊ THÙY LÂN (Lana)
Mr. THÂN VIỆT ANH (Khỉ)
Ms. NGUYỄN HẢI YẾN (Mimx)
Ms. NGUYỄN LINH CHI (Sam)
Ms. LƯU THÚY HẠNH (Vinasoi)
Ms. NGHIÊM NGỌC MAI (Mắmm)
Ms. NGUYỄN MAI LINH (Taxi)
Ms. LÊ THỊ QUỲNH TRANG (Traki)
Ms. PHÙNG THỊ NGỌC LAN (London)
Ms. HOÀNG BÍCH NGỌC (Bic)
Last but not least, it would be a big negligence if we forget to mention our friend from
Hanoikids, Lê Sơn Tùng (Frankie) & Trương Thị Phương Linh (Lượm) who assisted us
tremendously through his constructive comments and feedback on our first draft.
This study is the second edition of the Official Information Package of Hỏa Lò Prison. In
this revised and updated edition, small edits are made to improve the structure and clarity of
information, update or correct the false information, provide definitions of important terms and
enhance the quality of the pictures.
To finish this second edition, Hanoikids Training Department would like to give sincere
thanks to our former members for providing us with a well-structured information set that helps
shape most parts of the current version of the information package. We also want to express our
deep gratitude to all current members of the Training Department, whose names are to be listed,
for their enthusiastic participation and cooperation in our research. They are Phùng Thị Mỹ Hạnh
(Murph), Nguyễn Hà Tân (Caba), Trần Bình Minh (Lỳ), Hoàng Tiến Đạt (Daho), Hoàng Hải Bình
(Habie), Nguyễn Vân Anh (Đường), Nguyễn Thị Minh Hạnh (Miha), Trần Quỳnh Anh (Lá),
Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc (Tama), Hà Minh Khuê (Mike), Nguyễn Xuân Lộc (Pax), Nguyễn Thị Thu
Hoài (Mae), Nguyễn Khang An (Albert), Nguyễn Tiến Đạt (Cải), Lại Đỗ Phương Anh (Q) and our
supporters Phạm Hồ Nguyên (Xanh) and Vũ Thị Phương Thanh (Sushi).
As the final word, with our greatest pleasure, Hanoikids Training Department – proudly
presents - the Compact Information Package - an endeavor of not any, but each and every one of
us. We sincerely hope the package will be of some help to you in taking tours around the city. Any
inquiry in terms of content, sources for further research or constructive recommendation are
warmly welcome, please do not hesitate to contact us anytime.
We are pleased to hear from you all.
Yours faithfully,
Training Department.
Contents
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 2

NOTICES .................................................................................................................................. 5

1. Location................................................................................................................................. 6

2. The Model ............................................................................................................................. 7

a. Sections and its purpose.................................................................................................... 7
b. Number of prisoners ......................................................................................................... 8

3. Construction ......................................................................................................................... 9
a. Materials .......................................................................................................................... 9
b. Other famous French prisons built in Vietnam ................................................................ 10

4. Living in The Prison ........................................................................................................... 11

a. Living in the shared room ............................................................................................... 11
b. Living in Cachot ............................................................................................................. 12

5. Fighting in The Prison ........................................................................................................ 12

a. Public struggle ................................................................................................................ 12
b. Secret fighting ................................................................................................................ 13
c. The tropical almond tree ................................................................................................. 14

6. Escaping from The Prison .................................................................................................. 14

7. Female Section and Torture In The Prison ....................................................................... 16

a. Life of female prisoners .................................................................................................. 16
b. Kinds of torture .............................................................................................................. 17
c. Guillotine ....................................................................................................................... 19
d. Death Row and its functions ........................................................................................... 20

8. Hanoi Hilton........................................................................................................................ 20
a. US aircrafts bombarding Hanoi ...................................................................................... 20
b. US pilots’ lives ............................................................................................................... 20
c. Famous prisoners ............................................................................................................ 20

9. Vietnam from 1858 to 1976 ................................................................................................ 21

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 23
NOTICES
∙ Opening days: From Monday to Sunday
∙ Opening time: 8h - 17h
∙ Ticket price: (2020)
o VND 30.000 for adults, foreigners
o VND 15.000 for students (student card required)
o Free for children under 15 years old.

Page 5
1. Location
 Built in 1896, put into use in 1899, and further reinforced in following years.

 Literal meaning: “Hoả Lò” = “fire stove” because the place used to belong to a ceramic
village (Phụ Khánh).

 Figurative meaning: may imply the harsh living conditions inside the prison.

 Location: next to the Court of Justice (now Supreme People's Court of Vietnam) +
Intelligence Department (Hanoi Police Department) => It was like a triad of suppressing
tools against the patriotic movement of the Vietnamese.

 Usage:
○ The prison was used by Vietnamese government until 1993 when it was moved to the
outskirts.
○ One part of the prison was broken down to build Hanoi Tower.
○ A part of the original building was maintained as the museum.

Supreme People’s Court of Vietnam - 48 Lý Thường Kiệt Street

(Tòa án nhân dân tối cao)
Page 6
 Hanoi Police Department - 87 Trần Hưng Đạo
(Trụ sở Công an Thành phố Hà Nội)

2. The Model

a. Sections and its purpose:

 In original design:
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○ Houses for jailers to watch over the prisoners.

○ Hospitals.
○ Areas for the arrested.
 ○ Jails to detain prisoners.

 In reality: 2 main parts

○ Management sections:
 Office for jailers (named A, B, C)
 Office for security guards
 Kitchen
 Warehouse
 Hospital
○ Prison cells: different for male and female;
 Cells for women prisoners
 Cells no. I, II, III
 Houses of detention from D to O
 The cachots for the prisoners breaking the regulations in jail
 Death rows for condemned prisoners.

 Another section: ground for prisoners to go out, take a shower and do daily activities.

b. Number of prisoners:
● Designed capacity: 500 prisoners
● In fact:
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○ In 1913: 615 prisoners.

○ In 1917: 800 prisoners.
○ In 1931: 1800 prisoners.
P
3. Construction
a. Materials:

Chosen carefully by the French:

o Metal and glasses materials (locks, fetters): imported from France.

A door latch and a lock in Hỏa Lò prison Fetters in Hỏa Lò prison

Bricks used for the construction of Hỏa Lò prison

The prison door

o Bricks and tiles: originally from Việt Nam with extra thickness.
o Main door: local type of wood with extra thickness.
Page 9

o Surrounded wall: steel rod and stone. Top of the walls: broken glasses and bare wires
connected to high-voltage electricity.
 The thick wall with broken glass pieces and electrical wires

b. Other famous French prisons built in Vietnam:

 Côn Đảo Prison:

o Built in 1862.
o The first colonial prison built by French in Vietnam.
o For political and death-row prisoners.
o Known for “tiger cages”. P

Famous “Tiger cages” of Côn Đảo Prison.

Page 10

 Sơn La Prison:
o Built in 1908.
o Known for its harsh weather conditions.
o From 1930 to 1945, more than 1000 political prisoners were detained here.
 Sơn La Prison

 There are also many other French prisons in Vietnam.

4. Living in The Prison

a. Living in the shared room
 Meals:
o 2 meals per day.
o Foods: stunted vegetables, rotten rice, dried fish and occasionally tough buffalo or old
sow meat.

 Personal hygiene:
o 15 - 30 minutes per day for a walk and a bath.
o All prisoners had to stand naked around a round tank built in the centre of the yard and
pour water quickly onto their bodies while the guards and jailers were watching them.
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The prisoners were fettered in Hỏa Lò

 b. Living in Cachot
 Purpose: Special cells to punish political prisoners who were leaders of rebellions in the prison.

 Prisoners in cachot:
o Fettered all day and night.
o Sit on a sloping cement floor, which is uncomfortable and causes headache when lying
down.
o Beaten cruelly.
o Either fed with only plain rice or left to starve.
o Had cold water poured onto their bodies in cold days.
● Consequence to prisoners after a long detainment in darkness:
o Hardly drag their legs, raise their hands and hold chopsticks to eat by their own.
o Suffered from poor eyesight, scabies and oedema.

5. Fighting in The Prison

Fetter in Cachot

a. Public struggle
Page 12

● Prisoners carried out hunger strikes and fought for better living conditions, meals and treatment
→ The chief jailer had to stop feeding the prisoners with rotten rice and vegetables.
 b. Secret fighting
● Prisoners exchanged the Communist documents and released a newspaper in the prison.
● The first unit of Vietnamese Communist Party in this prison:
○ Was formed at the end of 1931.
○ Led various strikes and founded many important organizations: Youth Union, Woman
Union and Prisoner Union (Lao Tù Hội).
● The revolutionists turned the prison into a school.
○ The training courses in politics were run continually.
○ Different publications: “Lao tù đỏ” (The Red Prison), “Đời tù” (The prisoner’s Life) came
out.

The process of revolutionary prisoners reading documents

○ Classes in reading, writing, literature and foreign languages were opened.
Page 13
 ○ They use coal and brick as pens, cigarette packs and cement floors as notebooks.

Tools used by revolutionary journalists

● Documents exchange:
○ Newspapers and documents were written in tiny letters by pencils, cooked rice liquid,
porridge… and prisoners had to use special chemicals or flame to read.
○ The documents were hidden in feces bins, holes in the wall, under/inside the almond tree.
c. The tropical almond tree:

 Young leaves and ripe fruits: food.

 Leaves and barks to cure cholera.

 Heated leaves to reduce pain.

 Small branches: pen or chopstick.

6. Escaping from The Prison

 Total: 10 successful jailbreaks.

 1932: the first breakout, led by Nguyễn Lương Bằng (releasing 7 prisoners)
○ These prisoners pretended to be sick or to commit a suicide → they were moved to Phủ
Page 14

Doãn hospital.
○ On Christmas Eve: 7 prisoners blended in the crowd + fled to other provinces as planned.
 1945: Japanese army took over the authority from the French in March → many prisoners took
advantage of the disorder in management to escape from Hỏa Lò prison.
 ○ March 11th: some climbed on the roof and got out with a ladder. They covered the broken
glass and high-voltage wires with a blanket to avoid scratch and electric shock.
○ March 12th: a group of political prisoners escaped by crawling through a sewer pipe. Over
100 prisoners got out of the prison this way.

The underground sewer

● 1951: the most famous jailbreak
○ 17 prisoners under death sentence (including a Chinese) organized an escape from a sewer
tube.
○ During outdoor break (15 minutes a day): one of them crept into a sewer and used a tiny
blade brought from a female comrade outside to saw the iron bar, while others drowned
the noise of this action by making other noises.

Page 15

The process of sawing the iron bars in the underground sewer (left) and Underground sewer
with sawed iron bars (right).
 ○ On Christmas Eve: following the broken sewer, the 17 prisoners broke out of the prison.
Unfortunately, their plot was uncovered and they got caught by French police right after
coming out of the sewer system. Only 5 of them managed to flee.

7. Female Section and Torture In The Prison

a. Life of female prisoners
 They were kept in a separate section but the condition was not better than male’s.

Female section in Hỏa Lò prison

 Rooms with no beds and toilets.

 Too many prisoners in 1 room → not enough space to lie down or enough air to breathe.

 Prisoners suffered from savage tortures, sexually abuse.

 Babies lived with their mothers, hardly survived due to a lack of nutrition and harsh
conditions.
Page 16
 b. Kinds of torture
● Burning fingers by gasoline.

● Drying rope and tying prisoners to chairs/ladder and pouring water onto the rope.

1
Page 17
● Hanging prisoners upside down for beating.

● Putting prisoners in an empty tank and beating them from the outs.

g
Page 18
  Sinking them into dirty water then beating their stomach.

c. Guillotine
● One of the two original ones.
● Imported from France.
● Executions: in front of prison’s gate.

Page 19
 d. Death Row and its functions
● Detaining people sentenced to death (normally within 9-10 months).
● However, almost all of them were killed after 3-4 days.
● Prisoners: fettered on the cement floor all day & night.
● Famous prisoners escaping from here: Trường Chinh, Đỗ Mười, Trần Đăng Ninh. a

8. Hanoi Hilton
a. US aircrafts bombarding Hanoi

During the wartime, the US conducted many air operations over the North Vietnam, and
two of the most destructive operations to Hanoi were:
● Operation Rolling Thunder (Chiến dịch Sấm Rền) – 1965 to 1968.
● Operation Linebacker II:
○ 12 days in 1972 with B52.
○ Vietnamese soldiers innovated aided rockets from Soviet Union and shot down several B52
airplanes.
○ The U.S had to stop bombarding Hanoi and signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973.

b. US pilots’ lives

● Keeping the US pilots right in the city center was a strategy of Communist Government to stop
US aircrafts bombing Hanoi.
● Photos and Exhibition: comfortable in prison, had time for playing, learning and practicing
their religions.
● There may be different versions of stories about US pilots’ life in Hỏa Lò Prison. But now
Vietnam and the US are sharing a close relationship.
c. Famous prisoners

● Pete Peterson: In 1997, he became the 1st US ambassador to Vietnam.

Page 20

● John McCain: An American Senator.

9. Vietnam from 1858 to 1976
 1858: The French began invading Vietnam in Đà Nẵng.

 1884: Vietnam officially became French Colony.

 1930: Vietnam Communist Party was founded.

 1940: Japanese invaded Indochina.

 08/1945: August Revolution.

 09/1945: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was established.

 1946: Vietnam began a resistance war against French.

 1954:
○ French was defeated in Điện Biên Phủ.
○ Geneva Accord was signed, Vietnam was divided into North – South.

 1964: U.S started bombing North Vietnam due to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.

 1969: President Ho Chi Minh passed away at the age of 79.

 1972: Linebacker II was conducted by the US Air Force using B-52

bombing Hanoi.

 1973: Paris Peace Accords was signed to end U.S military involvement.

 1975: North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam, ended Vietnam War, the country
was reunified.

 1976: The country was reunified as “The Socialist Republic of Vietnam”.

Page 21
CÁC CÂU HỎI VÀ LỖI SAI THƯỜNG GẶP
1. Cách phát âm “Maison Centrale”
 Sai: “Mai-sơn-xen-trai”, “Mai-zông-xen-trồ”.
 Đúng: Mê-zông Xoong-t-(r)khan

2. Bức tường bao quanh nhà tù

 Sai: Tường được sơn màu đen để vào mùa hè sẽ hấp thụ nhiệt nhiều hơn, cũng là một cách
để tra tấn tù nhân
 Đúng: Các nhà giam được thiết kế không có cửa sổ, vì vậy không có ánh nắng chiếu vào.
Ngoài ra, phòng của quản ngục cũng được sơn đen.

3. Tại sao trong số các tượng tù nhân, một số tù nhân bị cùm 2 chân còn một số khác chỉ bị cùm
1 chân?
 Theo Ban quản lý di tích nhà tù Hỏa Lò, các tù nhân bị cùm 1 chân được cho là cải tạo tốt
hơn, trong khi các tù nhân bị cùm 2 chân là những người cứng đầu, không chịu cải tạo.

4. Về cuộc vượt ngục năm 1951, tại sao có nguồn nói là 16 người, có nguồn ghi 17 người?
 Tổng cộng có 17 người tù có án tử hình tham gia vượt ngục trong đó có 16 tù chính trị
Việt Nam và 1 thường phạm người Trung Quốc.

5. Tại sao cửa cống rất nhỏ mà các tù nhân vẫn chui vừa?
 Một là, do điều kiện ăn uống kham khổ, tù nhân gầy gò, ốm yếu hơn người thường rất
nhiều. Hai là, nhờ ý chí kiên cường và nghị lực sống phi thường, người chiến sĩ cách mạng
đã thành công vượt qua khó khăn, gian khổ. Hơn nữa khi bò, trườn trong ống cống thì
luôn phải nghiêng người thì mới có thể di chuyển được.

6. Vì sao vụ Hà Thành đầu độc (1908) thất bại?

 Để phối hợp với lực lượng nghĩa quân Đề Thám đánh chiếm lại Thành Hà Nội, anh em
bồi bếp và binh lính người Việt thuộc trung đội Pháo thủ đã tổ chức đầu độc binh lính Pháp
trong thành.
Ngày 27/6/1908, 250 lính Pháp trong thành Hà Nội bị ngộ độc do ăn phải thức ăn trộn cà
độc dược nhưng không nặng. Trong khi đó, lực lượng khởi sự chưa kịp bắn súng báo hiệu
cho các cánh quân ở bên ngoài biết thì đã bị tước hết khí giới và bắt giam. Nguyên nhân
là vì trước đó ít phút, một thầy tu ở Nhà thờ Hà Nội đã báo cho bọn chỉ huy quân sự Pháp
Page 22

biết bạo động có thể nổ ra đêm 27/6. Kết hợp tin tình báo đó và tin lính Pháp ngộ độc, bọn
chỉ huy đã hạ lệnh bắt giam toàn bộ binh lính người Việt trong thành.
Tuy cuộc mưu chiếm lại thành không thành công nhưng vụ Hà thành đầu độc đã làm chấn
động dư luận lúc bấy giờ.
 REFERENCES
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Nội.
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09, 2015). Giới thiệu nhà tù Hỏa Lò. Retrieved from http://hoalo.vn/Articles/15/68/Gioi-
thieu-nha-tu-Hoa-Lo.html
Di tích Nhà tù Sơn La. (n.d.). Báo Sơn La. Retrieved from http://baosonla.org.vn/ditich.htm
Doãn, T. Đ. et al. (2005). Hà Nội di tích cách mạng và kháng chiến. Hà Nội : NXB Chính trị Quốc
gia.
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http://hanoi.gov.vn/mobile/-/hn/AobvsUXeyCY3/3/113644/3/nha-tu-hoa-lo-ngay-ay-va-
bay-gio.html;jsessionid=TRF+FtmFZUd1Hmokco-X4MS1.node66
Dương, B. (2013b). Tinh thần đấu tranh kiên cường của các chiến sĩ cộng sản tại nhà tù Hỏa Lò.
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san-tai-nha-tu-hoa-lo.html;jsessionid=NEMzn6qUxwtx43Rl0ajWfpWK.node1
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Page 23

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Khoa giáo Đài truyền hình Việt Nam. Retrieved from
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Hoàng, L. & Hồ, P. (April 3, 2010) Gần 60 năm trước, một cuộc vượt ngục vô tiền khoáng hậu.
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