INTERNET BASIC

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global collection of computer networks that are linked together by devices called routers
and use a common set of protocols for data transmission known as TCP/IP (transmission control
protocol / Internet protocol). The primary purpose of the Internet is to facilitate the sharing of
information. There are many different tools used on the Internet to make this possible. Some of the
more common tools include email, list servers, newsgroups, telnet, gopher, FTP, and the World Wide
Web. Probably the most popular of all Internet tools is the World Wide Web.
Why is the Internet Called a Network?
Internet is called a network as it creates a network by connecting computers and servers across the world
using routers, switches and telephone lines, and other communication devices and channels. So, it can
be considered a global network of physical cables such as copper telephone wires, fiber optic cables,
tv cables, etc. Furthermore, even wireless connections like 3G, 4G, or Wi-Fi make use of these cables
to access the Internet.

Internet is different from the World Wide Web as the World Wide Web is a network of computers and
servers created by connecting them through the internet. So, the internet is the backbone of the web as
it provides the technical infrastructure to establish the WWW and acts as a medium to transmit
information from one computer to another computer. It uses web browsers to display the information
on the client, which it fetches from web servers.

It is believed that the internet was developed by "Defense Advanced Projects Agency" (DARPA)
department of the United States. And, it was first connected in 1969.
ome common definitions given in the past include −

 A network of networks based on the TCP/IP communications protocol.

 A community of people who use and develop those networks.

Internet-Based Services
Some of the basic services available to Internet users are −

 Email − A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet users around the world.
 Telnet − Allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were a local system.

 FTP − Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be stored on a computer from one

Internet-connected computer to another.

 UseNet news − A distributed bulletin board that offers a combination news and discussion service on

thousands of topics.
 World Wide Web (WWW) − A hypertext interface to Internet information resources.

What is WWW?
WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is − All the
resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee helped found, the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible
information, an embodiment of human knowledge.

In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the
Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.

What is HTTP?
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol being used to transfer hypertext
documents that makes the World Wide Web possible.

A standard web address such as Yahoo.com is called a URL and here the prefix http indicates its
protocol

What is URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify addresses on the World Wide Web. A
URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource connected to the web (e.g., hypertext
pages, images, and sound files).

A URL will have the following format −

protocol://hostname/other_information
The protocol specifies how information is transferred from a link. The protocol used for web resources is
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Other protocols compatible with most web browsers include
FTP, telnet, newsgroups, and Gopher.

The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain name. The domain name is the
computer on which the resource is located.

Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain name. The directory
names are separated by single forward slashes.

What is Website?
Currently you are on our website Tutorialspoint.com which is a collection of various pages written in
HTML markup language. This is a location on the web where people can find tutorials on latest
technologies. Similarly, there are millions of websites available on the web.

Each page available on the website is called a web page and first page of any website is called home
page for that site.

What is Web Server?

Every Website sits on a computer known as a Web server. This server is always connected to the
internet. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given a unique address made up of a
series of four numbers between 0 and 256 separated by periods. For example, 68.178.157.132 or
68.122.35.127.

When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such as tutorialspoint.com you have to
specify the IP address of the Web server that will host the site.

We will see different type of Web servers in a separate chapter.

What is Web Browser?

Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web you need a web browsers, such as
Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are navigating through my site
tutorialspoint.com. On the Web, when you navigate through pages of information this is commonly
known as browsing or surfing.

We will see different type of Web browsers in a separate chapter.

What is SMTP Server?

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Server. This server takes care of delivering emails from
one server to another server. When you send an email to an email address, it is delivered to its
recipient by a SMTP Server.

What is ISP?
ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. They are the companies who provide you service in terms of
internet connection to connect to the internet.

You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet Service Provider. This space will be used to host
your Website.

What is HTML?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. This is the language in which we write web pages for
any Website. Even the page you are reading right now is written in HTML.

This is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language (SGML) for electronic publishing, the
specific standard used for the World Wide Web.

What is Hyperlink?
A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an electronic document that serves as an access
point to other electronic resources. Typically, you click the hyperlink to access the linked resource.
Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons, image maps, and clickable text links.

What is DNS?
DNS stands for Domain Name System. When someone types in your domain name, www.example.com,
your browser will ask the Domain Name System to find the IP that hosts your site. When you register
 your domain name, your IP address should be put in a DNS along with your domain name. Without
doing it your domain name will not be functioning properly.

What is W3C?
W3C stands for World Wide Web Consortium which is an international consortium of companies
involved with the Internet and the Web.

The W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the original architect of the World Wide Web. The
organization's purpose is to develop open standards so that the Web evolves in a single direction
rather than being splintered among competing factions. The W3C is the chief standards body for
HTTP and HTML.

How does internet work?

The internet works with the help of clients and servers. A device such as a laptop, which is connected to
the internet, is called a client, not a server as it is not directly connected to the internet. However, it is
indirectly connected to the internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and is identified by an
IP address, which is a string of numbers. Just like you have an address for your home that uniquely
identifies your home, an IP address acts as the shipping address of your device. The IP address is
provided by your ISP, and you can see what IP address your ISP has given to your system.

A server is a large computer that stores websites. It also has an IP address. A place where a large number
of servers are stored is called a data centre. The server accepts requests send by the client through a
browser over a network (internet) and responds accordingly.

To access the internet we need a domain name, which represents an IP address number, i.e., each IP
address has been assigned a domain name. For example, youtube.com, facebook.com, paypal.com are
used to represent the IP addresses. Domain names are created as it is difficult for a person to
remember a long string of numbers. However, internet does not understand the domain name, it
understands the IP address, so when you enter the domain name in the browser search bar, the internet
has to get the IP addresses of this domain name from a huge phone book, which is known
as DNS (Domain Name Server).
For example, if you have a person's name, you can find his phone number in a phone book by searching
his name. The internet uses the DNS server in the same way to find the IP address of the domain
name. DNS servers are managed by ISPs or similar organizations.

Now after understanding the basics, let us see how internet works?

When you turn on your computer and type a domain name in the browser search bar, your browser sends
a request to the DNS server to get the corresponding IP address. After getting the IP address, the
browser forwards the request to the respective server.

Once the server gets the request to provide information about a particular website, the data starts
flowing. The data is transferred through the optical fiber cables in digital format or in the form of light
pulses. As the servers are placed at distant places, the data may have to travel thousands of miles
through optical fiber cable to reach your computer.

The optical fiber is connected to a router, which converts the light signals into electrical signals. These
electrical signals are transmitted to your laptop using an Ethernet cable. Thus, you receive the desired
information through the internet, which is actually a cable that connects you with the server.
Furthermore, if you are using wireless internet using wifi or mobile data, the signals from the optical
cable are first sent to a cell tower and from where it reaches to your cell phone in the form of
electromagnetic waves.

The internet is managed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) located in
the USA. It manages IP addresses assignment, domain name registration, etc.

The data transfer is very fast on the internet. The moment you press enter you get the information from a
server located thousands of miles away from you. The reason for this speed is that the data is sent in
the binary form (0, 1), and these zeros and ones are divided into small pieces called packets, which
can be sent at high speed.

Uses of the internet

Generally speaking, the Internet may be used to exchange information with people all over the world,
communicate across great distances, and locate information or answers fast on almost any subject.

Here are some examples of specific uses for the Internet:

o Using social media and content sharing.

o Instant messaging, video conferencing, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Internet telephony, and email are

all examples of electronic communication. These all are used through the Internet.
o Access to online degree programs, courses, and workshops for education and self-improvement.

o Searching for jobs: To advertise available positions, submit job applications, and hire candidates

identified on social networking sites like LinkedIn, both employers and applicants use the Internet.

Other examples include:

o Online dating

o Online gaming

o Research

o Reading electronic newspapers and magazines

o Online shopping, or e-commerce.

o Online discussion groups and forums

Internet Connection Protocols
Protocols are a set of guidelines that aid in regulating the operation of any specific organization or
technology.

Three main categories of Internet Connection Protocols are discussed below:

o TCP/IP Network Model: The most popular protocols for linking networks are Transmission Control

Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). Any communication is split up into a number of packets
that are sent from source to destination.
o File Transfer Protocol: With the help of FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a user can transfer documents,

text files, multimedia files, program files, etc., from one device to another.
o Hypertext Transfer Protocol: It is used to move a hypertext between two or more computers or

other devices. Links can be made using HTML tags and can take the form of text or graphics.

History of the Internet

The forerunner of the Internet, the ARPANet, went live for the first time in 1969. The TCP/IP, open
networking protocol suite, was adopted by the ARPANet in 1983, and the National Science
Foundation Network (NSFN) developed the network to link university computer science departments
across the US in 1985.

When the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) was developed in 1989, it enabled different computer
platforms to connect to the same Internet sites, which dramatically improved communications over
the network. The Mosaic Web browser was developed in 1993.

Over the years of its existence, the Internet has remained a constant growth and development. For
instance, IPv6 was created to provide for a significant future rise in the number of IP addresses that
could be used. In a related development, the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the rapidly developing
environment where nearly any entity or device can be given a unique identifier (UID) and the
capability to communicate data automatically over the Internet.

Advantages of the Internet:

o Instant Messaging: You can send messages or communicate to anyone using internet, such as email,

voice chat, video conferencing, etc.

o Get directions: Using GPS technology, you can get directions to almost every place in a city,

country, etc. You can find restaurants, malls, or any other service near your location.
o Online Shopping: It allows you to shop online such as you can be clothes, shoes, book movie tickets,

railway tickets, flight tickets, and more.

o Pay Bills: You can pay your bills online, such as electricity bills, gas bills, college fees, etc.

o Online Banking: It allows you to use internet banking in which you can check your balance, receive

or transfer money, get a statement, request cheque-book, etc.

o Online Selling: You can sell your products or services online. It helps you reach more customers and

thus increases your sales and profit.

o Work from Home: In case you need to work from home, you can do it using a system with internet

access. Today, many companies allow their employees to work from home.
o Entertainment: You can listen to online music, watch videos or movies, play online games.

o Cloud computing: It enables you to connect your computers and internet-enabled devices to cloud

services such as cloud storage, cloud computing, etc.

o Career building: You can search for jobs online on different job portals and send you CV through

email if required.

Different ways to Connect to the Internet

The various methods for connecting to the Internet are briefly discussed below:

o Dial-Up: Users must connect their phone line to a computer system in such connections in order to

access the Internet connection. The user is unable to make or receive calls using the tier home phone
service while connected.
o Broadband: Today's most popular high-speed internet connection, broadband is offered either by

cable or phone companies.

o Wireless Connection: This category includes Mobile and Wi-Fi services providers. No matter where

you are, you can connect to the Internet anywhere because connectivity is made possible by radio
waves. Several instances of wireless connections are provided below:
o Wi-Fi: Without the use of cables, Wi-Fi or wireless fidelity enables high-speed internet connectivity.

o Mobile Phones: In modern times, all smart phones include an Internet connectivity option that can be

availed using Internet packs and coupons. These don't require a wire or external connection as well.
o Satellite: Satellites are utilized for wireless Internet connectivity in areas Where broadband

connections is not available.

o Integrated Services Digital Network: With the help of using telephone lines, ISDN enables users to

send audio or video data.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

the public files on the web servers are ordinary text files, much like the files used by
word-processing software.
To allow Web browser software to read them, the text must be formatted according to a
generally accepted standard.
The standard used on the web is Hypertext markup language (HTML).

The public files on the web servers are ordinary text files, much like the files used by
word-processing software.
To allow Web browser software to read them, the text must be formatted according to a
generally accepted standard.
The standard used on the web is Hypertext markup language (HTML).

BASIC STRUCTURE OF HTML

 COMMONLY USED HTML TAGS

 Document Head

 Document Body

 Titles and Footers

 Text Formatting

 Emphasizing material in a web page

 Text styles

Document Head

There are up to six levels of headers that can be used in your document, h1 through h6.

Header 1 is the largest header and they get progressively smaller through header 6.

Document Body

The <body> tag defines the document's body.

The <body> element contains all the contents of an HTML document, such as text, hyperlinks,
images, tables, lists, etc.
Titles and
Footers

The <title> element defines the title of the document, and is required in all
HTML/XHTML documents.
The <title> element:

defines a title in the browser tab

provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites

displays a title for the page in search engine results

The <footer> tag defines a footer for a document or section.

A <footer> element should contain information about its containing element.

A <footer> element typically contains:

Authorship information
 Copyright information

Contact information

Sitemap

back to top links

related documents

You can have several <footer> elements in one document.

Text Formatting

HTML also defines special elements for defining text with a special meaning.

HTML uses elements like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

<b> - Bold text

<strong> - Important text

<i> - Italic text

<em> - Emphasized text

<mark> - Marked text

<small> - Small text

<del> - Deleted text

<ins> - Inserted text

<sub> - Subscript text

<sup> - Superscript text

Unclosed HTML Tags

Some HTML tags are not closed, for example br and hr.

<br> Tag: br stands for break line, it breaks the line of the code.
 <hr> Tag: hr stands for Horizontal Rule. This tag is used to put a line across the webpage.

HTML Meta Tags

DOCTYPE, title, link, meta and style

HTML Text Tags

<p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <strong>, <em>, <abbr>, <acronym>, <address>,
<bdo>, <blockquote>, <cite>, <q>, <code>, <ins>, <del>, <dfn>, <kbd>, <pre>, <samp>, <var>
and <br>
HTML Link Tags

<a> and <base>

HTML Image and Object Tags

<img>, <area>, <map>, <param> and <object>

HTML List Tags

<ul>, <ol>, <li>, <dl>, <dt> and <dd>

HTML Table Tags

table, tr, td, th, tbody, thead, tfoot, col, colgroup and caption

HTML Form Tags

Form, input, text area, select, option, opt group, button, label, field set and legend

Emphasizing material in a web page

Document pages are usually divided into sections and subsections, which need to beemphasized.
Html provides certain Heading styles and Horizontal rules, Which helps break text into
logical sections with visual appeal.
o Heading style:<h1>,<h2>,…
o Drawing line or Horizontal rule: <hr>
Text styles

Bold <B>

Italic <I>
 Underline <U>

OTHER TEXT EFFETS

Center <center>

Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:

<tagname style="property:value;">

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.

Example

An unordered HTML list:

 Item
 Item
 Item
 Item

An ordered HTML list:

1. First item
2. Second item
3. Third item
4. Fourth item

Unordered HTML

List

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default:

EXAMPLE

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>

<h2>An unordered HTML list</h2>

<ul>

<li>Coffee</li>

<li>Tea</li>

<li>Milk</li>

</ul>

</body>

</html> OUTPUT
An unordered HTML list

 Coffee
 Tea
 milk

Ordered HTML List

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag. The

list items will be marked with numbers by default:

EXAMPLE

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>An ordered HTML list</h2>

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>

<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>
OUTPT
An ordered HTML list
1. Coffee
2. Tea
3. Milk

HTML Description Lists

HTML also supports description lists.

A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term.

The <dl> tag defines the description list, the <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag
describes each term:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>A Description List</h2>

<dl>

<dt>Coffee</dt>

<dd>- black hot drink</dd>

<dt>Milk</dt>

<dd>- white cold drink</dd>

</dl>

</body>

</html>
OUTPUT

A Description List
Coffee
- black hot drink
Milk
- white cold drink

HTML List Tags

Tag Description

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a description list

<dt> Defines a term in a description list

<dd> Describes the term in a description list

HTML Tables

HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and columns.

Define an HTML Table

The <table> tag defines an HTML table.

Each table row is defined with a <tr> tag. Each table header is defined with a <th> tag. Each
table data/cell is defined with a <td> tag.

By default, the text in <th> elements are bold and centered.

By default, the text in <td> elements are regular and left-aligned.

 EXAMPLE

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>Basic HTML Table</h2>

<table style="width:100%">

<tr>

<th>Firstname</th>

<th>Lastname</th>

<th>Age</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Jill</td>

<td>Smith</td>

<td>50</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Eve</td>

<td>Jackson</td>

<td>94</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>John</td>
<td>Doe</td>

<td>80</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

OUTPT
Basic HTML Table

Firstname Lastname Age

Jill Smith 50

Eve Jackson 94

John Doe 80

HTML Links HTML links are hyperlinks.

You can click on a link and jump to another document.

When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a little hand. HTML Links

- Syntax

The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink. It has the following syntax:

<a href="url">link text</a>

The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the link's destination.

The link text is the part that will be visible to the reader.

Clicking on the link text, will send the reader to the specified URL address.
Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h1>HTML Links</h1>

<p><a href="https://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools.com!</a></p>

</body>

</htm>Output

HTML Links

Visit W3Schools.com!

HTML Links - The target Attribute

By default, the linked page will be displayed in the current browser window. To change this, you
must specify another target for the link.

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

The target attribute can have one of the following values:
 _self - Default. Opens the document in the same window/tab as it was clicked
 _blank - Opens the document in a new window or tab
 _parent - Opens the document in the parent frame
 _top - Opens the document in the full body of the window

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h2>The target Attribute</h2>

<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

<p>If target="_blank", the link will open in a new browser window or tab.</p>

</body>

</html>
Output

The target Attribute

Visit W3Schools!

If target="_blank", the link will open in a new browser window or tab.

Example2

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>Image as a Link</h2>

<p>The image below is a link. Try to click on it.</p>

<a href="default.asp"><img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial"

style="width:42px;height:42px;"></a>

</body>

</html>

Output

Image as a Link

The image below is a link. Try to click on it.

HTML Images

Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page.

HTML Images Syntax

The HTML <img> tag is used to embed an image in a web page.

Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked to web pages. The
<img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image.

The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag. The <img> tag

has two required attributes:

 src - Specifies the path to the image

 alt - Specifies an alternate text for the image

Syntax
<img src="url" alt="alternatetext">

The src Attribute

The required src attribute specifies the path (URL) to the image.

Note: When a web page loads; it is the browser, at that moment, that gets the image from a web server and
inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the image actually stays in the same spot in relation to
the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken link icon and the alt text
are shown if the browser cannot find the image.
Example

<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers in Chania">

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>HTML Image</h2>

<img src="pic_trulli.jpg" alt="Trulli" width="500" height="333">

</body>

</html>
Output
HTML Image
FRAME TAG

HTML <frame> tag define the particular area within an HTML file where another HTML web page can
be displayed.

A <frame> tag is used with <frameset>, and it divides a webpage into multiple sections or frames, and
each frame can contain different web pages.

Syntax
< frame src = "URL" >

Following are some specifications about the HTML <frame> tag

Display Block

Start tag/End tag Start tag(required), End tag(forbidden)

Usage Frames

Example 1

Create Vertical frames:

<html>
<head>
<title>Frame tag</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame src="frame1.html" >
<frame src="frame2.html">
 <frame src="frame3.html">
</frameset>
</html>

Output:

Frame1.html
<html>
<head>
<style>
div{
background-color: #7fffd4;
height: 500px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h2>This is first frame</h2>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Frame2.html
<html>
<head>
<style>
div{
background-color: #2f4f4f;
height: 500px;

}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h2>This is Second frame</h2>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Frame3.html
<html>
<head>
<style>
div{
background-color: #c1ffc1;
height: 500px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h2>This is Third frame</h2>
</div>
</body> </html>