Title: Matrices

Chapter: Matrices
Approximate Time to Complete (to be filled by student): ________________________
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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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System of linear equations and matrix inverse:

If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then we have AX = B where A is a square
matrix.
Results :
(1) If A is non-singular, solution is given by X = A–1B.
(2) If A is singular, (adj A) B = 0 and all the columns of A are not proportional, then the system has infinitely
many solutions.
(3) If A is singular and (adj A) B  0, then the system has no solution (we say it is inconsistent).
Homogeneous system and matrix inverse :
If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns, then in the matrix form it is AX = O.
( in this case b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.

Results :
(1) If A is non-singular, the system has only the trivial solution (zero solution) X = 0
(2) If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions (including the trivial solution) and hence it has
non-trivial solutions.

x+y+z=6
Example # 16 : Solve the system x − y + z = 2 using matrix inverse.
2x + y − z = 1
1 1 1  x 6 
 1 −1 1    2
Solution : Let A =   , X = y & B =   .
 2 1 −1  z   1
Then the system is AX = B.
|A| = 6. Hence A is non singular.
0 3 3 
 
Cofactor A =  2 −3 1 
 2 0 −2 
0 2 2 
 
adj A = 3 −3 0 
3 1 −2 

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 0 2 2   0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1 
3 −3 0  1/ 2 −1/ 2 0 
1
A–1 = adj A = = 
|A| 6 
3 1 −2  1/ 2 1/ 6 −1/ 3 
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3  6  x  1
1/ 2 −1/ 2 0  2 y  
X= A–1 B=    i.e.   = 2  x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
1/ 2 1/ 6 −1/ 3   1  z  3 

Self practice problems:

0 1 2 
 
(13) A =  1 2 3  . Find the inverse of A using |A| and adj A.
3 1 1

(14) Find real values of  and µ so that the following systems has
(i) unique solution (ii) infinitely many solutions (iii) No solution.
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x + 2y + z = µ
(15) Find  so that the following homogeneous system have a non zero solution
x + 2y + 3z = x
3x + y + 2z = y
2x + 3y + z = z
1 1 1
−
2 2 2
Answers : (13) −4 3 −1 (14) (i)   3, µ  R (ii)  = 3, µ = 1 (iii)  = 3, µ  1 (15)  = 6
5 3 1
−
2 2 2

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 Exercise – I

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

3 2 –1
1. For the matrix A =   find a & b so that A + aA + b = 0. Hence find A .
2

 1 1

2. Find the total number of possible square matrix A of order 3 with all real entries, whose adjoint matrix B
has characterstics polynomial equation as 3 – 2 +  + 1 = 0.

 1 1 2 
 
3. If A =  0 2 1  , show that A3 = (5A – ) (A – )
 1 0 2 

4. Apply Cramer's rule to solve the following simultaneous equations.

(i) 2 x + y + 6 z = 46
5 x − 6 y + 4 z = 15
7 x + 4 y − 3 z = 19
(ii) x + 2y + 3z = 2
x–y+z=3
5x – 11y + z = 17

4 3 6 6
5. Solve using Cramer’s rule: + = −1 & − = − 5.
x+5 y+7 x+5 y+7

6. Find those values of c for which the equations:

2x+3y = 3
(c + 2) x + (c + 4) y = c + 6
(c + 2)² x + (c + 4)² y = (c + 6)² are consistent.
Also solve above equations for these values of c.

7. Solve the following systems of linear equations by matrix method.

(i) 2x − y + 3z = 8 (ii) x+y+z=9
−x + 2y + z = 4 2x + 5y + 7z = 52
3x + y − 4z = 0 2x + y − z = 0

8. Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations

x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(a) A unique solution
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
(c) No solution.

 − 4 4 4   1 − 1 1 
 − 7 1  
3   1 − 2 − 2 
9. Determine the product   and use it to solve the system of
 5 − 3 − 1   2 1 3 
equations x – y + z = 4, x – 2 y – 2 z = 9, 2 x + y + 3 z = 1.

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  3 −2 3 
 2 1 −1
10. Compute A−1, if A =    Hence solve the matrix equations
 4 −3 2 

3 0 3  x 8  2y 
2 1 0 y =  1 + z
        .
 4 0 2   z   4  3y 

11. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true

4x − 5y − 2z = 2
S1 : The system of equations 5x − 4y + 2z = 3 is Inconsistent.
2x + 2y + 8z = 1
S2 : A matrix ‘A’ has 6 elements. The number of possible orders of A is 6.
10 0 
S3 : For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adjA) =   , then |A| = 10.
 0 10 
S4 : If A is skew symmetric, then BAB is also skew symmetric.

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

 1 0 2 
 
1. If A =  0 2 1  is a root of polynomial x – 6x2 + 7x + k = 0, then the value of k is
 2 0 3 
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) –2 (D) 1

a b 
 (where bc  0) satisfies the equations x + k = 0, then
2 If A =  2
c d
(A) a + d = 0 & k = |A| (B) a – d = 0 & k = |A|
(C) a + d = 0 & k = –|A| (D) a + d  0 & k = |A|

3. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of solutions

and solution triplet is
(A) p = 2,  = 3 and (5 – 4,  – 1 , )
 −1
(B) p = 2,  = 4 and (5 – 4, , 2)
2
(C) 3 p = 2  and (5 – 4,  – 1, 2)
 −1
(D) p = 4,  = 2 and (5 – 4, , )
2

4. Let  and  be real. Find the set of all values of  for which the system of linear equations have infinite
solution  real values of .
x + (sin )y + (cos ) z = 0
x + (cos  )y + (sin ) z = 0
– x + (sin ) y + (cos ) z = 0
(A) (–  , 2 )  ( 2 ,  ) (B) – 1
(C) (–5, – 2 ) (D) None of these

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 a o b   x  0 
 1 e 1  y   
5. Let A =     = 0  where a,b, c, d, e  {0, 1}
 c o d   z  0 
then number of such matrix A for which system of equation AX = O have unique solution.
(A) 16 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) none

6. If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0,. x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, where

1 1 1
a, b, c  1, has a non−trivial solution, then the value of + + is
1− a 1− b 1− c
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Column  Column 
 1 2 3   1 
(A)  1 x 1   4 5 6   2  = 0 then x = (p) 2
 3 2 5   3 
(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 and (q) –2
k is a scalar, then adj (kA) = km adj A, then m is
2    7
(C) If A =  2  and B =   here (A – B) is upper triangular (r) 1
 3  49  
matrix then number of possible values of  are

(b + c)2 a2 a2
9
(D) If b2 (c + a)2 b2 = k abc (a + b + c)3 (s) –
8
c2 c 2
(a + b)2

then the value of k is

2. Column –  Column – 
(A) If A and B are square matrices of order 3 × 3, where (p) 7
|A| = 2 and |B| = 1, then |(A–1) . adj (B–1) . adj (2A–1)| =
(B) If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A and (I + A)3 = I + kA, (q) 8
then k is equal to
a b (a − b)
 
(C) Matrix b c (b − c)  is non invertible (b2  ac) if –2 is (r) 0
 2 1 0 
(D) If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with a11 = a22 = a33 (s) –1
= 2 and A(adjA) = k then k is

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 Answer Key

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

 1 −2 
1. a = – 4, b = 1, A–1 =   2. 0
 −1 3 
5k 8 2k 1
4. (i) x = 3, y = 4, z = 6 (ii) x= – + , y =– – , z = k, where k  R
3 3 3 3
5. x = − 7, y = − 4
1 4
6. for c = 0, x = − 3, y = 3; for c = − 10, x = − ,y=
2 3
7. (i) x = 2, y = 2, z = 2 (ii) x = 1, y = 3, z = 5
8. (a)   3 (b)  = 3,  = 10 (c)  = 3,   10
1 5 1
1 
9. x = 3, y = – 2, z = – 1 10. –1
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, A = 8 6 −9 
17 
10 −1 −7 
11. S1, S3, S4

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. (A) 2 (A) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A)

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. (A) → (s), (B) → (p), (C) → (p), (D) → (p) 2. (A) → (q), (B) → (p), (C) → (s), (D) → (q)

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