Chapter 7 Bole Airport, the number of assembled components which are

Statistics and Probability found to be defective.

Types of Data
Qualitative, Quantitative, Discrete and continuous Data Introduction to Grouped Data
 Quantitative data is the type of data whose value is
 Grouped data are data formed by aggregating individual
measured in the form of numbers or counts, with a unique
observations of a variable into groups.
numerical value associated with each data set.
 Frequency distribution is a list, table or graph that displays
 Qualitative data is non-numerical data describing the
the frequency of various outcomes in a sample.
attributes or properties that an object possesses.
 Grouped discrete data is a discrete data that has been
 A Discrete data is a numerical type of data that includes
grouped into categories.
whole, concrete numbers with specific and fixed data values
 Grouped continuous data is a continuous data that has
determined by counting. There is a gap between values.
been grouped into categories.
 A Continuous data is one which takes any fractional point
 Grouped frequency distribution is the organization of raw
along a specified interval of values.
data in table form using classes and frequencies for the
Example 1:
purpose of summarizing a large sample of data. When the
1. Classify the following data as qualitative or quantitative:
range of the data is large, the data can be divided into
height, weight, the street a person lives on, the car a person
classes with more than one unit in width.
drives, income, length, time, distance, religion, social status,
 Class interval/width is the numerical width of any class in a
number of mathematics teachers in your school and price.
particular distribution or it is the difference between the
2. Which of the following are discrete data? Which are
upper- and lower-class limit of any class (category).
continuous?
Approximate value of class width using the following formula
The number of persons per household, the weight of each
shipment of exported coffee, the units of an item in inventory,
the length of time between successive landings of airplane at  Class limit is the minimum value and the maximum value
the class interval may contain.

Amanuel Woldu: Aksum University, Mathematics Department

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 Cumulative frequency is the total of a frequency and all 46 47 60 63 69 49 50 60 60 70
50 50 50 63 63 48 48 49 70 70
frequencies in a frequency distribution until a certain defined 49 49 60 61 62 70 51 51 70 70
class interval. 55 60 45 46 46 60 55 57 59 60
67 50 55 55 69 47
 Cumulative frequency distribution is a form of frequency It represents weight of grade 11 students (in kg) in which the
distribution that represents frequency distribution. highest observed weight was 70 kg and the lowest was 45 kg.
Note: Steps for constructing grouped frequency distribution Discuss how this data can be organized into 5 categories using
 Determine the number of classes required (usually between class width
5 and 20). 3. On a certain construction site, the weekly wages (in Birr) of
 Class mark (Mid points) is the average of the lower- and 100 laborers taken from a list (i.e., ungrouped data) in which
upper-class limits or the average of upper- and lower-class the highest observed wage was Birr 258 and the lowest was
boundary. This means if is the class mark (midpoint) of a Birr 142 are required to be given in 6 classes of a frequency
class then it is calculated by distribution as follows. Let x be the weekly wage.
Weekly wages Number of Cumulative
Example 2: in Birr laborers ( ) Frequency ( )
7 7
1. The following raw data represents the number of people who 20 27
visited Unity Park per day for 20 days 33 60
25 85
11 29 6 33 14 31 22 27 19 20 11 96
18 17 22 38 23 21 26 34 39 27 4 100
a. Construct a grouped frequency distribution with 6 classes. Based on the above table, answer the following questions.
b. Construct a cumulative frequency distribution a. Construct a cumulative frequency distribution.
c. What is the frequency of the 3rd class? b. What is the range?
d. What is the frequency of the 6th class? c. What is the class width?
e. For the above table, give the lower- and upper-class limits d. What is the frequency of 4th class?
for the 3rd and the 6th classes. e. How many people are paid Birr 220 and more?
2. Consider the following data.
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Graphical Representation of Grouped Data 2. Choose a suitable scale for the frequencies and label it on
Histogram, Frequency polygon and Ogive chart the y- axis.
Histogram: it is a set of continuous Bare on the xy-plane, 3. Represent the class limits for the histogram or the mid points
whose width is the class interval on the x-axis and the height is for the frequency polygon on the x- axis.
the frequency on the y-axis. 4. Plot the points and Draw the bars or lines to connect the
Frequency Polygon is a graph constructed by using lines to points.
join the midpoints of each class vs. frequency. But Ogive chart
uses class mark Vs. cumulative frequency.
Steps for constructing histogram, and frequency polygon
1. Draw and label the x- and y- axis.
2. Choose a suitable scale for the frequencies or cumulative
frequencies and label it on the y- axis.
3. Represent the class boundaries for the histogram or the mid
points for the frequency polygon on the x -axis.
4. Plot the points and Draw the bars or lines to connect the
points.
Example 3: Construct histograms, and Frequency polygons for
data shown in the above example 5. Let x be the weekly wage.
Weekly wages Number of Cumulative
in Birr laborers ( ) Frequency ( )
140-160 7 7
160-180 20 27
180-200 33 60
200-220 25 85
220-240 11 96
240-260 4 100
1. Draw and label the x- and y- axis.

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Measures of Central Tendency and Their Interpretation ̅
We can have the following measure of Central Tendency
 Mean  Quartiles Example 4:
 Median  Deciles 1. Consider the following values which show the number of
 Mode  Percentiles radios sold by an electronics shop for 26 days.
 Mean 7 7 2 6 7 10 8 10 2 7
- Mean ungrouped data 0 1 7 2 7 6 10 6 7 8
The mean of a set of data, denoted by ̅ is equal to the sum of 7 6 7 10 6 10
a. Construct a frequency distribution table.
the data items divided by the number of items contained in the
b. Find the mean from the raw data.
data set.
2. Calculate the mean of this grouped frequency table for
̅ students’ test scores.
Class Frequency Class
For frequency distribution: interval mark
… 35 8 280
… 23 13 299
The mean of this frequency distribution is given by 15 18 270
12 23 276
̅ 9 28 252
- Mean grouped data 6 33 198
Total 1575
For grouped frequency distribution:
3. The next Table indicates the age distribution of 30 students
Class mark …
in a class of extension students attending evening classes.
Frequency …
To find the mean from a grouped frequency distribution Find the mean age of these students.
- Find the class mark (midpoint) of each class and Class Frequency Class
interval mark
4 18 72
- Multiply by its corresponding frequency and add, then 11 23 253
9 28 252
Divide the sum by the sum of the frequencies
6 33 198
Total 30 775

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4. The table gives data on the height of 60 students in a class.  ̃ ( )
Find the mean height of these students. Let the height be h. Where,
Class Frequency Class  Lower class limit of the class containing the median,
interval mark
5 135 675 median class
6 145 870  Total number of observations.
18 155 2790
22 165 3630  The cumulative frequency in the class preceding
9 175 1575 ("coming before") the class containing the median.
Total 60 9540
 The number of observations (frequency) in the class
 Median
containing the median.
The median, denoted by ̃ and it is the middle number of a data
 the size of the class interval, width of the median class
set after rearranging in increasing order.
Example 4:
Median for ungrouped Data
1. The following data shows the number of car accident for 9
To compute median for ungrouped data: first Arrange the data
days. What will be the median of this data distribution?
set in increasing order and Select the middle number by.
( )
2. Find the median from the following data;
̃ {
( ) ( ) .

The Median for grouped Data 3. Discuss how to calculate the median of the following data on
mathematics test score of 20 students out of 10 (full mark).
To find the median of a grouped frequency distribution
- First prepare a cumulative frequency distribution. Math test score
Frequency 2 4 8 5 1
- Find the class where the median is located, called median 4. The following is the time 50 students take to travel to school.
class. It is the lowest class for which the cumulative Find the median time to travel to school. Let t be time.
frequency equals or exceeds . Time interval to Frequency Cumulative
school(min) Frequency
- Determine the median by the formula 8 8
14 22

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 12 34 Where,
9 43
 : Lower class limit of the modal class.
7 50
 Mode  The difference between the frequency of the modal class
The Mode for ungrouped Data and the frequency of the previous class/pre-modal
The mode is the value that occurs most often in a data and it is class .
denoted by ̂. A data set can have more than one mode or no
mode at all.  The difference between the frequency of the modal class
- When no data value occurs more than once, the data set is and the frequency of the next class/ Next modal class .
said to have no mode.
- A data set that has only one value that occurs with the  Size of the class interval or the class interval
greatest frequency is said to be uni-modal. Example 5:
- If a data set has two values that occur with the same 1. Find the mode of the bonuses of students for one semester.
greatest frequency, both values are considered to be the The bonuses are:
mode and the data set is said to be bi-modal. a. 18, 14, 15, 10, 11, 3, 10, 12, 10 marks.
- If a data set has more than two values that occur with the b. 6, 10, 9, 6, 10, 4 marks.
same greatest frequency, each value is used as the mode, c. 5, 6, 7, 11, 12 marks.
and the data set is said to be multi-modal.
d. 7 12 15 17 19 23
The Mode for a Grouped Data 6 4 6 5 6 5
- Prepare the frequency distribution table in such a way that 2. Following is the distribution of the lifespans, in days, of the
its first column consists of the observations and the second bees in a colony. Calculate the mode of the distribution.
column the respective frequency. Lifespan Number of
- Determine the class of maximum frequency by inspection. In days bees
10
This class is called the modal class. 12
- To calculate mode, use the formula: 19
31
̂ ( ) 33
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 7 second group includes to the median; the third set is the
5
median to Q3; the fourth category from to the highest data
Solution: the modal class is the 5th class , then
point of the entire set.
and , , then
Inter Quartile Range: The difference of the upper quartile and
and . Moreover
the lower quartile is the interquartile range (IQR);
̂ ( ) ( )

Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles for Ungrouped Data Quartiles for ungrouped Data
To compute Quartiles for ungrouped data: first Arrange the data
 Quartiles
set in increasing order and then use the formula.
A quartile divides data set into four equal parts after arranging in
( )
increasing order using three Quartiles, namely a lower quartile,
{
median, and upper quartile. ( ) ( )

The lower quartile, or first quartile, is denoted as Q1 and is the

Quartiles for grouped data
middle number that falls between the smallest value of the
To find quartiles for grouped data, first Prepare a cumulative
dataset and the median.
frequency distribution and then Find the class where the
The second quartile, Q2, is also the median. The upper or third
quartile, denoted as Q3, is the central point that lies between quartile belongs: the ( ) item.
the median and the highest number of the distribution. Use the formula the quartile for a grouped frequency
distribution is:

( )

Where,
 Lower class limit of the class containing the Quartile,
Quartile class
Now, the four groups formed from the quartiles are the first
 Total number of observations.
group of values contains the smallest number up to ; the

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 The cumulative frequency in the class preceding Deciles for grouped data
("coming before") the Quartiles class. To find quartiles for grouped data first prepare a cumulative
 The number of observations (frequency) in the class frequency distribution and then find the class where the
containing the Quartile. quartile belongs: the ( ) item.
 the size of the class interval, width of the class
Use the formula the Decile for a grouped frequency
Example 6:
distribution is:
1. Suppose the distribution of math scores in a class of 20
students in ascending order is: ( )

. Then, Where,
find , and and interpret what the value of each  Lower class limit of the class containing the Deciles,
show? Deciles class
2. Find , , and IQR for the following data;  Total number of observations.
.  The cumulative frequency in the class preceding
3. Find the quartiles of the following grouped data ("coming before") the Deciles class.
Score 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110
17 29 20 12 9 25 8  The number of observations (frequency) in the class
containing the Deciles.
 Deciles
 the size of the class interval, width of the class
Deciles are values that divide a set of data into ten equal parts
and there are nine Deciles. Example 7:
To compute Deciles for ungrouped data: first Arrange the data 1. The table below shows the ungrouped scores (out of 100) for
set in increasing order and then use the formula. 29 exam takers:
( ) 45 52 55 57 58 60 61 64 65 66
69 72 73 75 76 78 81 82 84 87
( ) 88 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
{

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Using the information presented in the table, find , and Example 8:
and interpret what the value of each shows. 1. Find P47 and P83 for the following data:
2. Find D3 and D8 for the following data: 27, 40, 44, 48, 52, 33, 27 40 57 48 52 33 31 23 11 7
31, 23, 11, 7. 35 34 24 34 59 35 10 23 54 18
 Percentiles 29 43 45 47 49 37 42 34 45 47
Percentiles divide the data set into 100 equal parts after 2. Find Q1, Q2, Q3 and IQR; D6 and D8; P35, and P91 of the
rearranging in increasing order and we have 99 percentiles. following data.
To compute Percentiles for ungrouped data: first Arrange the Score Frequency Cumulative
data set in increasing order and then use the formula. frequency
21 21
( ) 19 40
15 55
17 72
( )
{ 8 80
Percentiles for grouped data 5 85
To find percentile for grouped data: Prepare a cumulative 4 89
3 92
frequency distribution and then Find the class where the 2 94
2 96
percentile belongs: the ( ) item 4 100
Use the formula ( ); Where

 Lower class limit of the Percentile, percentile class

 The cumulative frequency in the class preceding
("coming before") the Quartiles class.
 The number of observations/frequency in the class
containing the Percentile.
 The size of the class interval, width of the class
 Total number of observations.

Amanuel Woldu: Aksum University, Mathematics Department

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