Module 5- Algebraic Structure
Module 5- Algebraic Structure
Modle -os
Algebic Shuctures
A Non-empty se S y called
Alaebrajc Sustem:
algebraic Shrucure wTt to bin openat * if(a*b)s
An daebraic system an Crdered pa
cloasure (A F)where.
i)A q set Of elements, called the camier
of the algebra:
Aote se oE
the camer , m being variabie
2
binaiy
h the notahion for an algebralc sys tem,
the comer set A y 1st specifed, follo wec
by the alem erts of F, which are actually lite
via (Af) a (A, f, f) ete
e SAR
Hence bo
Suhsfy the 1dempotent
property
Table of
binary Operathons :
Let {°,13 det dencte mltiplicahion. Then w
have the bìnary table.
X
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Alacncic shucture.
ex N, t) =) S
it closae operat?
N,) =)LA2 c 2)
S-3 = 2 &3-5 --2, -2 N
y hot closure aperat
(N,) )
i. not clasure aperat?
Semiqoup' s ) celed
An adaebraic shucture associative
followS
a sermlaro up if it
property
i'e (a ¥b) *c a (6xc) tt q,b,CES
J: e=o’identi ty ele.
(N, )
[: e1’ idertity ele
a/e a - . A algebraic shuct
but not semigroup
h
ns jn rt
mltiplicat? e =1
roup: A monoid (s, *) with identity
ele a 6s
ele
y called g7o4p if to each
there eist an ele be s, such that
Ca * b) - (b*a) : e
of a, denoted
then calee nverse
-)
a
CN,))
S
a
grop
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xSubgups
Subset of qraup GG called subaroup
A non empty subse H of a group G
called of G if
)H suhgraup
closed fex the compositi on defined
n Ge
ae H, be H ) ab e H
{ e y sectioh of subqrops.
again a suhgroup
=) commutaiue
3) (N )) s.
y Not
cen not b¹
group
abelian gr0
eneraty qao w
Sune
geneaate
al
(141tltIt[+)-I
3)(5
3 (3t
let2t)s=0
/S(3+3+3t3
=2 ) btetts3 ((+t1)+S3 (4t4tu)
/"S>
L3t3t3)
4
nodulo addHye ,2,3,4
t I CqG
10,
(-iJ:
(-i)-i
(-i)=
-)
(-)
Cyclic y
oti
ve that show -lil 4 G
group chcic
tve a
y n qeG G e where "{ 0aG}de
ele. 3ingle
enerated
by ele al s
Sald (multiplicative)
ibe G
GIo4p Cyclie
Engineering College
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of
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Show h t
Cind qenerat
ltsItel: 3
1y a qenerctor
coyder ele 2
2 2
S3
s' 34 33-3
generator
Gyider ele. 4
Sy qenerater
it every
shaw that if ele in qoup
i its Uhinverse then the aTO U
must be abelian.
ie
nuee eist
iie eVery ele its Gu
inverse
jdentity
for al E A pu
4 * e
we Gay
.! de x b= b *
all 6 A
For
. (A, *)
) yy an abelian qro0 up.
* Lefl 4 Righ) cnellalion property !
lel aibËC, eG
) Lefl cncellation
2) Righ Canellatioh
Proof
(a x b)= a. (a +c)
*a *b
Xb = a'xakC
1eB n=1
(ab) = a' b
ASstme
nk y rue
(a*b) K
nkt| hue.
PTove that
a b)
LHS latb) K
from eq
. .(axb)
ncler
ogider the set n= $ , 2, 3,4,,6
the multiplication moddo 7
a)find the muti plicat i on 4able fr the
above
b) Find the inverse of 2, 3, & s6
I6
Avege of 2 4
a * a = 1
3 S
2 4 S3
*1 S
6 6 3617=)
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Prove y cyclic raph
2 - 2l7 - 2
2
2 4
|2)3
not qenerator:
konyider 337 = 3
3 3129 7 7 1
34
13 7
A= <3} : 3y the qenerator of thy
. Sho0
show that a group Gy eabelian iff
(ab)- a'b2 feor all ele afb s G
a
a2
.. at b ¥a*b at b¥b
-)
premulhiply by a
boh sidy
posl multirlyb
axb a* b * b
4S
since
abeli an grop
part -L
Ass une
a b
an abelian qfoup
(a*b)a¥b) = (a b)
Ca a)* Cb tb)
2 Hen et rove
O. let G be the set of c l non
& det axb= ab
real
2
show that (G *) an abelian
group.
=)i) we 15t
verify that * a binary
If a & h are alemens of G then
operation.
a non- Zero Yeal no hen ce
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Tsomxphism
An alaebraic Sys. (B, *)
cef"An
to the algebalc sys ( t )isomaaphte
f
Can abtain CBi *) from ch, +) hu
enaming the le. Lor the operai or
in A )
:. f y one to ohe on to
z Such thet
:. f y on to
;fy One to o ne
Rings
An algebraic sus: (At, ) yarcaled
Aing if the follocing cond
i) (A, +) cun abelian qroup
i) CA)i a semigoup
l ) The apera Jistábutiue oUer
theerat h
a-(bt) =(ab)+ (a c)
Commutaive ing
A Rina (A. t,)is said to be commwah
(A ) s gaisfy eOmmutatE
ing
Propeaty
abe ba t a , b eA
ferr
b o
bo th
then the
nng (A,t withot
Tero divisor:
identity ole
3ts 0 3
1tso 1
2tr0- 2
d) TeIe
2t 3
tammutative operation
|tg 3 3t
oabelian qoroup
S
iy a semigroup
a) X eot closed operation , Since all
ele som table xs belongs to set s
b) Xs agociabi ve operatio n
e9 1Xs (2 i,3) =( )X, 3
ts 3) =(Xç 2) +s(iAs 9)
eg xç (2
2 t3
1
Cading Thecry
Coding theery ha developed teshnius
infrm tn in
foducing redncant
hantted ato that helen
bee in deteching
&conimey in cehi
Termnologies a's f ' s
Scquene af
ode=colletion of words.
EX-OR Geeration
) = 0
Ham ming distance
The distance yhe wt. £
ay o called hamming distance
Encoding furction :
It y clefined ay
where e y (m, n) encoding
fencion
Detecion of erorS
Correcion of emos
Let e: B8n encoding P" the
min dist of e y 2k+|
then it
Correct
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lyxa) 3
=0||O wltoa) 2
=l0| 3
ao 3
2.
23
=l0lO
2
3
!. min distance
2e.
Detect n of emOY
k+1 2
Suhitiel
Asociahve propety
Sdentity ele
identity ele.
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de
O0000 O0000
\olot t1olo
nvense eist
Cammuteive pperty
dnhty
matii
Coider he 2anity check mahi
determne the
H -qT0up Coe ar
e B
2 S
Co o
leoo) 00 ooo
e (oi) = 61 2
e(o1) =olol
CI
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De cdina fn
lol||
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oll10
2 elo )
encodiy
+|00|| e(l)
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