1.
Printing Output
(Prints text to the console)
# Print "Hello, World!" to the screen
print("Hello, World!")
Output:
Hello, World!
2. Variables and Data Types
(Variables store values of different data types)
# Assigning different data types to variables
name = "Alice" # String
age = 25 # Integer
height = 5.6 # Float
is_student = True # Boolean
# Printing variables
print(name, age, height, is_student)
Output:
Alice 25 5.6 True
3. Taking User Input
(Accepts input from the user and prints it)
# Asking for user input
name = input("Enter your name: ")
# Printing user input
print("Hello, " + name)
Example Input:
Enter your name: Bob
Output:
Hello, Bob
4. Conditional Statements (if-elif-else)
(Used to make decisions in the code)
# Checking if a number is positive, negative, or zero
num = -5
if num > 0:
print("Positive")
elif num < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")
Output:
Negative
5. Loops (for and while)
(Loops help in executing code multiple times)
# For loop - Iterates a fixed number of times
for i in range(3): # Loops from 0 to 2
print(i)
# While loop - Runs as long as the condition is True
count = 0
while count < 3:
print(count)
count += 1
Output:
0
6. Functions
(Reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task)
# Defining a function that takes a name and returns a greeting
def greet(name):
return "Hello, " + name
# Calling the function and printing the result
print(greet("Alice"))
Output:
Hello, Alice
7. Nested Functions
(A function inside another function)
# Function with a nested function
def outer_function(name):
print("Outer function running...")
def inner_function():
print("Inner function says: Hello, " + name)
inner_function() # Calling the inner function
# Calling the outer function
outer_function("Bob")
Output:
Outer function running...
Inner function says: Hello, Bob
8. Lists (Arrays)
(Used to store multiple values in a single variable)
# Creating a list of fruits
fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
# Accessing elements from the list (index starts from 0)
print(fruits[1]) # Output: Banana
# Adding an element to the list
fruits.append("Orange")
print(fruits)
Output:
Banana
['Apple', 'Banana', 'Cherry', 'Orange']
9. Dictionaries (Key-Value Pairs)
(Used to store data in key-value format)
# Creating a dictionary with key-value pairs
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
# Accessing values using keys
print(person["name"])
print(person["age"])
# Adding a new key-value pair
person["city"] = "New York"
print(person)
Output:
Alice
25
{'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'city': 'New York'}
10. File Handling (Read and Write to Files)
(Read from and write to a file)
Writing to a File
# Open a file in write mode and add text
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, this is a file!\n")
file.write("Python makes file handling easy.")
Reading from a File
# Open the file in read mode and display its contents
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
Output (example.txt file content):
Hello, this is a file!
Python makes file handling easy.
11. Exception Handling (try-except)
(Handles runtime errors to prevent program crashes)
try:
# Attempting to divide by zero (which causes an error)
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
# Handling the division by zero error
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
Output:
Cannot divide by zero!
