CHAPTER 4 FOURIER

(PART 1) SERIES
OUTLINE : FOURIER SERIES

4.1 Introduction to Fourier Series

▪ Definition of Periodic Function

4.2 Determination of Even, Odd and Neither

Functions
▪ Graph

▪ Algebraically Method

4.3 Properties of Functions

4.4 Fourier Series Expansion

▪ General Fourier Series

▪ Fourier Series of Even Functions

▪ Fourier Series of Odd Functions

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO FOURIER SERIES
❑ A Fourier series is an expansions of a periodic function 𝑓 𝑥 in
terms of an infinite sum of sines and cosines.
❑ To find an approximation using trigonometric functions for
various square and waveforms that occur in electronic.

a0 n   n x   n x  
Fourier series of f ( x ) : f ( x ) = +   an cos  +
 n 
b s in 
2 i =1   L   L 
where
L
1
a0 =  f ( x ) dx
L −L
 n x 
L
1
an =  f ( x ) cos   dx
L −L  L 
 n x 
L
1
bn =  f ( x ) sin   dx
L −L  L 
 f ( x ) can be any functions.
 DEFINITION OF PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

A function f ( x ) defined in an interval − L  x  L is said to be

periodic with period ( P ) such that
f ( x) = f ( x + P)
where P = 2 L. The number P is then called a period of the function f .

f(x)
1

Period=2𝝅
x
-2π -π π 2π 3π

-1
Period=2𝝅
For example:
IDENTIFY L & PERIOD FOR PERIODIC
FUNCTION

L =
IDENTIFY L & PERIOD FOR PERIODIC
FUNCTION

L=2
IDENTIFY L & PERIOD FOR PERIODIC
FUNCTION

=
L 
Example 4.1:
Determine the period of the following functions and sketch
the graph of the functions
−2 −  x  0

a) f ( x ) = 2 0 x 
 f x + 2
 ( )

−1 −2  x  −1
x −1  x  1

b) f ( x ) = 
1 1 x  2
 f ( x + 4 )
 4.2 DETERMINATION OF EVEN, ODD AND
NEITHER FUNCTION
Even Function Odd Function Neither Function
• Always symmetrical • Always symmetrical • Not symmetrical about the
about the y-axis (Its about the origin (0,0) y-axis or origin (0,0)
look likes a mirror
image)

f (−x) = f ( x) f (−x) = − f ( x) f (−x)  f ( x) & f (−x)  − f ( x)

4.2 DETERMINATION OF EVEN, ODD AND
NEITHER FUNCTION (GRAPH)
EXAMPLE FOR EVEN FUNCTION
Symmetry about y-axis
EXAMPLE FOR ODD FUNCTION (BASED ON GRAPH)
Symmetry at origin (0, 0)
EXAMPLE FOR NEITHER FUNCTION (BASED ON GRAPH)
Not symmetrical about y-axis and origin (0, 0)
 Example 4.2:
Sketch the graph of the following function. State whether the function is even, odd or
neither functions and give your reason.
1 + x −1  x  0

a) f ( x ) = 1 − x 0  x 1
f x+2
 ( )

−3 −  x  0

b) f ( x ) = 3 0 x 
 f x + 2
 ( )
4.2 DETERMINATION OF EVEN, ODD AND NEITHER
FUNCTION (ALGEBRAICALLY METHOD)

Method of Solution:

Step 1: Replace 'x ' in the given f ( x ) with ' − x '.

Step 2: Simplify the function and make the conclusion based on the
following determination of even, odd or neither functions:
(i) Even Function : f ( − x ) = f ( x )

(ii) Odd Function : f ( − x ) = − f ( x )

(iii) Neither Function : f ( − x ) = f ( x ) or f ( − x ) = − f ( x )

TIPS TO DETERMINE OF EVEN, ODD AND NEITHER
FUNCTION (ALGEBRAICALLY METHOD)
TIPS TO DETERMINE OF EVEN, ODD AND NEITHER
FUNCTION (ALGEBRAICALLY METHOD)
 Example 4.3:
(a) f ( x ) = x 2 

(b) f ( x ) = x 3 

(c) f ( x ) = cos x 
(d) f ( x ) = sin x 

(e) f ( x ) = x − x 3 

(f ) f ( x ) = x − x 2 
 Note that: cos ( − x ) = cos x

Note that: sin ( − x ) = − sin x

 Exercise 4.1:

Determine whether the following functions is even, odd or neither functions:

(a) f ( x ) = e 2 x
(b) f ( x ) = e x
2

Answer :
(a) Neither function
(b) Even function
 PROPERTIES OF ADDITION/SUBSTRACTION
FUNCTIONS
( Even )  ( Even ) = Even (+)  (+) = +
( Odd )  ( Odd ) = Odd (−)  (−) = −
( Even )  ( Odd ) = Neither ( + )  ( − ) = Neither
( Odd )  ( Even ) = Neither ( − )  ( + ) = Neither
( Even )  ( Neither ) = Neither ( + )  ( Neither ) = Neither
( Odd )  ( Neither ) = Neither ( − )  ( Neither ) = Neither
 PROPERTIES OF PRODUCT FUNCTIONS

( Even )  ( Even ) = Even (+) (+) = +

( Odd )  ( Odd ) = Even (−)  (−) = +
( Even )  ( Odd ) = Odd (+)  (−) = −
( Odd )  ( Even ) = Odd (−)  (+) = −
( Even )  ( Neither ) = Neither ( + )  ( Neither ) = Neither
( Odd )  ( Neither ) = Neither ( − )  ( Neither ) = Neither
 Example 4.4:

Determine whether the following functions are even, odd,

or neither functions.
(a) f ( x ) = sin 2 x + x 4
(b) f ( x ) = cos 3 x − 5 x
(c) f ( x ) = cos ( 5 x ) sin 2 x
(d) f ( x ) = ( 4 x + 7 ) sin ( 4 x )
(e) f ( x ) = e − x ( x 2 − 1)
Solution :
(a) f ( x ) = sin 2 x + x 4

Step 1 : Let f1 ( x ) = sin 2 x and f 2 ( x ) = x 4

f1 ( − x ) = sin ( − x )  = ( − sin x ) = sin 2 x
2 2

f1 ( − x ) = f1 ( x )  Even ( + )

f2 ( − x ) = ( − x ) = x4
4

f 2 ( − x ) = f 2 ( x )  Even ( + )

Step 2 : f ( x ) = f1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x ) = Even ( + )  ( + ) = +
Even Even

Step 3 : Conclusion: f ( x ) = sin 2 x + x 4 is an even function

Solution :
(b) f ( x ) = cos 3 x − 5 x
Solution :
(c) f ( x ) = cos 5 x sin 2 x

Step 1 : Let f1 ( x ) = cos 5 x and f 2 ( x ) = sin 2 x

f1 ( − x ) = cos 5 ( − x ) = cos 5 x cos ( −nx ) = cos ( nx )
f1 ( − x ) = f1 ( x )  Even ( + )

f 2 ( − x ) = sin ( − x )  = ( − sin x ) = sin 2 x

2 2

f 2 ( − x ) = f 2 ( x )  Even ( + )

Step 2 : f ( x ) = f1 ( x )  f 2 ( x ) = Even (+)  (+) = +

Even Even

Step 3 : Conclusion: f ( x ) = cos 5 x sin 2 x is an even function

Solution :
(d) f ( x ) = ( 4 x + 7 ) sin 4 x
Solution :
(e) f ( x ) = e − x ( x 2 − 1)
Exercise 4.2:

1. Determine whether the following functions are even, odd or neither

functions
(a) f ( x ) = x 2 sin 2 ( x ) (b) f ( x ) = cos ( 2 x ) − 3 x
(c) f ( x ) = ( − x + x 3 − x 5 ) cos ( 4 x ) (d) f ( x ) = e − x cos ( 2 x )
(e) f ( x ) = ( 2 x 3 + x ) sin x (f ) f ( x ) = cos 2 ( x ) sin 2 ( 2 x )
(g) f ( x ) = cos 5 x + x 2 sin 2 x (h) f ( x ) = 3 x sin x cos x + 5 x 2 sin 2 x
(i) f ( x ) = −4e3 x − sin 2 ( 2 x ) − 7 x 2
2

Answer :
(a) Even function (b) Neither function
(c) Odd function (d) Neither function
(e) Even function (f ) Even function
(g) Neither function (h) Even function
(i) Even function
2. Identify the following figures are even, odd or neither functions
3. Sketch the graph for the following functions. Hence, determine the type
of the function.

− k , −  x  0
(a) f ( x ) = 
Answer :
 k, 0  x   (a) Odd function
(b) Neither function

 x + 2, −  x  0 (c) Odd function

(b) f ( x ) = 
 −2, 0 x

 1
 1, −1  x  −
2

 1 1
(c) f ( x ) =  2 x, −  x 
 2 2
 1
 −1, 2  x  1