.

Real Numbers

 Concepts: Euclid’s Division Lemma, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, LCM, HCF,

Prime Factorization.

 Key Topics:

o Euclid’s Division Algorithm.

o Finding LCM and HCF using prime factorization.

o Rational and irrational numbers.

2. Polynomials

 Concepts: Polynomial expressions, Factorization of polynomials.

 Key Topics:

o Types of polynomials (linear, quadratic, cubic, etc.).

o Factorization by splitting the middle term.

o The Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem.

3. Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

 Concepts: Solving linear equations in two variables using different methods.

 Key Topics:

o Graphical method.

o Substitution method.

o Elimination method.

4. Quadratic Equations

 Concepts: Standard form of a quadratic equation and its solutions.

 Key Topics:

o Solving quadratic equations by factorization, completing the square, and

using the quadratic formula.

o Nature of roots (discriminant).

5. Arithmetic Progressions

 Concepts: Sequence, series, and the properties of an arithmetic progression (AP).

 Key Topics:

o nth term of an AP.

 o Sum of the first n terms of an AP.

o Applications of AP in real-life scenarios.

6. Triangles

 Concepts: Properties and types of triangles, similarity, congruence.

 Key Topics:

o Pythagoras Theorem.

o Basic proportionality theorem (Thales’ theorem).

o Congruence and similarity criteria (SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS).

7. Coordinate Geometry

 Concepts: Cartesian coordinate system, distance formula, section formula.

 Key Topics:

o Distance between two points.

o Midpoint and section formula.

o Area of a triangle using coordinates.

8. Introduction to Trigonometry

 Concepts: Trigonometric ratios and their applications.

 Key Topics:

o Sine, cosine, tangent ratios.

o Trigonometric identities.

o Heights and distances (word problems).

9. Some Applications of Trigonometry

 Concepts: Real-life applications of trigonometry.

 Key Topics:

o Angle of elevation and depression.

o Solving problems related to heights and distances using trigonometric ratios.

10. Circles

 Concepts: Properties of tangents and chords.

 Key Topics:
 o Tangent-secant theorems.

o Length of tangents from an external point.

o Angle subtended by a chord at the center.

11. Constructions

 Concepts: Geometrical constructions based on given conditions.

 Key Topics:

o Constructing a triangle with given sides, angles.

o Constructing tangents to a circle from an external point.

o Constructions of quadrilaterals.

12. Surface Areas and Volumes

 Concepts: 3D shapes and their surface areas and volumes.

 Key Topics:

o Surface area and volume of cuboids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and

hemispheres.

o Frustum of a cone.

o Applications of surface areas and volumes in real-life scenarios.

13. Statistics

 Concepts: Data representation and analysis.

 Key Topics:

o Mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data.

o Cumulative frequency distribution.

o Graphical representation of data (histograms, ogives).

14. Probability

 Concepts: Basic probability concepts and calculations.

 Key Topics:

o Probability of an event.

o Theoretical probability.

o Experimental probability.
Summary of Trigonometry - Class 10

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides
and angles of a triangle. It is particularly concerned with right-angled triangles, where one
angle is 90 degrees. Trigonometry is fundamental in understanding various aspects of
geometry, physics, engineering, and many real-life applications, such as navigation,
architecture, and astronomy. In Class 10, students typically study the basic concepts and
trigonometric ratios, identities, and applications that are vital for progressing further in the
subject.

1. Introduction to Trigonometry

In a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. The
other two sides are the base (adjacent to the angle) and the perpendicular (opposite to the
angle). Trigonometry primarily focuses on the relationship between the angles and the sides
of these triangles.

The basic trigonometric ratios are defined as follows:

 Sine (sin) of an angle = (opposite side) / (hypotenuse)

 Cosine (cos) of an angle = (adjacent side) / (hypotenuse)

 Tangent (tan) of an angle = (opposite side) / (adjacent side)

These ratios are crucial for solving problems related to right-angled triangles.

2. Trigonometric Ratios

The six fundamental trigonometric functions are derived from a right triangle:

 Sine (sin): For an angle θ\theta, it is the ratio of the length of the side opposite θ\
theta to the hypotenuse. sin⁡θ=OppositeHypotenuse\sin \theta = \frac{\
text{Opposite}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}

 Cosine (cos): It is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse.
cos⁡θ=AdjacentHypotenuse\cos \theta = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}

 Tangent (tan): It is the ratio of the length of the side opposite θ\theta to the side
adjacent to θ\theta. tan⁡θ=OppositeAdjacent\tan \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\
text{Adjacent}}

 Cosecant (csc): It is the reciprocal of sine. csc⁡θ=1sin⁡θ\csc \theta = \frac{1}{\sin \

theta}

 Secant (sec): It is the reciprocal of cosine. sec⁡θ=1cos⁡θ\sec \theta = \frac{1}{\cos \

theta}
  Cotangent (cot): It is the reciprocal of tangent. cot⁡θ=1tan⁡θ\cot \theta = \frac{1}{\
tan \theta}

These trigonometric functions are used to solve unknown sides and angles in right-angled
triangles and to express relationships between the angles and sides.

3. Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometric identities are equations that hold true for all values of the variable (angle) for
which the functions are defined. The most commonly used trigonometric identities are:

 Pythagorean Identity:

sin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θ=1\sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1

This identity relates the sine and cosine functions. It is the basis for several other identities.

 Reciprocal Identities:

csc⁡θ=1sin⁡θ,sec⁡θ=1cos⁡θ,cot⁡θ=1tan⁡θ\csc \theta = \frac{1}{\sin \theta}, \quad \sec \theta = \

frac{1}{\cos \theta}, \quad \cot \theta = \frac{1}{\tan \theta}

 Quotient Identity:

tan⁡θ=sin⁡θcos⁡θ,cot⁡θ=cos⁡θsin⁡θ\tan \theta = \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}, \quad \cot \theta

= \frac{\cos \theta}{\sin \theta}

 Pythagorean Identities (Extended):

1+tan⁡2θ=sec⁡2θ,1+cot⁡2θ=csc⁡2θ1 + \tan^2 \theta = \sec^2 \theta, \quad 1 + \cot^2 \theta = \

csc^2 \theta

These identities are crucial tools for simplifying and solving trigonometric expressions and
equations.

4. Angles of Elevation and Depression

In practical problems, angles of elevation and depression are used to describe the angle
formed by a line of sight with the horizontal.

 Angle of Elevation: It is the angle formed when the observer looks upwards at an
object.

 Angle of Depression: It is the angle formed when the observer looks downwards at
an object.

These angles are often used in problems involving heights and distances, where
trigonometric ratios can help calculate unknown distances or heights based on given angles.

5. Applications of Trigonometry

Trigonometry is widely used in various fields to solve real-life problems, such as:
  Height and Distance: Trigonometry helps in calculating the height of an object or the
distance between two objects when the angles of elevation or depression are known.

Example: If the angle of elevation to the top of a building is 30° and the distance from the
observer to the building is 50 meters, trigonometric ratios can be used to find the height of
the building.

 Navigation: Trigonometric principles are used in navigation to calculate directions

and distances between locations on a map.

 Astronomy: In astronomy, trigonometric methods are used to measure distances

between celestial objects or to calculate their positions.

 Architecture and Engineering: Trigonometry is used in designing buildings, bridges,

and other structures, as it helps in determining angles and distances.

6. Height and Distance Problems

These problems involve the application of trigonometric ratios to find unknown distances or
heights. In such problems, a triangle is often formed using the line of sight, the object’s
height, and the distance between the observer and the object.

The formulas used in these problems are based on the primary trigonometric ratios:

 tan⁡θ=OppositeAdjacent\tan \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Adjacent}}

 sin⁡θ=OppositeHypotenuse\sin \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}

 cos⁡θ=AdjacentHypotenuse\cos \theta = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}

These formulas help solve practical problems involving the height of objects like towers,
trees, or buildings, or the distance between two objects.

7. Solving Trigonometric Equations

Trigonometric equations involve finding the values of angles or sides that satisfy certain
trigonometric relationships. These equations can be solved using algebraic techniques along
with the trigonometric identities and properties.

Some of the basic approaches to solving trigonometric equations include:

 Using known values of trigonometric functions for specific angles (e.g., sin⁡30∘=12\sin
30^\circ = \frac{1}{2})

 Applying trigonometric identities to simplify the equation and solve for the unknown

 Using inverse trigonometric functions to find angles given specific values of

trigonometric functions

8. Conclusion
Trigonometry is an essential and foundational topic in mathematics that has practical
applications across a wide range of fields, from science and engineering to real-life problem-
solving. The core of Class 10 trigonometry involves understanding the basic trigonometric
ratios, applying them to solve problems involving right-angled triangles, and exploring
trigonometric identities. By mastering these concepts, students can develop problem-solving
skills that will be useful in higher-level mathematics and various professional fields.

Trigonometry is a fundamental topic in mathematics with practical applications in fields like

science, engineering, and real-life problem-solving. In Class 10, it focuses on understanding
basic trigonometric ratios, solving problems involving right-angled triangles, and exploring
trigonometric identities. Mastering these concepts helps students develop valuable
problem-solving skills for higher-level math and various professions.