NADAR SARASWATHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY

Vadapudupatti, Theni - 625531

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

Regulation 2021

GE3171
PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON
PROGRAMMING LAB MANUAL

I Year / I Sem

Prepared By
N.Kesavamoorthy, AP/CSE
VISION

⮚ Place for Technology Revolution

MISSION

⮚ Promote and undertake all – inclusive developments.

⮚ Develop high quality technical education with academic excellence and

innovative research with ethics.

⮚ Create an atmosphere where teacher enjoys facilitation and learners(students)

enjoy learning through foster innovation.

⮚ Collaborate with industry and academic to meet the changing needs of society.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

VISION

MISSION
 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. To enrich the knowledge of students to get graduation in the field of computer science and
engineering and pursue professional development in the software field or as entrepreneurs.
2. To participate in research and thrive in multi-disciplinary, systems oriented work environment in
team work with professional ethics.
3. To contribute the solution to the complex problems as a professional engineer for society and
strive to promote a practice of integrity, tolerance, leadership and respect in the work place.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one ‘s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (PSOs)
1. To analyze, design and develop computing solutions by applying foundational concepts of
Computer Science and Engineering.
2. To apply software engineering principles and practices for developing quality software for
scientific and business applications.
3. To adapt to emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to innovate ideas and
solutions to existing/novel problems
 SYLLABUS

GE3171 PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING LABORATORY L T PC

0 0 42

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

● To understand the problem solving approaches.

● To learn the basic programming constructs in Python.

● To practice various computing strategies for Python-based solutions to real world problems.

● To use Python data structures - lists, tuples, dictionaries.

● To do input/output with files in Python.

EXPERIMENTS:
Note: The examples suggested in each experiment are only indicative. The lab
instructor is expected to design other problems on similar lines. The Examination shall
not be restricted to the sample experiments listed here.

1. Identification and solving of simple real life or scientific or technical problems, and
developing flow charts for the same. (Electricity Billing, Retail shop billing, Sin
series, weight of a motorbike, Weight of a steel bar, compute Electrical Current in
Three Phase AC Circuit, etc.)
2. Python programming using simple statements and expressions (exchange the values
of two variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance between two points).
3. Scientific problems using Conditionals and Iterative loops. (Number series, Number
Patterns, pyramid pattern)
4. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Lists, Tuples. (Items present in a
library/Components of a car/ Materials required for construction of a building –
operations of list & tuples)
5. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Sets, Dictionaries. (Language,
components of an automobile, Elements of a civil structure, etc.- operations of Sets &
Dictionaries)
6. Implementing programs using Functions. (Factorial, largest number in a list, area of shape)
7. Implementing programs using Strings. (reverse, palindrome, character count,
replacing characters)
8. Implementing programs using written modules and Python Standard Libraries
(pandas, numpy. Matplotlib, scipy)
9. Implementing real-time/technical applications using File handling. (copy from one
file to another, word count, longest word)
10. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Exception handling. (divide by
zero error, voter’s age validity, student mark range validation)
11. Exploring Pygame tool.
12. Developing a game activity using Pygame like bouncing ball, car race etc.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
 On completion of the course, students will be able to:
CO1: Develop algorithmic solutions to simple computational problems
CO2: Develop and execute simple Python programs.
CO3: Implement programs in Python using conditionals and loops for solving problems.
CO4: Deploy functions to decompose a Python program.
CO5: Process compound data using Python data structures.
CO6: Utilize Python packages in developing software applications.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Allen B. Downey, “Think Python: How to Think like a Computer Scientist”, 2nd
Edition, O’Reilly Publishers, 2016.
2. Karl Beecher, “Computational Thinking: A Beginner's Guide to Problem Solving
and Programming”, 1st Edition, BCS Learning & Development Limited, 2017.

REFERENCES:
1. Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel, “Python for Programmers”, Pearson Education, 1 st
Edition, 2021.
2. G Venkatesh and Madhavan Mukund, “Computational Thinking: A Primer for
Programmers and Data Scientists”, 1st Edition, Notion Press, 2021.
3. John V Guttag, "Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python:
With Applications to Computational Modeling and Understanding Data”, Third
Edition, MIT Press, 2021.
4. Eric Matthes, “Python Crash Course, A Hands - on Project Based Introduction to
Programming”, 2nd Edition, No Starch Press, 2019.
5. https://www.python.org/
6. Martin C. Brown, “Python: The Complete Reference”, 4th Edition, Mc-Graw Hill, 2018.

TOTAL: 60 PERIODS.
Ex No 1 Identification and solving of simple real life (or) scientific (or) technical problems
and developing flow chart the same (Electricity Billing, Retail shop billing, Sin series,
weight of a motorbike, Weight of a steel bar, compute Electrical Current in Three Phase
AC Circuit, etc.)

Ex No 1) a Flow chart for electricity billing

Aim:
To develop the flowchart to calculate the electricity bill.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Get start reading and end reading from the user.
Step3: Subtract start reading from end reading to get the number of units consumed by the
user.
Step4: If the units consumed are greater than zero and less than or equal to 100, than
multiply the units with Rs.1.50 to get the bill cost.
Step5: If the units consumed are greater than 100 and less than or equal to 200, than
multiply the units with Rs.2.50 to get the bill cost.
Step6: If the units consumed are greater than 200 and less than or equal to 300,than multiply
the units with Rs.3.50 to get the bill cost.
Step7: Print the bill cost.
Step8: Stop.
Result:
Thus the flowchart for calculating electricity bill has been developed successfully.
 Ex No 1) b Flowchart for retail shop billing
Aim:
To develop the flowchart for retail shop billing.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Get the number of items, quantity of items, price of items.
Step3: Set total cost as 0
Step4: Calculate the total cost by using this formula
total cost= (quantity of items*price of items) +total cost.
Step5: Print the total cost.
Step6: Stop.

start

Read number of
items purchased N

Set Total cost=0

For i=1 to N

Read price of item P

and quantity Q

Total cost=Total cost +

(P*Q)

Print Total cost

stop

Result:
Thus, the flowchart for retail shop billing has been developed successfully.
Ex No 1) c Flowchart for calculating Sin series using Taylor’s formula
Aim:
To develop the flowchart for calculating sin series using Taylor’s formula.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Read the value of x in degrees, no. of terms to be calculated from user.
Step3: Calculate sin series using Taylor’s formula sin(x) =x/1! -x3/3! +x5/5! -…….
Step4: Convert x into radian using the formula x* π /180.
Step5: Assign x to temporary variable t.
Step6: Assign x to sum.
Step7: Initialize for loop with i= 1 to N
Step8: Calculate t using this formula t=t*(-1) *x*x
2*i*(2*i+1)
Step9: Calculate sum by using this formula sum=sum + t
Step10: Print the value sum to the user
Step11: Stop
Result:
Thus, the flowchart for calculating sin series using Taylor’s formula has been developed
successfully.
 Flow chart to calculate Weight of steel bar
Ex No 1) d

Aim:
To develop the flowchart for calculating the weight of steel bar.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Get the length and diameter from the user.
Step3: Calculate the weight of steel bar using this formula W=D2L/162
Step4: Print the weight of steel bar
Step5: Stop

start

Read diameter of steel

bar D

Read Length of steel bar

L

Weight W= (D*D*L)/162

Print W

stop

Result:
Thus, the flowchart for calculating weight of steel bar has been developed successfully.
Ex No 1) e Flowchart to compute electric current in three phase AC circuit
Aim:
To develop the flowchart to compute electric current in three phase AC circuit.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Get the power, voltage, factor
Step3: Calculate the Ampere by using this formula ampere=(KW*1000)/(E*1.73*pf)
kW- Power in kilowatts
E-Voltage
Pf- Power factor
Step4: Print the current in Ampere
Step5: Stop

start

Read power in kilowatts

kW

Read voltage E and

power factor Pf

Current I= ( kW x 1000 ) / ( E x
1.73 x pf )

Print I

stop

Result:
Thus, the flowchart to compute electric current in three phase AC circuit has been developed
successfully.
 Ex No 2 Python programming using simple statements and expressions (exchange the
values of two variables, circulate the values of n variables, distance between two
points).

Ex No 2) a Program to Exchange the values of two variables

Aim:
To develop the python program for exchanging the values of two variables.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Read the value of a, b, c
Step3: Assign a to temporary variable c
Step4: Assign a=b
Step5: Assign b=a
Step6: Print the exchanged the values of a and b
Step7: Stop
Program:
a = int(input("Enter a value "))
b = int(input("Enter b value "))
c=a
a=b
b=c
print("a=",a,"b=",b)

Output:
Enter a value 5
Enter b value 8
a=8
b=5

Exchange the values of two variables without using temporary variable

Program:
a=int(input("Enter value of first variable: "))
b=int(input("Enter value of second variable: "))
a=a+b
b=a-b
a=a-b
print("a is:",a," b is:",b)

Output:
Enter value of first variable: 3
Enter value of second variable: 5
a is: 5 b is: 3

Result:
 Thus, the python program for exchanging the values of two variables has been executed
successfully.

Ex No 2) b Program to Circulate the values of n variables

Aim:
To develop the python program to circulate the values of n variables.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Read the numbers to be stored in the list
Step3: Initialize for loop with i=1 to len(a) and increment by 1
Step4: The elements in list are circulated using slicing concept
Step5: Print the circulated value in list
Step6: Stop
Program:
a=list(input("enter the list"))
print(a)
for i in range(1,len(a),1):
print(a[i:]+a[:i])

Output:
enter the list '1234'
['1', '2', '3', '4']
['2', '3', '4', '1']
['3', '4', '1', '2']
['4', '1', '2', '3']

Result:
Thus, the program for circulating the values of n variables has been executed successfully.
 Ex No 2) c Program to calculate Distance between two points

Aim:
To develop the python program to calculate the distance between two points
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Get the value for X1, X2, Y1 and Y2 from the user
Step3: import math. sqrt
Step4: The distance between two points are calculated using the formula
distance=(((X2-X1) **2) +((Y2-Y1) **))
Step5: Print the distance between two points
Step6: Stop
Program:
import math
x1=int(input("enter x1"))
y1=int(input("enter y1"))
x2=int(input("enter x2"))
y2=int(input("enter y2"))
distance =math.sqrt((x2-x1)**2)+((y2-y1)**2)
print("The distance between two points is: ",distance)

Output:
enter x1 7
enter y1 6
enter x2 5
enter y2 7
The distance between two points is 2.5

Result:
Thus, the python program to calculate the distance between two points has been executed
successfully
 Ex. No: 3 . Scientific problems using Conditionals and Iterative loops. (Number
series, Number Patterns, pyramid pattern)

Ex. No: 3a Program to display the Fibonacci sequence up to nth term

Aim:
To develop a python program to display the Fibonacci sequence up to nth term.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the value of the number of terms from the user and store it in the variable named
“nterms”
Step 3: Assign n1=0, n2=1 and count=0
Step 4: If the value of nterms is less than or equal to 1 then print “Please enter a positive
integer”
Step 5: If the value of nterms is equal to 1 then print the Fibonacci sequence as zero
Step 6: Else, initialize a while loop with the condition (count < nterms)
Step 7: If the condition is true print n1
Step 8: Then assign nth=n1+n2
Step 9: Assign n1=n2 and n2=nth to update the values
Step 10: Assign count = count+1
Step 11: Repeat the while loop until the condition gets false
Step 12: Stop
Program:
nterms = int(input("How many terms? "))

# first two terms

n1, n2 = 0, 1
count = 0

# check if the number of terms is valid

if nterms <= 0:
print("Please enter a positive integer")
# if there is only one term, return n1
elif nterms == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence upto",nterms,":")
print(n1)
# generate fibonacci sequence
else:
 print("Fibonacci sequence:")
while count < nterms:
print(n1)
nth = n1 + n2
# update values
n1 = n2
n2 = nth
count += 1
Output
How many terms? 7
Fibonacci sequence:
0
1
1
2
3
5
8

Result:
Thus, the python program to display the Fibonacci sequence up to nth term has been
developed and executed successfully.

Ex. No: 3b Program to print numbers in diamond pattern

Aim:
To develop a python program to print numbers in diamond pattern.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Define the sub function pattern(n) and read the value of n
Step 3: Assign k=2*n-2 and x=0
Step 4: For the upper half of the diamond pattern initialize a for loop with i=0 to n
Step 5: Assign x=x+1
Step 6: Initialize a nested for loop with j=0 to k
Step 7: Print the spaces until the loop until the loop reaches its end value
Step 8: Assign k=k-1
Step 9: Initialize a nested for loop with j=0 to i+1
Step 10: Print the x values. Print the spaces after the x values and carriage return
Step 11: Assign k=n-2
Step 12: Assign x=n+2
Step 13: For the lower half of the diamond pattern initialize another for loop with i=n to -1,
increment by -1
 Step 14: Assign x=x-1
Step 15: Initialize a nested for loop with j=k to 0, increment by -1
Step 16: Print the spaces until the loop until the loop reaches its end value
Step 17: Assign k=k+1
Step 18: Initialize another nested for loop with j=0 to i+1
Step 19: Print the x values. Print the spaces after the x values and carriage return
Step 20: Invoke the sub function pattern(n) with n=5
Step 21: Stop
Program:
def pattern(n):
k=2*n-2
x=0
for i in range(0, n):
x += 1
for j in range(0, k):
print(end=" ")
k=k-1
for j in range(0, i + 1):
print(x, end=" ")
print("\r")
k=n-2
x=n+2
for i in range(n, -1, -1):
x -= 1
for j in range(k, 0, -1):
print(end=" ")
k=k+1
for j in range(0, i + 1):
print(x, end=" ")
print("\r")
pattern(5)

Output:

Result:
Thus, a python program for printing numbers in diamond pattern has been developed and
executed successfully.
 Ex. No: 3c Program to print numbers in pyramid pattern
Aim:
To develop a python program to print umbers in pyramid pattern.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the value of numbers of rows from the user as integer and store it in the variable
named “rows”
Step 3: Assign k=0, count=0 and count1=0
Step 4: Initialize a for loop with i=1 to rows+1
Step 5: Initialize a nested for loop with space=1 to ((rows-i) +1) to print the space
Step 6: Print the spaces and print another space after every space
Step 7: Assign count=count+1
Step 8: Initialize a while loop when k is not equal to ((2*i)-1)
Step 9: If count is less than or equal to (rows-1) then print (i + k)
Step 10: Assign count=count+1
Step 11: Else, assign count1=count1+1
Step 12: Print (i + k - (2*count1)) and print space after each and every number
Step 13: Assign k=k+1
Step 14: Assign count1=count=k=0
Step 15: Repeat the for loop until the end value is reached
Step 16: Stop
Program:
rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))
k=0
count=0
count1=0
for i in range(1, rows+1):
for space in range(1, (rows-i)+1):
print(" ", end="")
count+=1

while k!=((2*i)-1):
if count<=rows-1:
print(i+k, end=" ")
count+=1
else:
count1+=1
print(i+k-(2*count1), end=" ")
k += 1

count1 = count = k = 0
print()

Output:
1
232
 34543
4567654
567898765

Result:
Thus, the python program for printing numbers in pyramid pattern is developed and
executed successfully.
Ex. No: 4 Implementing real-time/technical applications using Lists,
Tuples. (Items present in a library/Components of a car/
Materials required for construction of a building –operations of
list & tuples)

Ex. No: 4) a Python program to implement Operations in List

Aim:
To develop a python program to implement operations in list.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get a list L1 from the user
Step 3: Call the subfunction display() and pass the list L1 to the subfunction
Step 4: Define the subfunction display().
Step 5: In the definition of the subfunction display(L2), print the options to be selected by
the user.
Step 6: Get an option from the user as integer and store it in a variable named “option”.
Step 7: If option==1 then print the total number of books in the list using len(L2) function
and go to step 5.
Step 8: If option==2 then get the name off the book to be appended and store it in a
temporary variable. Append the book using list_name.append(item) and print the list after
appending. And go to step 5.
Step 9: If option==3 then get the name of the book to be inserted and get the index position
where it should be inserted and store them in some temporary variables. Insert the book in
the list using list_name.insert(index, item). Print the list after inserting and go to step 5.
Step 10: If option==4 then get the name of the book whose index should be displayed. Find
the index position using list_name.index(item). Print the index position of the book and go
to step 5.
Step 11: If option==5 then get the size of the new list to be added and get the name of the
items in the list separated by space. Add the new list of books to the existing list using
list_name.extend(newlist). Print the list after extending and go to step 5.
Step 12: If option==6 then pop a book which is in the end of the list from the list using
list_name.pop() and print the item popped. Print the list after popping and go to step 5.
Step 13: If option==7 then get the book name to be removed and remove the book from the
list using list_name.remove(item). Print the list after removing and got to step 5.
Step 14: If option==8 then reverse the list using list_name.reverse(). Display the list after
reversing and go to step 5.
Step 15: If option==9 then sort the ietms using list_name.sort(). Print the list after sorting
and go to step 5.
Step 16: If option==10 then clear the list using list_name.clear(). Print the cleared list and
do to step 5.
Step 17: If option==11 then exit from the subfunction and terminate the program.
Step 18: Else, print “The option is invalid”.
Step 19: Stop
Program
def display(L2):
print("1.Total number of books \t 2.Append\t 3.Insert\t4.Display the position of book in
list\n5.To add list of books\t6.Pop\t 7.Remove\t8.Reverse \t 9.Sort the books\t10.Clear\
n11.Exit")
option=int(input("enter your option"))
if option==1:
print ("Total number of books are",len(L2))
display(L2)
elif option==2:
temp=input("Enter the book to be appended")
L2.append(temp)
print ("after append",L2)
display(L2)
elif option==3:
temp=input("Enter the book to be inserted")
i=int(input("Enter the index position"))
L2.insert(i,temp)
print ("after insertion",L2)
display(L2)
elif option==4:
temp=input("Enter the book name")
c=L2.index(temp)
print ("Position of the book is",c)
display(L2)
elif option==5:
n=int(input("Enter the size of list"))
L3 = list(str(num) for num in input("Enter the list items separated by space
").strip().split())[:n]
L2.extend(L3)
print ("After extend", L2)
display(L2)
elif option==6:
p=L1.pop()
print ("Item popped:", p)
print ("list after popping", L2)
display(L2)
elif option==7:
temp=input("Enter the book name to be removed")
L2.remove(temp)
print ("After removing",L2)
display(L2)
elif option==8:
L1.reverse()
print ("After reversing:",L2)
display(L2)
elif option==9:
L1.sort()
print ("sorted list: ", L1)
 display(L2)
elif option==10:
L1.clear()
print ('All cleared:', L1)
display()
elif option==11:
exit()
else:
print("Invalid option")
display(L2)
L1=['DBMS','OS','PQT','IRT']
display(L1)

Result:
Thus, the python program for implementing the operations of list has been developed and
executed successfully.
Ex. No: 4) b Python program to implement Operations in tuples

Aim:
To develop the python program for implementing operations in tuples
Algorithm:
Step1: Start.
Step2: To create a tuple syntax: Tuple=(element1, element2) or tuple=tuple(data_items).
Step3: To access items in tuple syntax: Tuple[index].
Step4: Concatenation operation on tuples is performed by using the operator + . syntax:
tuple1+tuple2.
Step5: Nesting operation on tuples is done by using “,” syntax: Tuple3= (Tuple1, Tuple2).
Step6: Slicing operation on tuples is done by using “:” and giving the range of elements to
be sliced syntax: Tuple [start: end].
Step7: To find length of Tuples len () is used.
Step8: As tuple have immutable property, changes cannot be done in tuples
Step9: Deletion of a tuple can be done by del ().
Step10: Membership test on tuples: in True if value is found.
not in True if value is not found.
Syntax: (item in tuple), (item not in tuple)
Step11: In built in functions we use the following functions to find the maximum,
minimum, sum, sorted of the tuples: max (), min (), sum (), sorted ()
Step12: Use of tuples as keys in dictionary syntax: tuple[(‘key’)] = ‘value’
Step13: Tuple packing and unpacking: Assigning multiple values into a tuple is packing.
use ‘*’ to unpack tuples. Syntax: tuple=(“value1”, “value2”), (key1,key2)=tuple
 Step14: To iterating over tuple elements syntax: for iterator in tuple
Step15: Stop
Program:
Creating Tuples:
type1 = (1, 3, 4, 5, ’test’)
print (type1)
type2= 1, 4, 6, ‘exam’, ‘rate’
print(type2)

Accessing Items in a Tuple

access_tuple = ('a', 'b', 1, 3, [5, 'x', 'y', 'z'])
print(access_tuple[0])
print(access_tuple[4][1])
access_tuple = ('a', 'b', 1, 3)
print(access_tuple[-1])
access_tuple = ('a', 'b', 1, 3, 5, 'x', 'y', 'z’)
print(access_tuple[2:5])

Concatenation Operation on Tuples

Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4)
Tuple2 = (‘red’, ’green’, ‘blue’)
print (Tuple1 + Tuple2)

Nesting Operation on Tuples

Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4)
Tuple2 = (‘red’, ’green’, ‘blue’)
Tuple3 = (Tuple1, Tuple2)
print (Tuple3)

Slicing Operation on Tuples

Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4, ‘test’, ‘red’)
Sliced=(Tuple1[2:])
print (Sliced)

Finding length of Tuples

Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4, ‘test’, ‘red’)
print(len(Tuple1))

Changing a Tuple(Throws error)

Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4, ‘test’, ‘red’)
Tuple1[1] =4
if the item in tuple itself is a mutable data type like a list, its nested items can be changed.
Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4, ‘test’, ‘red’)
Tuple1[1] =4

Deleting a Tuple
Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4, ‘test’, ‘red’)
del (Tuple1)
print (Tuple1)

Membership Test on Tuples

Tuple1 = (1, 3, 4, ‘test’, ‘red’)
print (1 in Tuple1)
print (5 in Tuple1)

Inbuilt functions for Tuples

tuple1 = (1, 2, 3, 6)
print(max(tuple1))
print(sum(tuple1))
print(sorted(tuple2))

Use of Tuples as keys in Dictionaries

tuplekey = {}
tuplekey[('blue', 'sky')] = 'Good'
tuplekey[('red','blood')] = 'Bad'
print(tuplekey)

Tuple Packing and Unpacking

person = ("Salman", '5 ft', "Actor")
(name, height, profession) = person
print(name)
print(height)
print(profession)

Iterate through a Tuple

my_tuple = ("red", "Orange", "Green", "Blue")
# iterating over tuple elements
for colour in my_tuple:
print(colour)

Result:
Thus, the python program to implement operations in tuples has been developed and
executed successfully.

Ex No 5 Implementing real time/technical applications using sets, dictionaries

(Language, component of an automobile, Elements of a civil structures,
etc. operations of sets & dictionaries)
Ex No 5) a Python program to implement Operations in sets
Aim:
To develop the python program to implement operations in sets.
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Get two sets of items from the user and call the subfunction display (L1, L2) by
passing the L1, L2 to the subfunction.
Step3: In the definition of the subfunction, print the options to be selected by the user. The
options are operations in sets like union, intersection, set difference and symmetric difference.
Step4: If option==1, using the ‘|’ (vertical bar) operator to find the union of the sets. Syntax:
(set_name1 | set_name2) and go to step3.
Step5: If option==2, perform the intersection operation using ‘&’symbol. Syntax:
(set_name1&set_name2) and go to step3.
Step6: If option==3, using ‘- ‘operator, find the difference of the sets, Syntax:(set_name1-
set_name2) and go to step3.
Step7: If option==4, using the ‘^’ symbol to find the symmetric difference of the sets
Syntax:(set_name1^set_name2)
Step8: Stop
Program:
def display(L1,L2):
print("1.Union\t 2.Intersection\t3.Set difference\t4.Symmetric difference")
option=int(input("Enter a option"))
if (option==1):
print("Union of L1 and L2 is ",L1 | L2)
display(L1,L2)
elif (option==2):
print("Intersection of L1 and L2 is ",L1 & L2)
display(L1,L2)
elif (option==3):
print("Difference of L1 and L2 is ",L1 - L2)
display(L1,L2)
elif (option==4):
print("Symmetric difference of L1 and L2 is ",L1 ^ L2)
display(L1,L2)
L1 = {'Pitch', 'Syllabus', 'Script', 'Grammar', 'Sentences'};
L2 = {'Grammar', 'Syllabus', 'Context', 'Words', 'Phonetics'};
display(L1,L2)

Result:
Thus, the program to implement operations in sets has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex No 5) b Python program to implement Operation in dictionary

Aim:
To develop the python program to implement operation in dictionary
Algorithm:
Step1: To Create a dictionary use the Syntax: dictionary_ name = {“key”: “value”} and
print the dictionary.
Step2: To add a new element in the dictionary using this Syntax:
dictionary_name[key] = “new_value” and print the dictionary after adding a new element
Step3: To change an element in the dictionary using this Syntax:
dictionary_name [“existing key”] = “new_value” and print the dictionary after changing the value.
Step4: To access an element in the dictionary using this Syntax:
dictionary_name.get(“key”).
Step5: To remove an element from the dictionary using this
Syntax: dictonary_name.pop(“key”) and print the dictionary after removing.
Step6: To find the length of the dictionary use the Syntax: len(dictionary_name) and print
the length of the dictionary.
Step7: To print all the keys in the dictionary use the Syntax: print(dictionary_name.keys())
Step8: To perform for loop in dictionary to find the set of squares, initialize an empty set
and use the Syntax: for iterator in range to initialize for loop. To find the dictionary of squares use
the Syntax: dictionary_name[iterator]=iterator*iterator and print the dictionary.
Step9: To find the dictionary of squares by using equivalent code use the Syntax:
dictionary_name= {x:x*x for x in range} and print the dictionary
Step10: To perform if conditionals to print the odd number in the dictionary use the Syntax:
{x:x*x for x in range () if x%2==1}and print the dictionary of odd number.
Step11: To perform membership operation in dictionary use the syntax: (value in
dictionar_name), (value not in dictionary_name), the output of this operation is Boolean values like
True or False.
Step12: To perform iteration in dictionary, initialize a for loop and use the syntax: for
iterator in dictionary_name, dictionary_name[iterator] and print the iterated values.
 Step13: To sort the items in dictionary, use the syntax: sorted(dictionary_name) ad print the
sorted dictionary.
Program:
#Creating Dictionary
college = {
"name": "NSCET",
"code": "INDIA",
"id": "9210"
}
print(college)
#Adding new element
college["location"] = "IBP"
print(college)
#Changing element
college["location"] = "Theni"
print(college)
#Accessing elements in dictionary
print(college.get('name'))
# Removing elements from a dictionary
college.pop("code")
print(college)
# Length of dictionary
print(len(college))
#get all the keys in the dictionary
print(college.keys())
#for loop in dictionary
squares = {}
for x in range(6):
squares[x] = x*x
print(squares)
#equivalent code
squares = {x: x*x for x in range(6)}
print(squares)
#Dictionary operations with if conditionals
odd_squares = {x: x*x for x in range(11) if x % 2 == 1}
print(odd_squares)
# Membership Test for Dictionary Keys
squares = {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 7: 49, 9: 81}
print(1 in squares)
print(2 not in squares)
# Iterating through a Dictionary
squares = {1: 1, 3: 9, 5: 25, 7: 49, 9: 81}
for i in squares:
print(squares[i])
#Print sorted elements
print(sorted(squares))

Result:
Thus, the python program to implement operation of dictionary has been developed and
executed successfully.
 Ex No:6 Implementing programs using Functions. (Factorial, largest number in
a list, area of shape)

Ex No:6.a Python Program to find factorial using functions

Aim:
To develop the program to find factorial using functions
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the Number from user, which the factorial should be calculated
Step 3: Call function factorial ()
Step 4: Define the sub function factorial ()
Step 5: If the value of x is then the sub function returns to the main function
Step 6: else the function factorial is called recursively to calculate the factorial value of x
Step 7: The final value is returned to the main function
Step 8: Stop

Program:
def factorial(x):
if x == 1:
return 1
else:
return (x * factorial(x-1))
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = factorial(num)
print("The factorial of", num, "is", result)

Result:
Thus the python program to find factorial using function has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex No:6.b Program to find largest number in a list using functions

Aim :
To develop the python program to find largest number in a list using function.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the empty list
Step 3: Get the number of elements from the user
Step 4: Enter the numbers
Step 5: Call the sub function maximum
Step 6: Define the sum function maximum()
Step 7: Assign max=[0]
Step 8: Initialize for loop for I in 0 to l
Step 9: If i is greater than max. then assign max=i
Step 10 : The maximum number is displayed to use
Program:
def maximum(L):
max=L[0]
for i in L:
if i > max:
max = i
print(max)
L=[]
size = int(input('How many elements you want to enter? '))
print('Enter the numbers')
for i in range(size):
data = int(input())
L.append(data)
maximum(L)

Result:
Thus the program to find largest number in a list using function has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex No:6.c Program to find area of shape using functions

Aim:
To develop the python program to find area of shape using functions.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Get the radius value from the user
Step 3: Call sub function area ()
Step 4: Define the sub function area ()
Step 5: Area of circles calculated using formula 3.14*r
Step 6: Return the result to the main function
Step 7: Call the function area()
Step 8: The final result s returned to the main function then point the circle of area
Program:
def area(r):
result=3.14*r*r
return result
radius=int(input("Enter the radius"))
a=area(radius)
print("The of circle with radius %d is: %.2f" % (radius ,a))

Result:
Thus the python program to find area of shape using function has been developed and executed
successfully

Ex No:7 Implementing programs using Strings. (reverse, palindrome, character

count, replacing characters)

Ex No:7.a Python program to reverse a string

Aim:
To develop a python program to reverse a string.
Algorithm:
Step-1-Start
Step-2-Get the string from user
Step-3-Calculate the length of the string len(s)
Step-4-The string is displayed in reverse order by using slicing concept
Step-5-Print (rev)
Step-6-Stop
Program:
s= input("enter the string")
length=len(s)
rev=s[length::-1]
print (rev)

Result:
Thus the program to reverse a string has been developed and executed successfully.
Ex No:7.b Python program to check palindrome

Aim:
To develop a python program to check the given string is palindrome or not.
Algorithm:
Step-1-Start
Step-2-Get the string from user
Step-3-Calculate the length of the string using len ()
Step-4-The string is displayed in reverse order by using slicing concept
Step-5-Original string is compared with reverser string
Step-6-If it is equal, then the given string is palindrome
Step-7-Else it is not equal then the given string is not a palindrome
Step-8-Stop
Program:
s= input("enter the string")
length=len(s)
rev=s[length::-1]
if s==rev:
print("The string is palindrome")
else:
print("The string is not palindrome")

Result:
Thus the program to check the given string is palindrome has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex No:7.c Python program to count the character in string

Aim:
To develop a python program to count the character in string
Algorithm:
Step-1-Start
Step-2-Get the string from user
Step-3-Intialize count=0
Step-4-Intialie for i in range0, len (3)
Step-5-If the string 8 i not in the empty string
Step-6-Count is incremented by count +1
Step-7-Print the total number 8 character in a string
Step-8-Stop
Program:
s = input("Enter the string")
count = 0;
for i in range(0, len(s)):
if(s[i] != ' '):
count = count + 1
print("Total number of characters in a string: ",count)

Result:
Thus the python program to count the character in string has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex No:7.d Python program to replace character in string

Aim:
To develop a python program to replace a character in string
Algorithm:
Step-1-Start
Step-2-Read the given string from the user
Step-3-Get the replaced character from the user and stored in Ch
Step-4-The character Ch in string strl is replaced by the character in new Ch by using replace () and
replaced string is assigned to 8 to 2
Step-5-Print the original string and replaced character 8 the string
Step-6-Stop
Program:
str1 = input(" Enter String : ")
ch = input(" Enter the character to be replaced : ")
newch = input(" Enter the New Character : ")
str2 = str1.replace(ch, newch)
print("Original String : ", str1)
print("character replaced String : ", str2)

Result:
Thus the python program to replace a character in string has been developed and executed
successfully.
Ex.No:8. Implementing programs using written modules and Python Standard
Libraries (pandas,numpy. Matplotlib, scipy)
Ex.No:8.a Python program to reshape matrix using numpy:

Aim:
To develop a python program to reshape matrix using Numpy.
Numpy:
It is a general purpose array-processing package.It provides a high-performance
multidimensional array object and tools for working with these.
Algorithm:
Step-1:Start.
Step-2:Import Numpy module.
Step-3:Two dimensional array is assaigned to a.
Step-4:Print a.
Step-5:Reshape the array into a 3*2 matrix using reshape() function.
Step-6:Print the reshaped array a.
 Step-7:Stop.
Program:
import numpy as np
a=np.array([(8,9,10),(11,12,13)])
print(a)
a=a.reshape(3,2)
print(a)
Result:
Thus the python program to reshape matrix using numpy has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex.No:8.b. Python program to calculate permutation using scipy:

Aim:
To develop the program to calculate permutation using scipy.
Scipy:
Scipy is a free and open-source python library used for scientific computing and technical
computing.
Algorithm:
Step-1:Start.
Step-2:Import perm from scipy.
Step-3:Calculate the permutation of the number using perm(n,k) function and store it in a
variable ‘per’.
Step-4:Print per.
Step-5:Stop.
Program:
from scipy.special import perm
#find permutation of 5,2 using perm(n,k) function
per=perm(5,2,exact=True)
print(per)
Result:
Thus the program to calculate permutation using scipy have been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex.No:8.c. Python program to plot a histogram of marks obtained by students in

a class using matplotlib.

Aim:
To develop a python program to plot a histogram of marks obtained by students in a class using
matplotlib.
Matplotlib:
Matplotlib is a plotting library for the python programming language and its numerical
mathematic extension numpy.
Algorithm:
Step-1:Start.
Step-2:Import pyplot as plt from matplotlib library.
Step-3:Import numpy module as np.
Step-4:Set the subplot() value as (1,1).
Step-5:Convert the list into an array using array() and store it in ‘a’.
Step-6:Plot the histogram using hist() with arguments(a,bins=[0,25,50,75,100]).
Step-7:Set the title of the histogram as “Histogram of results” using set_title().
Step-8:Set the categories names in x-axis as [0,25,50,75,100] using set_xticks().
Step-9:Set the label name of x-axis as ‘marks’ using set_xlabel().
Step-10:Set the label name of y-axis as ‘No. of students’ using set_ylabel().
 Step-11:Display the histogram using show().
Step-12:Stop.
Program:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
fix,ax=plt.subplots(1,1)
a=np.array([22,87,5,43,56,73,55,54,1,20,51,5,79,31,27])
ax.hist(a,bins=[0,25,50,75,100])
ax.set_title(“Histogram of result”)
ax.set_xticks([0,25,50,75,100])
ax.set_xlabel(“Marks”)
ax.set_ylabel(“no.of students”)
plt.show()
Result:
Thus the python program to plot a histogram of marks obtained by students in a class using
matplotlib have been developed and executed successfully.

Ex.No:8.d. Python program to split the following dataframe by school code and
get mean, min, and max value of age for each school using Pandas.

Aim:
To develop a python program to split the data frame using pandas.
Algorithm:
Step-1:Start.
Step-2:Set the set_option() as (‘display max_rows’,none)
Step-3:Assign the student_data values.
Step-4:Print student_data in the table format.
Step-5:Using group by() function ,group the student_code with mean,max,min value of
age.And store it in a variable named grouped_single.
Step-6:Print grouped_single.
Step-7:Stop.

Program:

import pandas as pd
pd.set_option(‘display.max_rows’,None)
#pd.set_option(‘display.max_columns’,None)
student_data=pd.DataFrame({‘school_code’:[‘s001’,’s002’,’s003’,’s001’,’s002’,’s004’],’class’:
[‘V’,’VI’,’VI’,’V’,’VI’,’V’],’name’ :[‘Albert Franco’,’ Gino Mcnaill ‘,’Ryan Parkes’,’ Eesha
Hinton’,’ Gino Mcnaill ‘,’DavidParkes’],’date_of_birth’:
[‘15/05/2002’,’17/05/2002’,’16/02/1999’,’25/09/1998’,’11/05/2002’,’15/09/1997’],’age’:
[12,12,13,13,14,12],’height’:[173,192,186,167,151,159],’ weight’:[35,32,33,30,31,32],’ address’:
[‘Street1’,’Street2’,’Street3’,’Street1’,’Street2’,’Street4’]},index=[‘s1’,’s2’,’s3’,’s4’,’s5’,’s6’])
print(“Original DataFrame:”)
print(student_data)
print(“\n Mean,Min and Max value of age for each value of the school:”)
grouped_single=student_data.groupby(‘school_code’).agg({‘age’:[‘mean’,min’,’max’]})
print(grouped_single)

Result:
Thus the python program to split the data frame using pandas have been developed and
executed successfully.

Ex.No:9. Implementing real-time/technical applications using File handling.

(copy from one file to another, word count, longest word)
Ex.No:9.a Python program to copy from one file to another

Aim:
To Develop the Python Program to Copy from One file to another
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open a file”file.txt” in write in for made using open() & assign it to f.
Step 3: Using write () function. Add content to the text file.
Step 4: Open the “file 2 txt” as f.
Step 5: Open the “file 2 txt” as f in write mode .
Step 6: for each line in f, write ach line n f, using write() function.
Step 7: Using +2 read() display the content “file 2 txt”
Step 8: Stop
Program:
f = open("file1.txt", "wt")
f.write("Python is an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming language.")

with open("file1.txt") as f:
with open("file2.txt", "w") as f1:
for line in f:
f1.write(line)
f2=open("file2.txt","rt")
print("File copied successfully.The contents are:\n",f2.read())

Result:
Thus the Python Program to Copy from One file to another file has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex.No:9.b. Python program to count words in a file

Aim:
To Develop the Python Program to Count words in a file
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open a file”demofile.txt” in write in for mode x & assign it to f.
Step 3: Using write () function. write content to the text file.
Step 4: Close f using f.close()
Step 5: Open the “demofile.txt” in read mode & assign it to f
Step 6: Using f in read() the contents of file is assigned to a variable named data.
Step 7: Using str.split() each word of the file is splinted s assign to variable named words
Step 8: Find the length of the longest word using len(max(words ,key: len) assign it to variable
max_len
Step 9: for each in words,check the condition le(word)=max x len f +ve then assigned
longest_word=word
Step 9: Print longest_word
Step 10: Stop
Program:
f = open("demofile.txt", "wt")
f.write("Python is an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming language.")

f = open("demofile.txt", "rt")
data = f.read()
words = data.split()
print("The total number of words are:",len(words))
f.close()

Result:
Thus the Python Program to count the number of words in s file has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex.No:9.c. Python program to find longest word in a file

Aim:
To develop the python Program to find longest word in a file
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open a file”demofile.txt” in write in for mode x & assign it to f.
Step 3: Using write () function. write content to the text file.
Step 4: Close f using f.close()
Step 5: Open the “demofile.txt” in read mode & assign it to f
Step 6: Using f in read() the contents of file is assigned to a variable named data.
Step 7: Using str.split() each word of the file is splinted s assign to variable named words
Step 8: Find the length of the longest word using len(max(words ,key: len) assign it to variable
max_len

Step 9: for each in words,check the condition le(word)=max x len f +ve then assigned
longest_word=word
Step 9: Print longest_word
Step 10: Stop
Program:
f = open("demofile.txt", "wt")
f.write("Python is an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming language.")
f.close()
fin = open("demofile.txt","r")
str = fin.read()
words = str.split()
max_len = len(max(words, key=len))
for word in words:
if len(word)==max_len:
longest_word =word

print(“The longest word in the file is”,longest_word)

Result:
Thus the python program to find longest word in a file has been developed and executed
successfully.

Ex.No:10. Implementing real-time/technical applications using Exception

handling. (divide by zero error, voter’s age validity, student mark
 range validation)
Ex.No:10.a Python program to handle divide by zero error using Exceptional
handling
Aim:
To develop a python program to handle divide by zero error using exceptional handling.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read two numbers a and b calculate c by dividing a by b if no error then go to step 5.
Step 3: if you get value error then print “you have entered get wrong data” and go to step 6.
Step 4: if you zero division error, then print “divide by zero division!!!” and go to step 6
Step 5: Else print c
Step 6: Stop
Program:
try :
a=int(input("Enter value of a: "))
b=int(input("Enter value of b: "))
c=a/b
except ValueError:
print("You have entered wrong data")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Divide by Zero Error!!!")
else:
print("The result: ",c)

Result:
Thus the python program to handle divide by zero error has been developed and executed
successfully.
Ex.No:10.b Python program to validate voter’s age using Exceptional handling

Aim:
To develop a python program to validate voter’s age using exceptional handling.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the value of age from the user if the value error occurs then goto step 5
Step 3: Check the condition age>18, if true then print “eligible to vote” and goto step 6
Step 4: Else print “not eligible to vote” and goto step 6
Step 5: if value error occurs then print “age must be a valid number”
Step 6: Stop
Program:
try:
age=int(input("Enter your age"))
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to vote")
else:
print("Not eligible to vote")
except:
print("age must be a valid number")

Result:
Thus the python program to validate voter’s age using exceptional handling has been developed
and executed successfully.
 Ex.No:10.c Python program to validate student mark range using Exceptional
handling
Aim:
To develop a python program to a validate students mark range using exceptional handling.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the value of mark from the user.if value error occurs then goto step 5
Step 3:Check the condition mark>0 and mark <100, if true then the print “valid mark” and
goto step6
Step 4: Else print “Invalid mark” and goto step6
Step 5: if value error occurs, then print “mark must be a valid number”
Step 6: Stop
Program:
try:
mark=int(input("Enter your mark"))
if mark>0 and mark<=100:
print("Valid Mark")
else:
print("Invalid mark")
except:
print("Mark must be a valid number")

Result:
Thus the python program to validate student mark range using exception handling has been
developed and executed successfully.
Ex.No:11 Exploring Pygame

Aim:
To study the steps to Pygame.

Introduction to Pygame
Python PyGame library is used to create video games. This library includes several modules for
playing sound, drawing graphics, handling mouse inputs, etc. It is also used to create client-side
applications that can be wrapped in standalone executables.
Installing pygame on Windows
Step 1: Check for Python Installation
In order to install Pygame, Python must be installed already in your system. To check whether
Python is installed or not in your system, open the command prompt and give the command as
shown below.

Step 2: Check for PIP installation

PIP is a tool that is used to install python packages. PIP is automatically installed with Python 2.7.
9+ and Python 3.4+. Open the command prompt and enter the command shown below to check
whether pip is installed or not.
Step 3: Install Pygame
To install Pygame, open the command prompt and give the command as shown below:
pip install pygame

Pygame is successfully installed as shown in the image above.

Step 4: Check Whether PyGame is Working or not
Now open a new terminal and import the Pygame library to see whether it is working fine or not in
our system. The library is imported successfully means we got success.
In this way, we can install the pygame module in Python.
Result:
Thus the Pygame has been installed successfully.

Ex.No:12 Developing a game activity using Pygame like bouncing ball.

Aim:
To develop a game activity to bounce a ball using pygame.
Algorithm:
Step-1: Import pygame module.
Step-2: Invoke pygame.init() to initialize all imported pygame modules..
Step-3: Assign the height and width for the panel.
Step-4: Assign the speed for the ball movement.
Step-5:Load the image of ball.
Step-6: invoke move() and assign the direction for ball movement.
Step-7:invoke pygame.display.flip() to update the full display Surface to the screen

Program:
import sys, pygame
pygame.init()
size = width, height = 800, 400
speed = [1, 1]
background = 255, 255, 255
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size)
pygame.display.set_caption("Bouncing ball")
ball = pygame.image.load("Star.png")
ballrect = ball.get_rect()
while 1:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
ballrect = ballrect.move(speed)
if ballrect.left < 0 or ballrect.right > width:
speed[0] = -speed[0]
if ballrect.top < 0 or ballrect.bottom > height:
speed[1] = -speed[1]
screen.fill(background)
screen.blit(ball, ballrect)
 pygame.display.flip()
Result:
Thus the a game activity to bounce a ball using pygame has been developed and execute
successfully.