Software Testing Interview Questions-Part 10

50.What is Test Harness?

51. What is Traceability Matrix with example.

52.Explain Equivalence testing with example.

53.What is Error guessing and Error seeding?

54.What are the basic solutions for the software development problems?

50.What is Test Harness?

• A test harness in software testing is a collection of tools, scripts, and configurations used to
automate the execution of tests and manage the test environment. It provides a framework
for running tests, gathering results, and ensuring consistency in the testing process. It helps
automate repetitive tasks like setting up test data, invoking test cases, and reporting results,
making the testing process more efficient and reliable.

51. What is Traceability Matrix and how it is importance in software testing?

• A Traceability Matrix is a document that connects requirements to test cases in a systematic
manner. It ensures that each requirement has corresponding test cases and that all
requirements are adequately tested. The matrix helps track the relationship between the
requirements, test cases, and the testing progress.

Simple Example of a Traceability Matrix

Let's say you're testing a Login Feature for a website. The system has the following requirements:

1. R1: The user should be able to enter a valid username and password.

2. R2: The system should authenticate the user correctly.

3. R3: The system should show an error message for invalid login attempts.

Now, you write test cases to validate these requirements:

• T1: Test valid login with correct username and password.

• T2: Test invalid login with wrong username.

• T3: Test invalid login with wrong password.

• T4: Test login with empty fields (username or password).

• T5: Test system behavior after a successful login.

Requirement Test Case(s)

 R1 T1, T4
R2 T1, T5
R3 T2, T3, T4

Explanation:

• R1 (Valid login) is covered by T1 (valid login test) and T4 (empty field test).

• R2 (Authentication) is covered by T1 (valid login) and T5 (post-login behavior).

• R3 (Error for invalid login) is covered by T2 (wrong username), T3 (wrong password), and T4
(empty field).

52. Explain Equivalence testing with example.

• Equivalence Testing (also known as Equivalence Partitioning) is a software testing
technique where you divide the input data into different "equivalence classes" or partitions.
The idea is that if one test case from a class works (or fails), all other values in that class will
behave the same. This reduces the number of test cases while still covering a wide range of
possible inputs.

Simple Example of Equivalence Testing

Scenario: Age Validation for Registration

Let’s consider a system that allows users to register for an event, but only if their age is between 18
and 60. The system should reject ages outside this range.

Requirement: The valid age range for registration is 18 to 60 years.

Equivalence Classes:

• Valid Class: Age between 18 and 60 (inclusive) — any age in this range is valid.

• Invalid Class 1: Age less than 18 — any age below 18 is invalid.

• Invalid Class 2: Age greater than 60 — any age above 60 is invalid.

Test Cases:

• Valid Test Case: Age = 25 (within the valid range)

• Invalid Test Case 1: Age = 15 (below 18)

• Invalid Test Case 2: Age = 65 (above 60)

Explanation:

• Valid Class: We choose a valid age like 25, which represents the entire valid range of ages
from 18 to 60.

• Invalid Class 1: We choose an age like 15, which falls below the valid range, representing all
ages less than 18.
 • Invalid Class 2: We choose an age like 65, which is above the valid range, representing all
ages greater than 60.

Why This Works:

• Efficiency: Instead of testing every single age between 18 and 60, we only test one
representative value (25).

• Coverage: We also test one value from the invalid classes (15 and 65) to ensure the system
handles values outside the valid range.

53.What is Error guessing and Error seeding?

Error Guessing:
• Error Guessing is a technique where testers use their experience and intuition to predict
where bugs or errors are likely to occur in the software. They make educated guesses about
potential problem areas and test those parts of the application, based on their knowledge of
common mistakes or previous issues.

Error Seeding:
• Error Seeding is the practice of intentionally introducing known bugs into the software. The
goal is to test the effectiveness of the testing process—if the testers can find these "seeded"
errors, it shows that the testing is thorough and effective.

In simple terms:

• Error Guessing: Testers predict where errors might occur based on their experience.

• Error Seeding: Known errors are deliberately added to test if the testing process can find
them.

54. What are the basic solutions for the software development problems?
The basic solutions for software development problems typically focus on improving processes,
communication, and quality. Here are some simple and effective solutions:

• Clear Requirements: Ensure that project requirements are well-defined, understood, and
documented to avoid confusion during development.

• Proper Planning: Plan the development process carefully, setting realistic goals, timelines,
and resources to prevent delays and scope creep.

• Version Control: Use version control systems (e.g., Git) to manage code changes, collaborate
effectively, and track progress.

• Code Reviews: Regularly conduct code reviews to catch bugs early, ensure coding standards
are followed, and improve code quality.

• Automated Testing: Implement automated tests to quickly detect defects and ensure that
new code doesn’t break existing functionality.

• Continuous Integration (CI): Use CI tools to automatically integrate and test code changes,
making sure the codebase is always in a deployable state.
• Agile Methodology: Adopt Agile practices for iterative development, flexibility, and better
communication with stakeholders.

• Good Documentation: Keep proper documentation for code, architecture, and processes to
help developers understand the system and make future updates easier.

• Team Communication: Foster open communication within the development team and with
stakeholders to avoid misunderstandings and align on project goals.

• Error Handling: Implement proper error handling to make the system robust and prevent
minor issues from becoming major problems.