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Thermo-Physical-My Slides-Part 3-Section 2

The document discusses various cases of thermodynamic processes, including rigid tanks and the first law of thermodynamics for both closed and open systems. It emphasizes the conservation of mass principle, particularly in steady-flow processes, and introduces concepts such as mass flow rate and volume flow rate. Additionally, it covers special cases like incompressible flow and provides examples to illustrate these principles.

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jitcopress4
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14 views133 pages

Thermo-Physical-My Slides-Part 3-Section 2

The document discusses various cases of thermodynamic processes, including rigid tanks and the first law of thermodynamics for both closed and open systems. It emphasizes the conservation of mass principle, particularly in steady-flow processes, and introduces concepts such as mass flow rate and volume flow rate. Additionally, it covers special cases like incompressible flow and provides examples to illustrate these principles.

Uploaded by

jitcopress4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Depends on path Volume

Work in
Integral: Area under PV curve
Case I
Rigid tank
Example 1
Case II
Example 2

Means constant pressure


From table A-6 E
Case III

PV=mRT
Example 3

Case III
Case I Case II

Case III Case IV


Case IV
Extra Problems Example 9
Extra Problems Example 10
n = Cp/Cv
Specific heat can be different for different:
1. Substances
2. Temperatures
3. Process
First Law of
thermodynamics
Closed System
Further Application
EXAMPLE 2–10
EXAMPLE 4–5
EXAMPLE 4–6
EXAMPLE 4–8
EXAMPLE 4–9
PART FOUR
First Law of
thermodynamics
Open System
Application
5.1
Average velocity

Volume flow rate


Mass flow rate

80
The volume flow rate is the
The average velocity Vavg is defined volume of fluid flowing through
as the average speed through a a cross section per unit time.
cross section.
Mass flow rate: The amount The average velocity Vavg : is
of mass flowing through a defined as the average speed
cross section per unit time. through a cross section.
Mass flow rate
Average velocity

The volume flow rate is the


volume of fluid flowing through
a cross section per unit time.

Volume flow rate

81
Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume: The net mass transfer to or
from a control volume during a time interval t is equal to the net change (increase
or decrease) in the total mass within the control volume during t.

the total rates of mass


flow into and out of the
control volume
the rate of change of mass
within the control volume
boundaries.

Mass balance is applicable to


any control volume undergoing
any kind of process. 82

Conservation of mass principle


for an ordinary bathtub.
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a
control volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.

For steady-flow processes, we are interested


in the amount of mass flowing per unit time,
that is, the mass flow rate.
Multiple inlets
and exits
Single
stream

Many engineering devices such as nozzles,


diffusers, turbines, compressors, and
pumps involve a single stream (only one
inlet and one outlet). 83

Conservation of mass principle for a two-


inlet–one-outlet steady-flow system.
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when
the fluid is incompressible, which is usually the case for liquids.

Steady,
incompressible

Steady,
incompressible flow
(single stream)

There is no such thing as a “conservation of volume”


principle.
However, for steady flow of liquids, the volume flow
rates, as well as the mass flow rates, remain
constant since liquids are essentially incompressible
substances.
During a steady-flow process, volume 84
flow rates are not necessarily conserved
although mass flow rates are.
5–2
A-17
T given> Tsat

So superheated
Type 2 Turbine and Compressors:
EXAMPLE 5–6
Example 8

0.8 MPa

50 C
R-134a

compressor

0.14 MPa
6000 kPa
T given> Tsat

So superheated
T given> Tsat

So superheated
Inlet temp=70
T given> Tsat

So superheated

Outlet temp=35
T given< Tsat

So compressed liquid

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