Module-2:

Inheritance:
A new class (called a subclass or child class) inherit the properties (fields) and
behaviors (methods) of an existing class (called a superclass or parent class) is called
inheritance.
Parent class: The class whose properties and behaviors inherited.
Child class: The class inherite the properties and behaviors from base class.

Use of Inheritance:
 Reuse code from the parent class.
 Add its own specific fields and methods.
 Override methods from the parent class to provide its own implementation.
Syntax:
class parentclass{
//methods and fields;
}
Class childclass extends parentclass{
//methods and fields;
}

Types of inheritance:
1. Single Inheritance
2. Hierarchal Inheritance
3. Multilevel Inheritance
4. Hybrid Inheritance
5. Multiple Inheritance
1. Single Inheritance: One class inherits from a single base class.

Example: Class A inherits from class B.

Example program for single inheritance:

// Base Class: Vehicle
class Vehicle {
String brand;
String colour;
String fuelType;
int speed;

void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("Brand: " + brand);
 System.out.println("Colour: " + colour);
System.out.println("Fuel Type: " + fuelType);
System.out.println("Speed: " + speed + " km/h");
}
}

// Child Class: Car

class Car extends Vehicle {
int wheels;

void displayCarInfo() {
displayInfo();
System.out.println("Wheels: " + wheels);
System.out.println("This car can carry 6 passengers.");
}
}

public class SingleInheritanceExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car();
car.brand = "Toyota";
car.colour = "Red";
car.fuelType = "Petrol";
car.speed = 120;
car.wheels = 4;

// Display car information

car.displayCarInfo();
}
}
Output:
Brand: Toyota
Colour: Red
Fuel Type: Petrol
Speed: 120 km/h
Wheels: 4
This car can carry 6 passengers.

2. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple classes inherit from a single base class.

Example: Class B, C and class D are inherit from class A.

Example Program for hierarchal Inheritance:

class Vehicle {
String brand;
String colour;
String fuelType;
int speed;

void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("Brand: " + brand);
System.out.println("Colour: " + colour);
System.out.println("Fuel Type: " + fuelType);
System.out.println("Speed: " + speed + " km/h");
}
}

// Child Class 1: Car

class Car extends Vehicle {
int wheels;

void displayCarInfo() {
displayInfo();
System.out.println("Wheels: " + wheels);
System.out.println("This car can carry 6 passengers.");
}
}

// Child Class 2: Bike

class Bike extends Vehicle {
boolean hasHelmet;

void displayBikeInfo() {
displayInfo();
System.out.println("Has Helmet: " + hasHelmet);
System.out.println("This bike can carry 2 passengers.");
}
}

public class HierarchicalInheritanceExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating an object of Car
Car car = new Car();
car.brand = "Honda";
car.colour = "Red";
car.fuelType = "Petrol";
 car.speed = 150;
car.wheels = 4;
car.displayCarInfo();

// Creating an object of Bike

Bike bike = new Bike();
bike.brand = "Yamaha";
bike.colour = "Blue";
bike.fuelType = "Electric";
bike.speed = 100;
bike.hasHelmet = true;
bike.displayBikeInfo();
}
}
Output: Brand: Honda
Colour: Red
Fuel Type: Petrol
Speed: 150 km/h
Wheels: 4
This car can carry 6 passengers.
Brand: Yamaha
Colour: Blue
Fuel Type: Electric
Speed: 100 km/h
Has Helmet: true
This bike can carry 2 passengers.

3. Multilevel Inheritance: A class inherits from a derived class, which in turn inherits from
a base class.

Example: Class C inherits from class B, and class B inherits from class A.

Example program for multilevel inheritance.

// Base Class: Vehicle
class Vehicle {
String brand;
String colour;
String fuelType;
 int speed;

void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("Brand: " + brand);
System.out.println("Colour: " + colour);
System.out.println("Fuel Type: " + fuelType);
System.out.println("Speed: " + speed + " km/h");
}
}

// Intermediate Class: Car (inherits from Vehicle)

class Car extends Vehicle {
int wheels;

void displayCarInfo() {
displayInfo();
System.out.println("Wheels: " + wheels);
System.out.println("This car can carry 6 passengers.");
}
}

// Child Class: ElectricCar (inherits from Car)

class ElectricCar extends Car {
int batteryCapacity;

void displayElectricCarInfo() {
displayCarInfo();
System.out.println("Battery Capacity: " + batteryCapacity + " kWh");
System.out.println("This electric car can carry 4 passengers.");
}
}

public class MultilevelInheritanceExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
ElectricCar eCar = new ElectricCar();
eCar.brand = "Tesla";
eCar.colour = "Black";
eCar.fuelType = "Electric";
eCar.speed = 200;
eCar.wheels = 4;
eCar.batteryCapacity = 75;

// Display ElectricCar information

eCar.displayElectricCarInfo();
}
}
Output:
Brand: Tesla
Colour: Black
Fuel Type: Electric
Speed: 200 km/h
Wheels: 4
This car can carry 6 passengers.
Battery Capacity: 75 kWh
This electric car can carry 4 passengers.

4. Hybrid Inheritance: A combination of different types of inheritance (such as multilevel

and hierarchical inheritance combined).

Example program for hybrid inheritance.

// Base Class: Vehicle
class Vehicle {
String brand;
String colour;
String fuelType;
int speed;

void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("Brand: " + brand);
System.out.println("Colour: " + colour);
System.out.println("Fuel Type: " + fuelType);
System.out.println("Speed: " + speed + " km/h");
}
}

// Helper Class 1: PassengerCapacity

class PassengerCapacity {
void displayPassengerCapacity(String vehicleType) {
if (vehicleType.equals("Car")) {
System.out.println("This car can carry 6 passengers.");
} else if (vehicleType.equals("Bike")) {
System.out.println("This bike can carry 2 passengers.");
 } else if (vehicleType.equals("Bus")) {
System.out.println("This bus can carry 30 passengers.");
}
}
}

// Child Class 1: Car (inherits from Vehicle and uses PassengerCapacity)

class Car extends Vehicle {
int wheels;

void displayCarInfo() {
displayInfo();
System.out.println("Wheels: " + wheels);
PassengerCapacity passengerCapacity = new PassengerCapacity();
passengerCapacity.displayPassengerCapacity("Car");
}
}

// Child Class 2: ElectricCar (inherits from Car)

class ElectricCar extends Car {
int batteryCapacity; // specific to electric cars

void displayElectricCarInfo() {
displayCarInfo();
System.out.println("Battery Capacity: " + batteryCapacity + " kWh");
System.out.println("This electric car can carry 6 passengers.");
}
}

// Child Class 3: Bike (inherits from Vehicle and uses PassengerCapacity)

class Bike extends Vehicle {
boolean hasHelmet;

void displayBikeInfo() {
displayInfo();
System.out.println("Has Helmet: " + hasHelmet);
PassengerCapacity passengerCapacity = new PassengerCapacity();
passengerCapacity.displayPassengerCapacity("Bike");
}
}

// Child Class 4: Bus (inherits from Vehicle and uses PassengerCapacity)

class Bus extends Vehicle {
int seatingCapacity;

void displayBusInfo() {
 displayInfo();
System.out.println("Seating Capacity: " + seatingCapacity);
PassengerCapacity passengerCapacity = new PassengerCapacity();
passengerCapacity.displayPassengerCapacity("Bus");
}
}

public class HybridInheritanceExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating an object of Car
Car car = new Car();
car.brand = "Toyota";
car.colour = "Red";
car.fuelType = "Petrol";
car.speed = 120;
car.wheels = 4;
car.displayCarInfo();

// Creating an object of ElectricCar

ElectricCar electricCar = new ElectricCar();
electricCar.brand = "Tesla";
electricCar.colour = "White";
electricCar.fuelType = "Electric";
electricCar.speed = 150;
electricCar.wheels = 4;
electricCar.batteryCapacity = 75;
electricCar.displayElectricCarInfo();

// Creating an object of Bike

Bike bike = new Bike();
bike.brand = "Yamaha";
bike.colour = "Blue";
bike.fuelType = "Electric";
bike.speed = 80;
bike.hasHelmet = true;
bike.displayBikeInfo();

// Creating an object of Bus

Bus bus = new Bus();
bus.brand = "Mercedes";
bus.colour = "Yellow";
bus.fuelType = "Diesel";
bus.speed = 90;
bus.seatingCapacity = 30;
bus.displayBusInfo();
}
}
5. Multiple Inheritance (Java does not support multiple inheritance through classes, but it
can be achieved using interfaces):
 A class inherits from more than one class (Java does not allow multiple inheritance
through classes to avoid ambiguity, but it allows multiple inheritance through
interfaces).

Super keyword:

Key Points About super:

1. Access Parent Constructor: super() calls the constructor of the parent class.
2. Access Parent Methods: super.methodName() calls a method from the parent class
(even if overridden).
3. Access Parent Fields: super.fieldName refers to a field in the parent class.

Example program:
// Parent class (superclass)
class Animal {
String name;

// Constructor of parent class

public Animal(String name) {
this.name = name;
}

// Method to display animal name

public void display() {
System.out.println("Animal Name: " + name);
}
}

// Child class (subclass)

class Dog extends Animal {

// Constructor of child class

public Dog(String name) {
// Using 'super' to call the constructor of the parent class (Animal)
super(name);
}

// Overriding display method to call parent method using 'super'

public void display() {
super.display(); // Calls the display method of the parent class
System.out.println(name + " is a Dog.");
}
}

// Main class to run the program

public class SuperKeywordExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog dog = new Dog("Buddy"); // Create a Dog object
dog.display(); // Calls the display method of the Dog class
}
}