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18 Working with Functions Part 2

The document discusses various aspects of functions in Python, including returning values, void functions, and the scope of variables. It explains how Python allows returning multiple values, the differences between mutable and immutable arguments, and the concept of higher-order functions. Additionally, it covers lambda functions and recursion with examples demonstrating their usage.

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aryansuthar194
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5 views

18 Working with Functions Part 2

The document discusses various aspects of functions in Python, including returning values, void functions, and the scope of variables. It explains how Python allows returning multiple values, the differences between mutable and immutable arguments, and the concept of higher-order functions. Additionally, it covers lambda functions and recursion with examples demonstrating their usage.

Uploaded by

aryansuthar194
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Returning values from Functions

 The value being returned can be one of the following:


 a literal
 a variable
 an expression

By Chirag Parikh
Cont. Returning values from Functions

By Chirag Parikh
Void functions

 The functions that perform some action or do some work but do not return
any computed value or final value to the caller are called void functions.

 A void function may or may not have a return statement.


def prinSum(a, b, c):
print(“Sum is”, a + b + c)
return #optional

By Chirag Parikh
Returning Multiple Values

 Unlike other programming languages, Python lets you return more than one
value from a function.
 Example:
def squared (x, y, z):
return x * x, y * y, z * z

t = squared (2, 3, 4)
print(t)
OR
v1, v2, v3 = squared(2, 3, 4)
print (v1, v2, v3)
By Chirag Parikh
Scope of Variable

 The scope rules of a language are the rules that decide, in which part(s) of
the program, a particular piece of code or data item would be known and can
be accessed therein.
 There are broadly two kinds of scopes in Python:
1. Global Scope
A name declared in top level segment (__main__) of a program is said to
have a global scope and is usable inside the whole program and all
blocks (functions, other blocks) contained within the program.
2. Local Scope
A name declared in a function-body is said to have local scope and can
be used only within this function and the other blocks contained
under it.

By Chirag Parikh
Use global variable in local scope

Output:
95
15
15
By Chirag Parikh
Mutable / Immutable Function
Arguments
 Changes in immutable types are not reflected in the caller function at all.
 Changes in mutable types
 are reflected in caller function if its name is not assigned a
different variable or datatype.
 are not reflected in the caller function if it is assigned a different
variable or datatype.

By Chirag Parikh
Passing immutable type value to a function

Output:

By Chirag Parikh
Passing a mutable type value to a function

By Chirag Parikh
Passing Function as Function Argument

 In Python, you can pass a function as an argument to another function.

 A function is called a higher-order function if it contains other functions as


parameters or returns functions.

By Chirag Parikh
Example of passing function as other
function argument
def add(x, y):
return x + y
def multiply(x, y):
return x * y
def apply_operation(func, x, y):
return func(x, y)

result = apply_operation(add, 3, 4)
print(result)
result = apply_operation(multiply, 3, 4)
Output:
7
print(result) 12

By Chirag Parikh
Python Lambda/Anonymous Functions

 Lambda Functions in Python are anonymous functions, implying they don't


have a name.
 The def keyword is needed to create a typical function in Python, as we
already know.
 We can also use the lambda keyword in Python to define an unnamed
function.
 Syntax:
lambda arguments: expression

By Chirag Parikh
Example of Anonymous Function

 Code:
a = lambda x, y : (x * y)
print(a(4, 5))

 Output:
20

By Chirag Parikh
Recursion in Python
 Any function that calls itself in its body repeatedly until a particular condition
becomes false and the target task is done is called a "Recursive function" and
this procedure is called "Recursion".
 The most popular example of recursion is calculation of factorial.
Mathematically factorial is defined as −
n! = n × (n-1)!
5! = 5 × 4!
5 × 4 × 3!
5 × 4 × 3 × 2!
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1!
5×4×3×2×1
= 120

By Chirag Parikh
Recursion Example
def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)
print ('factorial of 5 =', factorial(5))

Output:
factorial of 5 = 120

By Chirag Parikh

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