in this video we're going to look at research design for qualitative studies we'll start by first explaining

what research design is and then we'll explore four popular research design options for qualitative
studies so that you can make the best choice for your project speaking of which if you're currently
working on a dissertation or thesis be sure to grab our free chapter templates to help fast track your
write-up these tried and tested templates provide a detailed roadmap to guide you through each
chapter step by step if that sounds helpful you can find the link in the description thank you so let's start
with the basics and ask the question what exactly is research design simply put research design refers to
the overall plan or strategy that guides a research project from its conception to the final analysis of data
a good research design serves as a blueprint for how you as the researcher will collect and analyze data
while ensuring consistency reliability and validity throughout your study within qualitative research the
four most common research designs are phenomenological grounded Theory ethnographic and case
study having a good understanding of the different qualitative research design options available to you is
essential without a clear big picture view of how you'll design your research you run the risk of making
misaligned choices in terms of your methodology especially the data collection and Analysis related
decisions in this video we'll look specifically at research design for qualitative studies but if you're
interested in the quantitative side of things we've got a video covering that too you can find the link in
the description so now that we've defined research design let's dive into the four most popular design
options for qualitative studies foreign we've got phenomenological research design yeah that's quite a
mouthful this type of research design involves exploring the meaning of lived experiences and how they
are perceived by individuals phenomenological design seeks to understand people's perspectives
emotions and behaviors in specific situations here the aim of researchers is to uncover the essence of
human experience without making any assumptions or imposing preconceived ideas on their subjects
for example you could adopt a phenomenological design to study why cancer survivors have such varied
perceptions of their lives after overcoming their disease in Practical terms you could achieve this by
interviewing survivors and then analyzing the data using a qualitative analysis method such as thematic
analysis to identify commonalities and differences importantly phenomenological research typically
involves using in-depth interviews or open-ended questionnaires to collect Rich detailed data about
participants subjective experiences this richness is one of the key strengths of phenomenological
research design but it also contributes to its limitations given the depth of data collected this type of
design generally involves a relatively small sample size limiting the generalizability of the findings
additionally the highly interpretive nature of the design increases the risk of researcher bias if you want
to learn more about researcher bias we've got a video covering that too link of course is in the
description next up we've got grounded Theory also referred to as GT this type of research design aims
to develop theories by continuously analyzing and comparing collected data from a relatively large
number of participants importantly grounded Theory takes an inductive bottom-up approach with a
focus on letting the data speak for itself without being influenced by pre-existing theories or the
researchers preconceptions grounded Theory typically involves collecting data through interviews or
observations and then analyzing it to identify patterns and themes that emerge from the data these
emerging ideas are then validated by collecting more data until a saturation point is reached in other
words no new information can be squeezed from the data from that base a theory can then be
developed as an example let's assume your research aims involve understanding how people cope with
chronic pain from a specific medical condition with a view to developing a theory in relation to this here
A grounded Theory design would allow you to explore the matter thoroughly without preconceptions
about what coping mechanisms might exist initially you may find that some patients prefer cognitive
behavioral therapy While others prefer to rely on Herbal Remedies through multiple iterative rounds of
data collection and Analysis you could then develop a theory derived directly from the data as you can
see grounded theory is ideally suited to studies where the research aims involve Theory generation
especially in under-researched areas naturally however grounded Theory can be quite time intensive
given the need for multiple rounds of data collection and Analysis foreign on the list is ethnographic
research design this type of design involves observing and studying a culture-sharing group of people in
their natural setting to gain insight into their behaviors beliefs and values the focus here is on observing
participants in their natural environment as opposed to a controlled or artificial environment this is not
to say that ethnographic research design relies purely on observation on the contrary it typically also
involves in-depth interviews to explore participants views beliefs Etc however unobtrusive observation is
a core component of the ethnographic approach as an example an ethnographer may study how
different communities celebrate traditional festivals this may involve a lengthy period of observation
combined with in-depth interviews to further explore specific areas of interest that emerge as a result of
the initial observation period as you can probably imagine ethnographic research design has the ability
to generate Rich contextually embedded insights into the socio-cultural Dynamics of human behavior
naturally though it does come with its own set of challenges including researcher bias since the
researcher can become quite immersed in the group participant confidentiality and predictably ethical
complexities all of these need to be carefully managed if you choose to adopt this type of research
design last but not least is case study design with this research design you as the researcher investigate a
single individual or a single group of individuals to gain an in-depth understanding of their experiences
behaviors or outcomes unlike other research designs that are aimed at broader more diverse samples
case studies offer a deep dive into these specific circumstances surrounding a person group of of people
event or phenomenon generally within a bounded setting or context as an example a case study design
could be used to explore the factors influencing the success of a specific business this would involve
diving deeply into the organization to explore and understand what makes it tick from marketing to HR
to finance in terms of data collection this could include interviewing staff and management surveying
customers and reviewing documents such as company policies and financial statements for example
while this example is focused squarely on one organization it's worth noting that case study research
design can have different variations including single case multiple case and longitudinal designs as you
can see in the example I mentioned a single case design involves intensely examining a single entity to
understand its unique characteristics and complexities conversely in a multiple case design multiple
cases are compared and contrasted to identify patterns and commonalities lastly in a longitudinal case
design a single case or multiple cases are studied over an extended period of time to understand how
factors develop across time a case study research design is particularly useful when a deep and
contextualized understanding of a specific phenomenon or issue is desired however the strength is also
its weakness in other words you can't generalize the findings from a case to study the broader
population so be sure to carefully consider your research aims and questions when deciding on your
research design in some cases generalizability is essential in others it's irrelevant all right so there you
have it in this video we've explored four popular qualitative research designs phenomenological
grounded Theory ethnographic and case study keep in mind that this is by no means an exhaustive list of
qualitative research designs but it's a useful starting point if you want to learn more be sure to visit the
grad coach blog alternatively if you're looking for a one-on-one support with your research project check
out our private coaching service where we hold your hand throughout the research process step by step
you can learn more about that and book a free consultation at gradcoach.com foreign
in this video we're going to jump into the often confusing world of qualitative analysis methods we're
going to explore the six most popular methods one at a time so that you can make the best choice for
your qualitative data analysis we'll also cover some useful tips and tricks as well as some common pitfalls
to avoid when you're undertaking qualitative analysis so grab a cup of coffee grab a cup of tea whatever
works for you and let's jump into it hey welcome to grad coach tv where we demystify and simplify the
oftentimes seemingly bizarre world of academic research my name is emma and today we're going to
unwrap the sometimes daunting field of qualitative data analysis methods that is quite a mouthful we
will unpack the most popular analysis methods one at a time so that you can approach your analysis with
confidence and competence whether that's for a dissertation a thesis or really any kind of research
project if you're new here be sure to hit the subscribe button for more videos covering all things
research related also if you're looking for hands-on help check out our one-on-one coaching services
where we help you through your dissertation thesis or research project step by step it's basically like
having a professor in your pocket whenever you need it now if that sounds interesting to you you can
learn more and book a free consultation with a friendly coach at www.gradcoach.com alright with that
out of the way let's get into it to understand qualitative data analysis we need to understand qualitative
data so let's take a step back and ask the question what exactly is qualitative data well qualitative data
refers to pretty much any data that's not numbers in other words it's not stuff that you measure using a
fixed scale or complex statistics or mathematics so if it's not numbers what is it words you guessed well
sometimes yes qualitative data can and often does take the form of interview transcripts documents and
open-ended survey responses but it can also involve the interpretation of images and videos in other
words qualitative data isn't just limited to text-based data so how's that different from quantitative data
well simply put qualitative research focuses on words descriptions concepts or ideas while quantitative
research focuses on numbers and statistics qualitative research investigates the softer side of things to
explore and describe while quantitative research focuses on the hard numbers to measure differences
between variables and the relationships between them if you're keen to learn more about the
differences between qual and quant we've got a detailed post over on the grad coach blog i'll include a
link below now you might be thinking qualitative is probably easier than quantitative right well not quite
in many ways qualitative data can be incredibly challenging and time consuming to analyze and interpret
at the end of your data collection phase which takes a lot of time in and of itself you'll likely have pages
and pages of text-based data or hours upon hours of audio to work through you might have subtle
nuances of interactions or discussions that have danced around in your mind or that you've scribbled
down in messy field notes making sense of all of this is no small task and you shouldn't underestimate it
so long story short qualitative analysis can be a lot of work don't stress though in this video we'll explore
qualitative data analysis qda for short by looking at the six most popular analysis methods these qda
methods can be used on primary data data you've collected yourself or secondary data data that's
already been published by someone else so without further delay let's get into it right let's start by
outlining the analysis methods and then we'll dive into the details for each one the six most popular qda
methods or at least the ones we see at grad coach are number one qualitative content analysis number
two narrative analysis number three discourse analysis number four thematic analysis number five
grounded theory and number six ipa if that all sounds like gibberish don't worry we will explore each of
them in this video so let's do it first up is a qda method called qualitative content analysis or just content
analysis for short content analysis is possibly the most common and straightforward qda method at the
simplest level content analysis is used to evaluate patterns within a piece of content for example words
phrases or images or across multiple pieces of content or sources of communication for example a
collection of newspaper articles or political speeches with content analysis you could for instance
identify the frequency with which an idea is shared or spoken about like the number of times a
kardashian is mentioned on twitter or you could identify patterns of deeper underlying interpretations
for instance by identifying phrases or words in tourist pamphlets that highlight india as an ancient
country because content analysis can be used in such a wide variety of ways it's important to go into
your analysis with a very specific question and goal or you'll get lost in the fog with content analysis
you'll group large amounts of text into codes summarize these into categories and possibly even tabulate
the data to calculate the frequency of certain concepts or variables because of this content analysis
provides a small splash of quantitative thinking within a qualitative method naturally while content
analysis is widely useful it's not without drawbacks one of the main issues with content analysis is that it
can be very time consuming as it requires lots of reading and re-reading of the text also because of its
multi-dimensional focus on both qualitative and quantitative aspects it is sometimes accused of losing
important nuances in communication content analysis also tends to concentrate on a very specific
timeline and doesn't take into account what happened before or after that timeline this isn't necessarily
a bad thing though just something to be aware of so keep these factors in mind if you're considering
content analysis every analysis method has its drawbacks so don't be put off by these just be aware of
them right let's take a look at the next qda method narrative analysis okay next in line we have a
powerful qualitative analysis method called narrative analysis as the name suggests narrative analysis is
all about listening to people telling stories and analyzing what that means since stories serve a functional
purpose of helping us make sense of the world we can gain insights into the ways that people deal with
and make sense of reality by analyzing their stories and the ways they're told you could for example use
narrative analysis to explore whether how something being said is important for instance the narrative of
a prisoner trying to justify their crime could provide insight into their view of the world and the justice
system similarly analyzing the ways entrepreneurs talk about the struggles in their careers or cancer
patients telling stories of hope could provide powerful insights into their mindsets and perspectives in
other words narrative analysis is about paying attention to the stories that people tell and more
importantly the way they tell them of course the narrative approach has its weaknesses just like all
analysis methods sample sizes are generally quite small due to the time-consuming process of capturing
narratives because of this along with the multitude of social and lifestyle factors which can influence a
subject narrative analysis can be quite difficult to reproduce in subsequent research this means that it's
difficult to test the findings of some of this research similarly research bias can have a strong influence
on the results here so you need to be particularly careful about the potential biases that you can bring
into your analysis when using this method nevertheless narrative analysis is still a very useful qualitative
method just keep these limitations in mind and be careful not to draw broad conclusions all right let's
take a look at the next qda method discourse analysis number three on the list is discourse analysis
discourse is simply a fancy word for written or spoken language or debate so discourse analysis is all
about analyzing language within its social context in other words analyzing language such as a
conversation a speech etc within the culture and society it takes place in for example you could analyze
how a janitor speaks to a ceo or how politicians speak about terrorism to truly understand these
conversations or speeches the culture and history of those involved in the communication is important
for example a janitor might speak more casually with the ceo in a company that emphasizes equality
among workers similarly a politician might speak more about terrorism if there was a recent terrorist
incident in the country so as you can see by using discourse analysis you can identify how culture history
or power dynamics to name a few have an effect on the way concepts are spoken about so if your
research aims and objectives involve understanding culture or power dynamics discourse analysis can be
a powerful method because there are many social influences in how we speak to each other the
potential use of discourse analysis is vast of course this also means it's important to have a very specific
research question or questions in mind when analyzing your data and looking for patterns and themes or
you might end up going down a winding rabbit hole discourse analysis can also be very time consuming
as you need to sample the data to the point of saturation in other words until no new information and
insights emerge but this is of course part of what makes discourse analysis such a powerful technique so
keep these factors in mind when considering this qda method right so far we've covered content analysis
narrative analysis which analyzes stories and discourse analysis which analyzes conversations and
interactions next up we've got thematic analysis which focuses on themes and patterns let's jump into
that thematic analysis looks at patterns of meaning in a data set for example a set of interviews or focus
group transcripts but what exactly does that mean well a thematic analysis takes bodies of data which
are often quite large and groups them according to similarities in other words themes these themes help
us make sense of the context and derive meaning from it let's take a look at an example with thematic
analysis you could analyze 100 reviews of a popular sushi restaurant to find out what patrons think about
the place by reviewing the data you would then identify the themes that crop up repeatedly within the
data for example fresh ingredients or friendly wait staff so as you can see thematic analysis can be pretty
useful for finding out about people's experiences views and opinions therefore if your research aims and
objectives involve understanding people's experience or view of something thematic analysis can be a
great choice systematic analysis is a bit of an exploratory process it's not unusual for your research
questions to develop or even change as you progress through the analysis while this is somewhat natural
in exploratory research it can also be seen as a disadvantage as it means that the data needs to be re-
reviewed each time a research question is adjusted so basically thematic analysis can be quite time
consuming but for a good reason so keep this in mind if you choose to use thematic analysis for your
project and budget extra time for unexpected adjustments right let's hop on to the next qda method of
choice grounded theory all right it's time to get grounded well kinda grounded theory is a powerful
qualitative analysis method where the intention is to create a new theory or theories using the data at
hand through a series of tests and revisions for example you could try to develop a theory about what
factors influence students to watch a youtube video about qualitative analysis the important thing with
grounded theory is that you go into the analysis with an open mind and let the data speak for itself
rather than dragging in existing hypotheses or theories into your analysis in other words your analysis
must develop from the ground up hence the name in grounded theory you start with a general
overarching question about a given population for example graduate students then you begin to analyze
a small sample like five graduate students in a department at a university ideally this sample should be
reasonably representative of the broader population you'd then interview these students to identify
what factors led them to watch the video after analyzing the interview data a general hypothesis or
pattern could emerge you might notice that graduate students are more likely to read a post about
qualitative methods if they are just starting on their dissertation journey or if they have an upcoming test
about research methods from here you'll look for another small sample maybe five more graduate
students in a different department and see whether this pattern or this hypothesis holds true for them if
not you'll look for more commonalities and adapt your theory accordingly as this process continues the
theory develops what's important with grounded theory is that the theory develops from the data not
from some preconceived idea you need to let the data speak for itself so what are the drawbacks of
grounded theory well some do argue that there's a tricky circularity to grounded theory for it to work in
principle you should know as little as possible regarding the research question and population this helps
you reduce the amount of bias in your interpretation however in many circumstances it's also thought to
be very unwise to approach a research question without knowledge of the current literature so basically
it's a bit of a chicken or the egg situation regardless grounded theory remains a popular and a powerful
option it can be a very useful method when you're researching a topic that is completely new or has very
little existing research about it it allows you to start from scratch and work your way from the ground up
right time for us to move on to the final qualitative analysis method ipa let's jump into it interpretive
phenomenological analysis ipa okay no let's just stick with ipa okay ipa is designed to help you
understand the personal experiences of a subject for example a person or a group of people concerning
a major life event an experience or a situation this event or experience is the phenomenon or
phenomena that makes up the p in ipa these phenomena may range from relatively common
experiences such as motherhood or being involved in a car accident to those which are extremely rare
for example someone's personal experience in a refugee camp so ipa is a great choice if your research
involves analyzing people's personal experiences of something that happened to them it's important to
remember that ipa is subject centered it's focused on the experiencer this means that while you'll likely
use a coding system to identify commonalities it is important not to lose the depth of experience or
meaning by trying to reduce everything to codes also keep in mind that since your sample size will
generally be very small with ipa you often will not be able to draw a broad conclusions about the
generalizability of your findings but that's okay as long as it aligns with your research aims and objectives
now another thing to be aware of with ipa is personal bias while researcher bias can creep into all forms
of research self-awareness is critically important with ipa as it can have a major impact on the results for
example a researcher who was a victim of a crime himself could insert his own feelings of frustration and
anger into the way that he interprets the experience of someone who was kidnapped so if you're going
to undertake ipa you need to be very self-aware or you could muddy the analysis keep these limitations
and pitfalls in mind and you will have a powerful analysis tool in your arsenal all right so there we have it
the six most popular qualitative data analysis methods that we work with here at grad coach so at this
point you're probably asking yourself the question how do i choose the right one well selecting the right
qualitative analysis method largely depends on your research aims objectives and questions in other
words the best tool for the job depends on what you're trying to build for example perhaps your
research aims to analyze the use of words and what they reveal about the intention of the storyteller
and the cultural context of the time perhaps your research aims to develop an understanding of the
unique personal experiences of people that have experienced a certain event or perhaps your research
aims to develop insight regarding the influence of a certain culture on its members as you can see all of
these research aims are distinctly different and therefore different analysis methods would be suitable
for each one also remember that each method has its own strengths weaknesses and general limitations
no single analysis method is perfect so it often makes sense to adopt more than one method this is
called triangulation but this is also quite time consuming as we've seen these approaches all make use of
coding and theme generating techniques but the intent and approach of each analysis method differs
quite substantially so it is really important to come into your research with a clear intention before you
even start thinking about which analysis method or methods to use start by reviewing your research
aims objectives and research questions to assess what exactly you're trying to find out then select a
method that fits never pick a method just because you like it or have experience using it your analysis
method or analysis methods must align with your broader research aims and objectives okay so let's
quickly recap on the six methods firstly we looked at content analysis a straightforward method that
blends a little bit of quant into a primarily qualitative analysis then we looked at narrative analysis which
is about analyzing how stories are told next up was discourse analysis which is about analyzing
conversations and interactions then we moved on to thematic analysis which is about identifying themes
and patterns from there we went south with grounded theory which is about starting from scratch with a
specific question and using the data alone to build a theory in response to that question and finally we
looked at ipa which is about understanding people's unique experiences of a phenomenon now of
course these aren't the only approaches to qualitative data analysis but they are a great starting point if
you're just dipping your toes into the waters of qualitative research for the very first time if you do want
to learn about other qualitative data analysis methods drop us a comment below if you enjoyed the
video please hit the like button and leave a comment if you have any questions if you are in the process
of writing your dissertation thesis or any other research based project be sure to subscribe to the grad
coach channel for more research related content and lastly if you need a helping hand with your
research check out our private coaching service this is where we work with you on a one-on-one basis
chapter by chapter to help you craft a winning dissertation thesis or research project if that sounds
interesting to you book a free consultation with a friendly coach at www.grad.com as always i'll include a
link below and that's all for this episode of grad coach tv until next time good luck you

Hi everyone Welcome to our YouTube channel research ready and student matters have by dln and I'm
dolin and Our lesson video for today is all about thematic analysis and I'm going to give you also
examples of how to code qualitative data Malamang marami sa inyo ang nagtatanong Ma'am Papano po
ba namin i-analyze ang aming qualitative data kasi po yung aming um quantitative data So it can easily
be analyzed using statistical tools Pero kung qualitative data Ma'am ang aming gagamitin whether kami
ay merong pure qualitative research or nagta-try angul kami ng aming quantitative data using qualitative
data or approach or meron kaming mix methods na ginamit Paano namin Ma'am i-analyze ang aming
qualitative data so ang idi-discuss ko sa inyo ngayon is yung thematic analysis with emphasis on coding
pero specifically ang susundin natin is yyung six steps ni bron and Clark which was published on 2006
Mas madali niyong maiintindihan ano nga ba yyung mga stepbystep procedures na kailangan niyong
matandaan pag kayo ay merong qualitative data so hindi lamang ito simple na ipe-present natin ang
ating mga raw data or ang interview transcript sa ating loob ng research paper Mer meron tayong mga
prosesong susundin para masabi natin na yung qualitative data na nai-presenta man natin ipe-present
ang ating research paper ay valid at dumaan sa tamang proseso kung papaano i-analyze ang qualitative
data so Panoorin niyo ang lesson video na ito dahil marami kayong matututunan so una nating kailangan
gawin ay i-define natin Ano nga ba ang thematic analysis ang thematic analysis is a method for
Identifying analyzing and reporting patterns or commonly known as teams within qualitative data it is
widely used approach in qualitative research across various disciplines because it provides a structured
yet flexible way to Uncover meaningful insights from textual or visual data such as interview transcripts
Focus group discussions or open-ended survey responses As I have mentioned ang idi-discuss natin
ngayon ay yung sa stepbystep procedures ni bron and Clark na nai-publish Nong 2006 kung meron
kayong mga interview transcripts Focus group discussion transcripts or any other data na kailangan
niyong icodeforlove So ano ang ibig sabihin nito Ma'am I'll repeat familiarize Yourself with your data
kapag tapos na kayong magconduct ng inyong interview or either Focus group discussion or you have on
your hand already yung inyong qualitative data na kailangan niyong icodeforlove ng parehong data ako
sina-suggest ko na hindi lang ikaw so dapat meron kang mga kasama kung kayo a isang grupo Lahat kayo
meron kayong transcription ngayon kung nag-iisa ka naman you can Commission a qualitative researcher
to do also a transcription for you so dalawa kayong nagta-transform ah nag-come out doun sa ating
interview ang susunod nating kailangang gawin ay basahin natin siya ng paulit-ulit para maging
familiarize tayo or Familiar tayo I mean doun sa mga data na nakuha natin sa ating interview or Focus
group discussion or any other way na nakuha mo yung iyong qualitative data kasi isa itong paraan para
makatulong SAO na ma-review mo yung mga interview transcript na ginawa mo at maging Pamilyar ka
kung ano man yung nung nagkanda ka ng interview So that's the first step You have to familiarize
yourself with the data let's proceed with step number two step number two is Generating your initial
codes so ito na yung pinaka I think um pinakaimportanteng part kapag kayo ay nagkakaroon ng thematic
analysis nagenerate kayo ng codes out d sa mga transcript na nabasa ninyo kasi pamilyar na kayo So
ngayon ang susunod niyong gawin mag generate kayo ng codes hindi pa natin pinag-uusapan ng team sa
step na ito ang pinag-uusapan pa lang natin ay code again step one familiarize Yourself with the data
paulit-ulit niyo siyang basahin many times pangalawa You have to generate your initial codes now i-
define muna natin What do we mean by code What do we mean by coding and What do we mean by
descriptive coding when we talk about codes a code is a word or short phrase that summarize and
captures the essence of a piece of data it can be applied to a single word a sentence a paragraph or even
an entire document depending on the level of analysis and the context of the research so when we talk
about codes this Came From The transcription of your data So it can be a word a paraphrase or a
paragraph will do pero commonly these are words or a phrase I mean not paraphrase a phrase or a word
na yung tinatawag nating code now Ano naman yung sinasabi nating coding coding is a process typically
done in a systematic manner where researchers go through the data line by line or segment by segment
and apply codes that are relevant to the content this process can be done manually using highlighters or
annotations or with the help of a software design for qualitative analysis so pag sinabi naman nating
coding isa itong proseso o yung para makakuha tayo ng code kailangan nating gawin yung tinatawag na
coding so babasahin natin ang mga transcribe na answer ng ating mga participants line by line or
segment by segment tapos magbibigay tayo ng Code as a researcher kasi ung ung summary ng codes
natin doon tayo makakakuha ng teams ito ung tinatawag nating thematic analysis na magiging part ng
presentation ng ating data at yung implication ng ating findings So ngayon ang ituturo ko sa inyo yung
tinatawag nating very common na descriptive coding So what is descriptive coding descriptive coding
involves summarizing the content of the data straightforwardly and I am going to give you an example of
a descriptive coding so kunyari ito yung example natin meron tayong binigay dito na research question so
Dapat bago kayo mag thematic analysis Siguraduhin niyo na transcribe niyo na iyung mga answer ng
inyong mga participants per question or per research question and per participants That's my advice
Huwag niyong paghalu-haluin ang transcription niyo ng lahat ang participants kung hindi ang Gawin
ninyo ay isang participant ah lahat ng research question para doon ay nakalagay at yung transcript so
kunyari ito ang iyong research question How do students perceive online learning during the covid-19
pandemic at ito naman yung naging sagot ng iyong participants I found online classes to be quite
challenging because I missed the face to face interactions with my professors and peers it was harder to
ask questions and get immediate feedback ang gamitin natin na coding or proseso ng coding is yung
manual hindi tayo gagamit ng software so Tuturuan ko kayo manually kung papaano ba kayo mag-cr So
kung ito yung naging sagot ng ating participant number one Shall we say participant number one tigan
natin line by line Ano ba yung makikita nating mga words na nagde-design quite challenging challenging
is a descriptive word So from this word Pwede kang initial code So that's our code number one for this
research question Let us see kung Mayon pa tayong ma-describe na word na sinabi nung ating
participant sabi niya rin dito because I miss the face to face interactions with my professors and fears So
this is another thing sabi niya i missed the face to face interactions So pwede tayong gumamit uli or
gumawa ng isa pang code we can have code number two lagay natin Miss face to face interactions Okay
so that's our code number two so meron pa ba tayong nakikita na pwede nating i-describe base dito sa
exerpt ng interview so sabi niya dito it was harder to ask questions and get immediate feedback so we
can have another code from here so pwede nating sabihin ang ating initial code ay difficulty in asking
questions so nakapag generate tayo ng tatlong code dito sa isang ating ah transcription no out of
question na how do students perceive online learning during the covid-19 pandemic but this is only for
participant number one kasi meron kang mga maraming participants commonly sa iyong interview So I'll
repeat ito iyung mga descriptive codes na nakuha natin one challenges of online learning nakikita natin
kasi yung sentiment nung ating mga participant or nung participant natin sa online classes pangalawa
Miss face to face interaction kasi hina-hanap binasa natin yung data nakikita natin yung mga interesting
pictures or patterns na pwede nating gawing code or i-c natin siya systematically labeling or tagging
sections of the data na nakikita natin na relevant dun sa ating research question Now if you're going to
ask me Ma'am yung tatlong codes na nakuha namin dito are there are they relevant to the research
question the answer is Yes Okay so let me teach you the Generation of initial code So this is um purely an
example of how are going to generate codes Ah from your data so I have here an example of a
transcription on how are you going to generate code so as you can see on our screen so we have
transcription and this Talks about participant code So this is the first part Uh You have to assign a code to
your participant so Shall we say I have assign p1 for transcription of my first participant and then What's
my research question so I have already mention here or type here my research question and that's all
about live experiences on online Learning and then I have the date When did I conduct my interview And
that's July 22 2024 and then the time So bakit Ma'am kailangan naming ilagay ito very specific yung mga
data na ito na nakikita namin no kailangan natin to kasi yung tinatawag nating trailing ng ating mga
document You have to be transparent kung Kailan mo siya ginawa kung ah anong oras kung ano yung
mga tinanong mo kasi napakaimportante nito sa qualitative research example doun sa iyong
transcription This is only an example no sa inyong mga research maaaring napakarami na meron kayong
mga research questions na kailangan niyo i-transfer transition to online teaching last year so ito yung
aking tinanong sa aking p1 or participant 1 so sabi nung aking participant 1 no nung teacher sabi niya it
was challenging one of the biggest hurdles was the technology itself not all students had reliable
internet and some of the software we had to use was unfamiliar to me and the kids So if I will be the one
to transcribe this one kunyari nabasa ko na siya may times at kung gagawa ak ng descriptive coding base
dito sa sinabi ni teacher so pupwedeng makita ko dito itong statement na to So sabi niya not all students
had reliable internet So kung gagawin ko manually ang aking coding pwedeng gamitin niyo ito so mag-
insert kayo ng comment from here so naka-red siya tapos pwedeng gawin nating code dito Sabi niya kasi
not all sa reliable internet so I can type here issues um with internet connectivity so This is my code
number one no nakapag generate na ako ng code dito sa aking research question na ito so I have code
number one base dito sa aking question so code one issues with internet connectivity Sabi niya kasi not
all students had reliable internet tapos meron Meron pa ba akong nakikita diyan ma'am na pupwede
kong gamitin diyan sa aking Question number one sa aking interview participants so nakakakita pa ako
dito aside from this one na pwede ninyong gamitin ay yung terminologies na and some of the software
we had to use was unfamiliar to me and the kid so let's highlight this one and then mag-insert tayo ng
comment So this is a manual ah coding So pwede nating gawin dito or ilagay natin sabi niya unfamiliar to
me and the kid so we can have code number two so unfamiliarity with the software so that can be our
code number two unfamiliarity with the software kung ano yung ginagamit nilang software so meron na
tayong code number two from this one so Depende naman sa inyo kasi kung paano kayo mag-assign ng
code ninyo dun sa inyong paper so ito lang yung ginagamit ko Para mabigyan ko kayo ng guide so wala na
akong nakikita dito sa question natin number one how did you find the transition of online learning last
year punta naman tayo doon sa ating pangalawa So yung ating Pangalawang tanong Sabi nung
interviewer What strategies did you use to overcome this challenges so let's read sabi ni teacher i focus a
lot on creating a clear stepbystep guides for using the online platform so ang ganito Ang ganda nitong
sinabi ni teacher no step by step guides on using the online flatform kasi sinasagot niya yyung Tanong mo
eh na What strategies did you use to overcome this challenges ito napaka-competitive creating step by
step guidelines or step by step guide step by step guide so ito yung pupwede nating gating code para
dito sa sinabi ni teacher sa question na ito Ito yung question natin kasing pangalawa no so let's try to
highlight and then Meron pa ba akong ibang nakikita na p pwede kong icodeforlove din ang strategies na
ginagawa niya ay nire-record niya yung lesson yan so kasi ang ang usually tanong dito basahin natin chat
yung mga sagot ano yung mga sagot ng mga participant natin na sumasagot doon sa ating research
question ire-review natin siya Mamaya so recording my lesson so mag-insert ulit tayo dito ng comment
base sa research Question number two natin meron na tayong code number two Ano po pwede nating
gamiting teams diyan So pwede nating sabihin recording lessons for asynchronous classes kasi ginagamit
ito na teacher kapag meron siyang asynchronous class yan so we have already two codes for Question
number one and Question number two we have also two codes This this is only for participant number
one now if you might encounter again another transcription and you're going to do this one saka ka
paang makakapag create ng teams kapag nagkaroon ka ng initial code So from this tingnan natin kung
yung atin bang ikin sinasagot niya itong ating research question so sabi natin kanina issues ang
tinatanong natin or No I mean How do you find the transition tinatanong natin yyung ating participant
Anong masasabi niya So ang sinabi natin not all students had reliable internet so nagkaroon tayo ng code
issues with internet connectivity tapos isa pang sinabi niya na ano um experience niya sa transition
unfamiliar to me and the kids so nagkaroon tayo ng code 2 unfamiliarity with the software nagpunta tayo
sa question two what is strategies do you use to overcome this challenges so ang pinag-uusapan natin
dito ay strategies nakita natin to sabi ni teacher step by step guides for using online platforms nagkaroon
tayo ng code dito na creating step by step guides and then nakakita pa tayo dito ng isang sego teacher
recording my lesson to students so nag code tayo recording lessons for asynchronous classes so ganito
ang pag gawa ng descriptive coding but this is only for participant number one with question one and
question two Depende sa inyo kung papaano niyo gagawin yung inyong transcription but ang Shin ko
lang sa inyo is how are you going to make your initial codes or the descriptive codingWe are done with
step number two now we are going to proceed on step number three which is searching for teams or
search for teams after nagkaroon tayo ng initial coding magga tayo ng all relevant coded data So kung
meron kang participant one ito yyung mga codes mo ito yung research question nandiyan yan meron
tayong participant two the same research question ito yung code yun ung pagggawa code na nakuha sa
question one at meron tayong nakuhang dalawang code sa question two kung ang naging code natin sa
question one sa participant one issues with internet connectivity at saka unfamiliarity with software or
application yung codes naman na nakuha natin sa question 2 creating step by step guides tsaka recording
lessons for asynchronous learning base dito sa mga codes na nakuha natin ulitin ko This is only an
example of one participant Kung marami kayong participants kailangan i-g niyo lahat ng code na yon para
para makita niyo kung ano yung mga pare-pareho kasi mag-oorganize na kayo ngayon ng teams so dito
Meron lang tayong isang participant nagkaroon tayo ng dalawang code sa question one dalawang code
sa question two ngayon kung meron tayong dalawang code sa question One That is I'll repeat issues with
internet connectivity and unfamiliarity with software apps gawan natin ng teams Itong mga codes na to
So kung ito yung gagawan natin ng teams ang pwede nating ilagay dito ay technological Changes ang
technological Changes a something to do with issues with internet connectivity and unfamiliarity with
software apps itong team na to kung ito Iyung gagamitin nating team base doon sa dalawang code natin
sa question one this will encapsulates the difficulties faced by the participants due to the technological
limitations and unfamiliarity with the software so pupwedeng ah sa presentation ng data niyo i-mention
niyo yung sinabi ni teacher Pero ito ginawan mo siya ng teams from the code Okay so you have the
coding and then you can produce now the team punta tayo doon sa codes natin sa Question number two
kung nreca doon creating step by step guides tsaka recording lessons for asynchronous learning kasi
kung nire-record niyo ang tanong natin ano yung na ginawa ni participant para maka-cope up siya dito so
pupwede nating gawing teams dito sa sinabi nung participant is adaptation strategies kasi ito yung
ginawa ni participant para makapag-adjust na' yung proactive approaches nung teacher na na-adopt niya
yung online teaching environment so that is our step number three which is search for teams marami
kayong teams na makukuha pa kapag Mas marami kayong transcription per participant per question so
pag advice ko sa inyo pag magke-claim sa isang research questions at tigan niyo yyung codes na nagawa
ninyo saka kayo makakapag-concentrate dapat na team You can also rename it or maybe i-combine mo
siya sa ipang team if necessary Tingnan mo yung patterns yung similarities ng mga codes kasi sa codes ka
makakakuha ng themes y group related codes together to form Preliminary teams these initial teams
should emerge from the data rather than being imposed beforehand kasi ang ginagamit natin is
descriptive coding no Hindi natin sine-set kung ano yung gusto nating makuhang teams kung hindi base
kung paano natin siya na- analyze now step number five define and name themes no kung naka sa step
number four kung meron na tayong initial teams kailangan natin siyang review sa step 5 Kailangan na
nating i-define at pangalanan yung ating teams each team should be clearly defined with a descriptive
name this step involves writing clear ition and summaries of what each team represents based on the
data ngayon Paano natin to gagawin bibigyan ko kayo ng step by step procedures step one para makapag
proceed kayo dito at makapag finalize na kayo ng team niyo i- cluster niyo yung related codes As I have
mentioned kanina cluster niyo yung mga related codes yung first group of codes niyo sa question one
lahat ng pan tigan niyo yung lahat ng code niyo sa question one i-clone mo technical Changes or
technological Changes I mean yyun Iyung meron kang code na issues with internet connectivity tsaka
unfamiliarity with software apps to's Iyung cluster to mo naman adaptation strategies Iyung creating
stepbystep guides at recording lessons for asynchronous learning pero Hwag kang malilito kailangan
nakasunod ka pa rin doun sa research question mo step two mo define and name team So ngayon
pangalanan mo na yung teams mo no Kasi kanina nag-s ang susunod pangalanan mo na siya kasi yung
kanina initial teams pa lang yun eh So ngayon papangalanan mo na talaga kung ano yung teams mo
kanina yung initial teams natin technological Changes tsaka adaptation strategies ngayon papangalanan
na natin siya So pwedeng ang theme number one mo ay technical barriers in online learning no yun na
ung theme one mo base don sa coding mo initial code mo t saka initial theme yun na ung final theme mo
technical barriers in online learning ine-encourage na natin ang theme number two mo So pwedeng
gawin nating adaptation strategies for online learning yun na yung pwede mong gawing theme for your
question number two considering your Uh participants answer pagkatapos mo ng ma-finalize yung name
ng iyong teams ang pangatlo mong kailangang gawin ay i-validate mo yung teams against the data o
Tama ba yung ginawa kong teams ito yung mga codes ko nag-fit ba siya logically doun sa team i-verify mo
if the teams accurately reflect the data tsaka mag-provide ka ng meaningful insights pangapat Maglagay
ka ng description ng teams mo So kung ang team number one mo is technical barriers in online learning
So that's your final team magkaroon ka dapat ng explanation bibigyan ko kayo ng example Pero ito rin
yung pwede niyong gamitin pag magpo-produce na kayo ng report so ito yung exp Nation natin kung
bakit nagkaroon tayo ng ganitong teams the participants frequently reported difficulties with internet
connectivity which impeded their ability to participate in online classes consistently and effectively so
after to the last sentence ikaw na yung gumawa nito Kasi ikaw naman yung Familiar kung papaano ka
nakapag Come up ng sarili mong team So you have to explain why do you have to derive for such teams
Paano mo siya nakuha So yun na kailangan mo ng explanation ng teams na yon and then Maglagay ka din
ng mga confirmatory statements para ma-prove na yyung teams na ginawa mo Ay base doon sa sinabi ng
iyong mga participants kung magpo-produce ka na ng report ito na yung step number six so finally ipe-
present mo na kung paano mo ginawa yung iyong teams ano yung nag Ah transpire yung explanation mo
Bakit Iyun yung naging teams and this is a common example So yung theme one natin technical barriers
to online learning so nagbigay tayo dito ng example as you read it ah sinasabi natin or kinukwento natin
as a researcher kung paano naging ganon Iyung ating team So I'll cite as few sentences so sabi mo
participants consistently reported significant challenges related to technical aspects of online learning
kasi naggawa ka ng code at nakikita mo yun talaga yung ah nag-come out dun sa iyong ah thematic
analysis primarily issues with internet connectivity emerge as a major obstacle impacting their ability to
engage in online classes effectively and consistently tapos Iyung last sentence niya many learners
struggled with unfamiliar interfaces and functionalities so na-explain mo ngayon Bakit ka nakapag comee
number one mo na technical barriers to online learning kung papansinin niyo ung second paragraph
Nagkaroon ka ng mga confirmatory statements dito Sabi mo pa one student highlighted often quotation I
often struggle with my internet dropping out During lectures which makes it hard to follow along It's
frustrated because I miss important parts of the lesson and can't always C Catch up so meron kang code
So that's example That's your p1 and then you have another confirmatory statements And that's your p2
this is how as an example one of the examples of presenting your qualitative data So this step Tapos ka
na nakapag-produce ka na ng report mo pero sa pagpo-produce ng report sa qualitative data hindi siya
ganon kadali So you have to follow a step by step procedure so that you can come up with a validated
and a very good qualitative data out of your interview Focus group discussion or any other source of
your qualitative data for presentation Okay so I hope that you have already familiarize Yourself on how
are you going to come up with a theme out of your qualitative data so ito yung sinunod natin Iyung kay
bron and Clark 2006 first is familiarizing your data and the last step Is You have to produce your report
This is a rigorous process so I advise everyone to help each other Especially if you're are a group kung
papaano niyo i-analyze ang inyong qualitative data kasi importante na makuha natin kung ano yung
pinaka meaning nung transcription na ginawa natin after ng interview or ng Focus group discussion pero
hindi ito natatapos dito kaya nga after na makapag ka-myphone it doesn't mean that it is already
validated so you have to do a member checking for your qualitative data that's the rigor of doing
qualitative research um kung meron kayong mga comments or reactions about this lesson video and you
still have questions regarding how to do thematic analysis you can type your questions on the comment
section and I'm very willing to answer and help you Paano kayo makakapag analyze ng inyong qualitative
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