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? Networking Fundamentals Note

The OSI Model is a seven-layer framework that standardizes networking functions to enable interoperability and simplify network design. Each layer has specific functions, ranging from physical transmission of data to application-level interactions. While the OSI Model provides a theoretical structure, it has limitations, including overlapping layers in real-world protocols.

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12 views4 pages

? Networking Fundamentals Note

The OSI Model is a seven-layer framework that standardizes networking functions to enable interoperability and simplify network design. Each layer has specific functions, ranging from physical transmission of data to application-level interactions. While the OSI Model provides a theoretical structure, it has limitations, including overlapping layers in real-world protocols.

Uploaded by

awwalbrowns
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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📘 Networking Fundamentals – The OSI

Model

🔶 Introduction to the OSI Model


The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand
and implement computer networking. It standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or
computing system into seven abstraction layers.

📍 Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Goals of the OSI Model:

 Standardize networking functions


 Enable interoperability between systems
 Simplify network design, troubleshooting, and development

🔷 The 7 Layers of the OSI Model


Layer Name Function Protocols/Examples
7 Application Interface for end-user processes HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS
6 Presentation Data format translation, encryption SSL/TLS, JPEG, ASCII
5 Session Session control and synchronization NetBIOS, PPTP, RPC
4 Transport Reliable delivery, error handling TCP, UDP
3 Network Routing and logical addressing IP, ICMP, IPsec, RIP, OSPF
2 Data Link Physical addressing, error detection Ethernet, MAC, ARP, PPP
1 Physical Bit transmission over media Cables, Hubs, Wi-Fi, Modem

🔶 Layer-by-Layer Breakdown
🔹 Layer 1: Physical

 Transmits raw bits (0s and 1s) over physical media.


 Deals with voltage levels, timing, connectors.
 Hardware-based.
Examples: Ethernet cables, fiber optics, network cards.

🔹 Layer 2: Data Link

 Converts raw transmission into frames.


 Adds MAC (Media Access Control) addressing.
 Performs error detection and handling.

Examples: Switches, MAC Address, ARP.

🔹 Layer 3: Network

 Handles routing between devices across multiple networks.


 Assigns logical addresses (IP addresses).
 Determines best path for data delivery.

Examples: Routers, IP, ICMP, OSPF, BGP.

🔹 Layer 4: Transport

 Ensures complete data transfer.


 Manages segmentation, reassembly, and flow control.
 Uses ports to identify services.

Examples: TCP (reliable), UDP (fast but unreliable).

🔹 Layer 5: Session

 Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions.


 Handles authentication and session restoration.

Examples: Remote Procedure Call (RPC), NetBIOS.

🔹 Layer 6: Presentation
 Translates, encrypts, or compresses data.
 Makes data readable for the application layer.

Examples: JPEG, MPEG, SSL, TLS.

🔹 Layer 7: Application

 Closest to the end user.


 Interacts with software applications.

Examples: HTTP (web), SMTP (email), FTP (file transfer).

🔷 Mnemonic to Remember OSI Layers


 From Layer 7 to Layer 1 (top-down):

"All People Seem To Need Data Processing"

 From Layer 1 to Layer 7 (bottom-up):

"Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away"

🔶 OSI vs TCP/IP Model


OSI Model TCP/IP Model
7 Layers 4 Layers
Standard reference model Real-world protocol suite
Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
Network Layer (IP) Internet Layer
Application, Presentation, Session Application Layer

🔷 Importance of the OSI Model


✅ Advantages:

 Helps isolate network issues


 Provides a common language for network engineers
 Encourages modular engineering and development

❌ Limitations:

 Theoretical model; some layers overlap in real-world protocols


 Not all protocols strictly follow OSI layers

📝 Common Questions
Q1: What layer do switches operate at?

Layer 2 – Data Link

Q2: What about routers?

Layer 3 – Network

Q3: Why is TCP considered reliable?

Because it provides acknowledgment, retransmission, and sequencing.

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