1.

During one semester, Professor Hassett wanted to sample the attitudes of the students
taking college algebra at his school. He decided to interview 10 of the 65 students enrolled
in the course. Using a registration list on which the 65 students were numbered 1–65, he
obtained a simple random sample of 10 students by randomly selecting 10 numbers
between 1 and 65. Using a random-number table, find 10 unique random numbers between
1 and 65, just as Professor Hassett did. Start with row 16 and column 19 and list these 10
numbers.

Answer:
2. Determine the type of sampling in each part.(Cluster, Stratified, Simple random
sampling, convenience, systematic

a. Systematic Sampling: The analyst selects every 4th customer from a list until 80 customers are
selected. This is a classic example of systematic sampling, where a fixed interval is used to select
samples from a larger population.

b. Stratified Sampling: The organizers form groups based on employment statuses and then
randomly select 16 attendees from each group. This ensures that each employment status group
is represented proportionally in the sample.

c. Convenience Sampling: The counselors select students from a particular dorm building
because they are easily accessible. This is convenience sampling, where samples are chosen
based on ease of access rather than randomness.

d. Cluster Sampling: The consultant forms groups based on the length of time workers have been
at the factory, then randomly selects 6 groups and includes all workers in those groups. This is
cluster sampling, where entire groups (clusters) are randomly selected, and all members of the
chosen clusters are included in the sample.

e. Cluster Sampling: The host forms groups based on passengers’ ages, then randomly selects 4
groups and includes all passengers in those groups. Similar to part d, this is cluster sampling.

3. Determine if each underlined number is a statistic or a parameter.

a. Statistic: The 72% refers to a sample of 200 students from a university, not the entire
population of students.

b. Parameter: The average salary of $58,000 per year is for all employees in the company,
representing the entire population of employees.

c. Statistic: The 35% refers to a sample of 1,000 randomly selected households in a city, not the
entire population of households.

d. Parameter: The average household income of $75,000 per year is for the entire population of a
small town.

e. Statistic: The 60% refers to a survey of 500 voters in a city, not the entire population of voters.

f. Parameter: The mean IQ score of 105 is for all the students at a particular school, representing
the entire population of students.
g. Statistic: The 40% refers to a sample of 150 residents from a neighborhood, not the entire
population of residents.

4. For each of the following, determine the type of variable (qualitative or quantitative),
whether it is continuous or discrete (if applicable), and the level of measurement (nominal,
ordinal, interval, or ratio):

a. The number of books students have checked out from the library.

• Type: Quantitative
• Continuous or Discrete: Discrete
• Level of Measurement: Ratio because it has a true zero and the differences between
values are meaningful.

b. The height of students in a 7th-grade class.

• Type: Quantitative
• Continuous or Discrete: Continuous
• Level of Measurement: Ratio because it has a true zero and the differences between
values are meaningful.

c. A survey asks students whether they prefer online or in-person classes.

• Type: Qualitative
• Level of Measurement: Nominal because the categories do not have a meaningful order.

d. The letter grades (A, B, C, D, F) assigned to students in a math course.

• Type: Qualitative
• Level of Measurement: Ordinal because the grades have a meaningful order, but the
differences between them are not quantifiable.

5. In a large sample of customer accounts, a utility company determined that the average
number of days between when a bill was sent out and when the payment was made
is 32 with a standard deviation of 5 days. Assume the data to be approximately bell-shaped.
a. Percentage of bills for which payment was made in greater than 37 days

37 days is one standard deviation above the mean (μ+σ=32+5=37μ+σ=32+5=37).

Using the Empirical Rule:

• 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation (27 to 37 days).
• Therefore, 32% of the data falls outside this range (100% - 68% = 32%).
• Since the distribution is symmetric, half of this 32% is above 37 days.

So, the percentage of bills for which payment was made in greater than 37 days is
approximately:

32%2=16%232% =16%

b. Percentage of bills for which payment was made in less than 22 days

22 days is two standard deviations below the mean ( μ−2σ=32−2×5=22μ−2σ=32−2×5=22).

Using the Empirical Rule:

• 95% of the data falls within two standard deviations (22 to 42 days).
• Therefore, 5% of the data falls outside this range (100% - 95% = 5%).
• Since the distribution is symmetric, half of this 5% is below 22 days.

So, the percentage of bills for which payment was made in less than 22 days is approximately:

5%2=2.5%25% =2.5%

c. Percentage of bills for which payment was made between 27 and 32 days

27 days is one standard deviation below the mean ( μ−σ=32−5=27μ−σ=32−5=27).

Using the Empirical Rule:

• 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation (27 to 37 days).
• Since we are only interested in the range from 27 to 32 days, which is half of this
interval, we need to divide the 68% by 2.

So, the percentage of bills for which payment was made between 27 and 32 days is
approximately:

68%2=34%
6. A team consists of 10 engineers and 8 managers. Five team members will be selected to
lead a project.

a. Probability that all five members selected are engineers

The total number of ways to choose 5 members out of 18 (10 engineers + 8 managers) is given
by the combination formula:

(185)(518)
The number of ways to choose 5 engineers out of 10 is:

(105)(510)
So, the probability that all five members selected are engineers is:

P(all engineers)=(105)(185) P(all engineers)=(518) (510)

(105)=10!5! (10−5)! =252(510) =5! (10−5)!10! =252

(185)=18!5! (18−5)! =8,568(518)=5! (18−5)!18! =8,568

P (all engineers) =2528568≈0.0294P (all engineers) =8568252 ≈0.0294

b. Probability that at least one of the selected members is a manager

This can be found by subtracting the probability that all selected members are engineers from 1:

P (at least one manager) =1−P (all engineers) P (at least one manager) =1−P (all engineers)
Using the result from part (a):

P (at least one manager) =1−0.0294=0.9706P (at least one manager) =1−0.0294=0.9706
c. Probability that exactly three of the selected members are managers

The number of ways to choose 3 managers out of 8 is:

(83) (38)
The number of ways to choose 2 engineers out of 10 is:

(102) (210)
So, the probability that exactly three of the selected members are managers is:

P (exactly 3 managers) = (83) × (102) (185) P (exactly 3 managers) = (518) (38) × (210)

(83) =8!3! (8−3)! =56(38) =3! (8−3)!8! =56

(102) =10!2! (10−2)! =45(210) =2! (10−2)!10! =45

P (exactly 3 managers) =56×458568=25208568≈0.294

7. Answer the following questions:

a. The following numbers represent the sales (in dollars) made by 9 employees in a

retail store on a particular day:

$50, $55, $60, $62, $65, $70, $200, $205, $210.
Which measure of central tendency (mean, median, or mode) should be used to summarize this data?
Why?

b. In Mr. Johnson's class, the 9 students received the following grades on their final exam:

86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98.

Which measure of central tendency (mean, median, or mode) should be used to summarize this data?
Explain your reasoning.

a. Sales Data

The sales figures are: $50, $55, $60, $62, $65, $70, $200, $205, $210.

• Mean: The mean is calculated by summing all the values and dividing by the number of
values. However, the mean can be heavily influenced by outliers (extremely high or low
values). The values $200, $205, and $210 are much higher than the rest, which would
skew the mean upwards.
• Median: The median is the middle value when the data is ordered. It is less affected by
outliers and skewed data. The median would be $65.
• Mode: The mode is the most frequently occurring value. There is no repeated value, so
the mode is not applicable.
b. Grades Data

The grades are: 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98.

• Mean: The mean is calculated by summing all the grades and dividing by the number of
grades. Since there are no extreme outliers here, the mean will provide a good measure of
central tendency.
• Median: The median is the middle value when the data is ordered. The median is 91.
• Mode: The mode is the most frequently occurring value. There is no repeated value, so
the mode is not applicable.

8. Given the following sample with five numbers:

12, 18, 22, 27, 31 Find Mean, Variance, and Standard deviation.

Mean

Mean=12+18+22+27+31/5= 110/5= 22

Variance

(12−22)2= (−10)2=100(12−22)2= (−10)2=100

(18−22)2= (−4)2=16(18−22)2= (−4)2=16
(22−22)2=02=0(22−22)2=02=0
(27−22)2=52=25(27−22)2=52=25
(31−22)2=92=81(31−22)2=92=81

100+16+0+25+81=222100+16+0+25+81=222

Variance=2225−1=2224=55.5Variance=5−1222 =4222 =55.5

Standard Deviation

Standard Deviation=55.5≈7.45Standard Deviation=55.5 ≈7.45

9. had to skip due to time crunch.

10.

a. Probability that the randomly selected employee works in the Engineering department: 0.3

b. Probability that the randomly selected employee is Female: 0.467

c. Probability that the randomly selected employee is a female and works in Engineering: 0.1

d. Probability that the randomly selected employee is a female or works in Engineering: 0.667

e. Given that the randomly selected employee is female, probability that the employee works in
Engineering: 0.214

f. Given that the randomly selected employee works in Engineering, probability that the
employee is female: 0.333

11. Had to skip due to time crunch.