PART-A

1. c) Hacking into someone's bank account

2. b) Hacking
3. c) Spamming
4. c) Financial gain or theft
5. c) Trojan Horse
6. c) Intentional deceptive practices for financial gain
7. VPN (Virtual Private Network)
8. Phishing
9. Cyberbullying
10. Spamming

PART-B

11. Define Cybercrime.

Cybercrime refers to criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the internet. It
includes a wide range of offenses such as hacking, identity theft, cyberstalking, cyberterrorism,
online financial frauds, and data breaches. Cybercrime targets individuals, organizations, and
even governments, exploiting technology to commit crimes without physical presence.

12. Explain about spamming.

Spamming is the act of sending unsolicited, irrelevant, or inappropriate messages in bulk,
typically for advertising or phishing purposes. These messages are sent via email, instant
messaging, or social media. Spamming can also spread malware and is considered a form of
cyber harassment, disrupting communication systems and wasting resources.

13. Mention various modes or manners of committing Cybercrime.

Cybercrimes can be committed in several ways:

• Hacking: Unauthorized access to systems.

• Phishing: Tricking people into giving sensitive information.
• Spreading Malware: Infecting systems with viruses, worms, trojans.
• Identity Theft: Stealing someone's personal information.
• Cyberstalking: Harassing someone online.
Each method exploits different vulnerabilities in people or systems.

14. Write notes on logic bomb.

A logic bomb is a piece of malicious code intentionally inserted into software. It stays dormant
until triggered by a specific event, like a particular date, user action, or system change. Once
activated, it can perform harmful actions such as deleting files, corrupting data, or crashing the
system, often causing significant damage.

15. Identify various prevention measures against computer crime.

Prevention of computer crime involves:

• Using strong and unique passwords.

• Installing and updating antivirus and firewalls.
 • Regular software and security updates.
• Educating users on cyber threats.
• Implementing encryption for sensitive data.
Awareness and good cyber hygiene are key to reducing cybercrime risks.

16. What is phishing?

Phishing is a deceptive technique where attackers impersonate legitimate organizations to
steal confidential information like usernames, passwords, and bank details. They usually send
fake emails, messages, or create fake websites to lure victims into providing sensitive data.
Phishing can lead to identity theft and financial losses.

17. Differentiate web and email spoofing.

Web spoofing involves creating a fake website that closely resembles a legitimate one to trick
users into entering confidential information.
Email spoofing involves forging the sender's email address to make it appear as if the email is
from a trusted source, thereby tricking the recipient into responding or clicking malicious links.
Both aim to deceive users but occur in different mediums.

18. State cyberstalking.

Cyberstalking refers to using the internet, email, or other digital communication tools to stalk
or harass an individual. It includes persistent unwanted messages, threats, blackmail, or
monitoring someone's online activities. Cyberstalking can cause emotional trauma, fear, and
serious psychological effects on victims.

19. List out other cybercrimes related to fraud and cheating.

Some other cybercrimes related to fraud and cheating include:

• Credit card fraud: Unauthorized use of card details.

• Online auction fraud: Misleading buyers or sellers.
• Investment scams: Fake investment opportunities online.
• Insurance fraud: Submitting false claims electronically.
• Business email compromise: Impersonating executives for money transfers.

20. Describe about money laundering.

Money laundering is the illegal process of disguising the origins of money obtained from
criminal activities, making it appear legitimate. It usually involves three stages: placement
(introducing dirty money into the financial system), layering (concealing its source through
complex transactions), and integration (making the money appear legally earned).
Cybercriminals often use digital methods for laundering today.

PART-C

21.B (i) Distinction between Conventional Crime and Cyber Crime.

Introduction:
Crime is any act that violates the law and is punishable by the state. Crimes can be categorized as
conventional or cyber based on the mode and method of committing the offense.

Conventional Crime:
 • Conventional crimes are traditional crimes that involve physical force, violence, or theft.

• They are usually committed in-person and require the criminal's physical presence.

• Examples include robbery, murder, burglary, assault, theft, and vandalism.

• Evidence collected in conventional crimes includes fingerprints, blood samples, eyewitness

accounts, CCTV footage, etc.

• Investigation and prosecution involve traditional methods like scene examination, forensic
analysis, and witness interrogation.

Cyber Crime:

• Cyber crimes are committed using computers, networks, or digital technologies.

• Criminals can operate remotely, even from different countries, making detection difficult.

• Examples include hacking, phishing, identity theft, cyberstalking, ransomware attacks, and
online fraud.

• Evidence in cybercrime is digital: IP addresses, emails, server logs, data trails, etc.

• Investigation requires specialized skills like digital forensics, cybersecurity expertise, and data
analysis.

Key Differences:

Aspect Conventional Crime Cyber Crime

Medium Physical world Digital world
Presence Criminal must be present Can operate remotely
Evidence Physical evidence Digital evidence
Investigation Traditional police methods Digital forensics and cyber tools
Geographical Scope Localized Global, cross-border

(ii) Recall the White Collar Crime and Explain its Types.

Introduction:
White Collar Crime refers to non-violent, financially motivated crimes committed by individuals,
professionals, or organizations in positions of trust during the course of their occupation. The term was
first coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939.

Definition:
"White collar crime is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the
course of their occupation."

Characteristics of White Collar Crime:

• Involves breach of trust and manipulation.

• Primarily aimed at financial gain.

• Causes huge economic losses to companies, investors, governments, and the public.

• Difficult to detect and prosecute compared to street crimes.

• Requires special financial and forensic investigations.

Types of White Collar Crimes:

 1. Fraud:

o Deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful financial gain.

o Examples: Insurance fraud, banking fraud, tax fraud.

2. Embezzlement:

o Misappropriation of funds or property entrusted to someone’s care.

o Example: An employee siphoning company money into personal accounts.

3. Insider Trading:

o Trading stocks or securities based on confidential, non-public information.

o Example: Company executives using secret knowledge to gain profits unfairly.

4. Money Laundering:

o The process of disguising the origins of illegally obtained money to make it appear
legitimate.

o Involves placement, layering, and integration of dirty money into the economy.

5. Identity Theft:

o Stealing someone’s personal information (like SSN, bank details) to commit fraud.

o Common in financial fraud and cybercrimes.

6. Bribery and Corruption:

o Offering money or favors to influence someone's actions unfairly, especially public

officials.

7. Cyber White Collar Crimes:

o With digitalization, many white collar crimes happen over the internet such as online
banking fraud, corporate hacking, and intellectual property theft.

Impact of White Collar Crime:

• Massive financial loss to businesses and individuals.

• Loss of public trust in institutions.

• Economic destabilization at local, national, and global levels.

22.B)

(i) Cyber Defamation

Definition:
Cyber defamation is the act of publishing or transmitting defamatory statements about an individual,
business, or organization through digital platforms like websites, social media, emails, or messaging
apps.

Explanation:
 • Defamation traditionally means harming someone’s reputation through false statements.

• In cyber defamation, this harm occurs online, where information spreads much faster and
reaches a wider audience.

• Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, blogs, forums, and email can be used to post
defamatory content.

Examples:

• Posting false allegations about someone on Facebook.

• Publishing fake news about a company to damage its brand reputation.

• Sending defamatory emails to a person’s employer.

Impact:

• Emotional distress to victims.

• Loss of social image or business reputation.

• Legal consequences like defamation suits under IT laws and civil laws.

Legal Measures:

• In India, Section 66A of the IT Act (earlier), IPC Section 499 (Defamation), and Section 500
(Punishment for Defamation) can apply.

• Victims can also file civil suits for damages (compensation).

(ii) ATM and Card Crimes

Definition:
ATM and card crimes refer to fraudulent activities involving unauthorized access to someone's ATM,
debit card, or credit card information to steal money or conduct unauthorized transactions.

Explanation:

• Criminals use different techniques to steal card data and misuse it for financial theft.

• These crimes can happen through physical means (like stealing cards) or digital means (like
cloning).

Types of ATM and Card Crimes:

1. Skimming:

o Using hidden devices on ATMs to capture card information during a transaction.

2. Phishing:

o Sending fake emails or SMS asking users to update their card details, thereby stealing
sensitive information.

3. Card Trapping:

o Inserting a device in the ATM machine that traps the user’s card inside the machine.

4. ATM Hacking:
 o Using malware or hacking tools to access ATM systems and siphon off cash.

5. Shoulder Surfing:

o Watching over someone’s shoulder while they type their PIN.

Preventive Measures:

• Always shield the keypad while entering your PIN.

• Regularly monitor bank statements.

• Use ATMs located in secure, well-lit areas.

• Enable SMS alerts for all transactions.

(iii) Software and Hardware Piracy

Definition:
Software and hardware piracy involve the illegal copying, distribution, or use of software applications
and hardware designs without permission from the rightful owner.

Explanation:

• Software piracy includes installing, copying, distributing, or selling software without proper
licensing.

• Hardware piracy involves cloning hardware products, such as creating counterfeit chips or
devices, without authorization.

Types of Software Piracy:

1. End User Piracy:

o Using software without purchasing a proper license.

2. Counterfeiting:

o Creating and selling fake copies of software, complete with packaging and manuals.

3. Internet Piracy:

o Downloading or distributing pirated software through websites, P2P networks, or

torrents.

4. Client-Server Overuse:

o Using a single licensed copy on multiple computers beyond allowed limits.

Types of Hardware Piracy:

1. Cloning Devices:

o Unauthorized replication of branded devices.

2. Counterfeit Components:

o Manufacturing fake hardware parts like chips, processors, etc.

Impact of Piracy:

• Heavy financial losses to software and hardware companies.

• Legal penalties for users and distributors.

• Loss of quality and security risks for users (pirated software may contain malware).

Legal Measures:

• Copyright Acts and IT Laws protect software and hardware rights.

• Organizations like the BSA (Business Software Alliance) work to prevent piracy.

• Heavy fines and imprisonment for offenders under intellectual property laws.