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Computer System Operation

The document provides an overview of computer system operations, including the role of operating systems as interfaces between software and hardware, and the structure of computer storage divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary categories. It outlines the history of operating systems from the first generation to the fourth generation, highlighting key developments such as multiprogramming and the introduction of GUIs. Additionally, it details the components of operating systems, including process management, file management, network management, and security management.

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7 views

Computer System Operation

The document provides an overview of computer system operations, including the role of operating systems as interfaces between software and hardware, and the structure of computer storage divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary categories. It outlines the history of operating systems from the first generation to the fourth generation, highlighting key developments such as multiprogramming and the introduction of GUIs. Additionally, it details the components of operating systems, including process management, file management, network management, and security management.

Uploaded by

kookiemallow
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mayjane A.

Pagurayan BTVTEd 1
TLE 3 – Mr. Romel Conquilla July 14, 2023

COMPUTER SYSTEM OPERATION


 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the software and the
computer hardware

 It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to manage overall resources and


operations of the computer

 It is a specialized software that controls and monitors the execution of all other programs
that reside in the computer, including application programs and other system software

 Programs interact with computer hardware with the help of operating system. A user can
interact with the operating system by making system calls or using OS commands.
STORAGE STRUCTURE
 Computer Storage contains many computer components that are used to store data. It is
traditionally divided into primary storage, secondary storage and tertiary storage.

 Primary storage is also known as the main memory and is the memory directly
accessible by the CPU. The program is loaded into a rewritable main memory
called RAM (random access memory). The memory is organized using words
where each word has its own memory address.

 Secondary or external storage is not directly accessible by the CPU. The data
from secondary storage needs to be brought into the primary storage before the
CPU can use it. Secondary storage contains a large amount of data permanently.

 Most of the rarely used data is archived in tertiary storage as it is even slower
than primary storage. Tertiary storage stores a large amount of data that is
handled and retrieved by machines, not humans.
COMPUTER SYSTEM STRUCTURE
 The traditional/general computer-system architecture consists of one or more CPUs and
a number of device controllers connected via a common bus that provides access to
shared memory. The CPU(s) and device controllers execute concurrently competing for
memory cycles (access synchronized by the memory controller)
OPERATING SYSTEM HISTORY
 First Generation
- (1945-1955) In this generation, operating systems were not introduced
therefore the instruction was directly given to the computer systems. All the
code was included to communicate with the connected hardware and the
system.

 Second Generation
- (1955-1965) GMOS (General Motos operating system) was the first operating
system that came into the picture in the 1950s which was developed for IBM
computers. IBM was the first one that bought an operating system into the
world.
- In the second generation, around the 1960s the first UNIX Operating system
was developed that was available for free for a few years. Also, the batch
processing system, where all the similar jobs are collected in groups by the
system, and then all the jobs are submitted to the operating system using a
punch card to execute all jobs in a machine.

 Third Generation
- (1965-1980) In the third generation, the concept of multiprogramming was
introduced in which multiple tasks could be performed in a single computer
i.e., operating system. Due to performing multiple tasks at a time,
multiprogramming allows the CPU to be busy every time multiple tasks are
performed on the same computer. With the DEC PDP-1 in 1961, the
development of minicomputers' phenomenal growth was introduced.

 Fourth Generation
- the birth of the Microsoft Windows operating system was in 1975 and then Bill
Gates took the personal computers to next level by launching MS-DOS in
1981
- In this generation, people were also introduced to Graphic User Interface
(GUI). Today, Windows is the most popular operating system and has
evolved from Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP, and Windows 7. The
most used Windows operating system was Windows 7 and Windows 10.
- Apple also introduced its operating system known as MacOS which is also as
popular as Windows these days.

OPERATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS


 Process management
- A process is program or a fraction of a program that is loaded in main memory. A
process needs certain resources including CPU time, Memory, Files, and I/O
devices to accomplish its task. The process management component manages
the multiple processes running simultaneously on the Operating System.
 Files management
- File management is one of the most visible services of an operating system.
Computers can store information in several different physical forms; magnetic tape,
disk, and drum are the most common forms
- file is defined as a set of correlated information and it is defined by the creator of
the file. Mostly files represent data, source and object forms, and programs. Data
files can be of any type like alphabetic, numeric, and alphanumeric.
 Command Interpreter
- allows human users to interact with the Operating System and provides convenient
programming environment to the users.
- the primary interface between the user and the rest of the system.
- executes a user command by calling one or more number of underlying system
programs or system calls.
 Network management
- Network management is the process of managing and administering a computer
network. A computer network is a collection of various types of computers
connected with each other.
- Network management comprises fault analysis, maintaining the quality of service,
provisioning of networks, and performance management.
 Security management
- Security Management refers to a mechanism for controlling the access of
programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer controls to
be imposed, together with some means of enforcement.
 I/O device management
- provides an abstract level of H/W devices and keep the details from applications to
ensure proper use of devices, to prevent errors, and to provide users with
convenient and efficient programming environment.
 Secondary storage management
- Since the main memory is too small to permanently accommodate all data and
program, the computer system must provide secondary storage to backup main
memory.
 Main memory management
- Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It is a
repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
- Main memory is a volatile storage device which means it loses its contents in the
case of system failure or as soon as system power goes down.
 System calls
- These calls are normally made available as library functions in high-level languages
such as C, Java, Python etc. It provides a level of abstraction as the user is not
aware of the implementation or execution of the call made.
 Signals
- Signals are used in the operating systems to notify a process that a particular event
has occurred. Signals are the software or hardware interrupts that suspend the
current execution of the task. Signals are also used for inter-process communication.
STORAGE DEVICE HEIRARCHY

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