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L1 - L2 Acoustics

The document provides an overview of architectural acoustics, detailing the nature of sound as a form of energy that travels in waves through various media. It explains key concepts such as wave types, amplitude, frequency, pitch, and sound intensity levels, along with their implications for sound perception and propagation. Additionally, it discusses the behavior of sound in different environments and the importance of diffusion for even sound distribution.

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Anusha Arya
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13 views73 pages

L1 - L2 Acoustics

The document provides an overview of architectural acoustics, detailing the nature of sound as a form of energy that travels in waves through various media. It explains key concepts such as wave types, amplitude, frequency, pitch, and sound intensity levels, along with their implications for sound perception and propagation. Additionally, it discusses the behavior of sound in different environments and the importance of diffusion for even sound distribution.

Uploaded by

Anusha Arya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Architectural Acoustics

M-1
What is Sound?
Objective/ Physical Definition
Sound is a form of energy. It travels in
waves through elastic media and causes
fluctuation of pressure and particle
displacement.

Subjective/ Physiological Definition


Sound is an auditory sensation produced by
stimulation of the organ of hearing, evoked
by physical fluctuation of pressure in
media.
Wave motion
Sound is wave?

Sound propagates in the form of wave from one point to other

Takes some energy from one point to another


Types of wave

In a Longitudinal wave the particle displacement is parallel to the


direction of wave propagation.

In a Transverse Wave the particle displacement is perpendicular to


the direction of wave propagation
Longitudinal Wave motion

Direction of the wave

Motion of the particle

Motion of a string
Sound wave
S- Wave
Transverse Wave motion
Motion of the particle

Direction of the wave

Motion of a string
Water ripples
S- Wave
Sound wave equation
Sound wave equation
Amplitude
Crest Crest
Equilibrium
The maximum extent of position
a vibration or oscillation
in a propagating wave
motion, measured from
the position of
equilibrium is called
Amplitude
Trough Trough
Amplitude- 3 types
Crest Crest
Equilibrium
• Peak Amplitude position
• Peak to Peak
Amplitude
• Root mean square
amplitude

Trough Trough
Peak Amplitude
Crest Crest
Equilibrium
The extent of a vibration position
b/w a crest to the
position of equilibrium
in a propagating wave
motion is called peak
amplitude.

Trough Trough
It is from height of the
centre line to the Crest
(or trough)
Peak to peak Amplitude
Crest Crest
Equilibrium
The extent of a vibration position
b/w the crest to trough
in a propagating wave
motion is called peak
amplitude.

Highest point to the Trough Trough


lowest point
Root Mean Square Amplitude
Crest Crest

The square root of


squared average values
of the waveform

In case of a sin wave


RMS value is 0.707 time
the peak value Trough Trough
The amplitude of a wave determines the sound volume.

-Volume tells how loud or soft a sound is:


• Determined by how much energy a wave carries.

-Amplitude describes how much energy a wave is carrying:


• More energy = greater amplitude = louder sound
• Greater amplitude = taller wave or more intense compressions.
Time Period
Crest Crest

The time needed for 1


complete cycle of vibration
to pass a given point is called
Time period.

Trough

Period / Cycle
Frequency
Describes the number of
complete wave cycles that
pass a fixed point in unit
time
Frequency 1 second

Describes the number of


complete wave cycles that
pass a fixed point in unit
time

T=1/n
1 second
T= 1/f

German physicist Heinrich


Rudolf Hertz
Pitch
Highness or lowness of
sound

A high pitch sound


corresponds to a high
frequency sound wave and a
low pitch sound corresponds
to a low frequency sound
wave.
Frequency is a physical quantity. It
has a magnitude and a unit. Whereas
pitch is just a noun that tells about
the frequency of the sound.
Wavelength
Distance between 2 Crest Crest
successive or trough, or a
distance of complete cycle
of wave propagation in the
direction of wave motion is
called Wavelength.

It’s a length of one full Trough


period of the wave.
Wavelength 1 second

Distance = Frequency times


wavelength

V= velocity of propagation
V= no. of cycles per second x length of each
cycle
V= frequency(n) x wavelength (λ)

V= n . λ
Nomogram of frequency and wavelength

Spoken words have a frequency band of 170 Hz to 4000 Hz

Natural musical instruments have frequency band of 50 Hz to 8500 Hz


Bass and Treble
Humans can listen 20 Hz to 20,000Hz
This audio spectrum is divided into 3 categories.

Base is low frequency range, approx. 20 Hz to 250 Hz

Mid range is approx. 250 Hz to 2000 Hz

Treble is the high frequency range, above 2000 Hz


Limits of audibility
The limit/threshold of audibility
is defined as the minimum
quantum of pressure that
triggers a sensation of sound.
Sound Intensity Level

Where, I = Actual Sound Intensity in


W/m2

I ref = 10-12 W/m2

The sound intensity


level gives a measure with respect
to humans’ threshold of audibility.
.
Sound Intensity Level

i. At the threshold of audibility: SIL = 0 dB


ii. At the threshold of pain: SIL = 120 dB.

the values of thresholds of audibility and


pain remain consistently same regardless of
whether derived in terms of pressure,
intensity
Addition of sound levels
We can NOT add sound levels directly but we can add sound intensity
Addition of sound levels
We can NOT add sound levels directly but we can add sound intensity

If both sound sources are producing the same sound intensity,


Addition of
sound levels
Assignment
If two different sounds having dB levels: 58dB and 62dB are added, What will be
the resultant sound level?

a. Compute using mathematical formula


b. Check your result from then graph
Spherical propagation
Point source >>>>>>>>>> Spherical propagation of sound

Intensity= Watt output


Surface area of sphere
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical propagation
Spherical & Cylindrical Propagation
Cylindrical Propagation
Cylindrical Propagation
Cylindrical Propagation
Near & Far Field Propagation
Near & Far Field Propagation
Near & Far Field Propagation
Near & Far Field Propagation
Loudness
Loudness
Loudness
Equal Loudness Contour
Behaviour of audible sound in enclosure

Sound Wave upon encountering an object:

Reflection, Diffusion, Diffraction


Absorption
Transmission
Ray diagram from Source to Receivers
Ray diagram from Source to Receivers
Shape of the Reflector determines the Sound path
Diffusion of sound
• It implies scattering or random distribution or spreading of sound from a surface.
• Surface irregularities, breaks, projections, wedges, instead of continuous reflective
surfaces cause diffusion.
Need for Diffusion
• Diffusing surfaces help in uniform distribution of sound in the space.
It also implies uniform decay of sound in the room

• Adequate diffusion is critical for obtaining an even distribution of reverberant sound


in a listening space.

• Sound reflection from flat surface causes glare while diffused surface helps avoid
direct sound to receiver.
Diffraction
Diffraction
An air particle is made
to vibrate about its
equilibrium position
by the energy of a
passing sound wave
because of the elastic
forces of air and the
inertia of the air
particle
Particles involved in
propagation of
sound waves can
move in circular,
transverse or
longitudinal motions
Acoustics problems can be classified in three basic groups
Sound Outdoors
Sound in fully enclosed spaces
Sound transmitted from room to room through some intervening
structure

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