PL/SQL.

Partially Programmer's exceptions

The programmer can use certain Oracle predefined structures to handle exceptions:

• Functions:
• SQLCODE
• SQLERRM
• The procedure:
• RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR
• The pragma:
• EXCEPTION_INIT

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PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions (SQLCODE, SQLERRM)
● Functions defined in the STANDARD package:
• SQLCODE, returns the error code associated with the last
raised exception.
function SQLCODE return NUMBER;

• SQLERRM, returns the (error) message associated with

SQLCODE.
function SQLERRM return VARCHAR2;

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PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions (SQLCODE, SQLERRM)
...
BEGIN
...
EXCEPTION
...
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( SQLCODE || SQLERRM );
END <programa>;

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PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions (SQLCODE, SQLERRM)
Using exceptions
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Increase_Salary5 ( ndepart IN emp.deptno%TYPE ) IS
DEPART_NO_VALID EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
IF ndepart=10 OR ndepart=20 OR ndepart=30 OR ndepart=40 THEN
UPDATE Emp SET sal = sal*1.05
WHERE deptno = ndepart;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Increased salary ');
ELSE
RAISE DEPART_NO_VALID;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('***Error during execution ');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( SQLCODE || SQLERRM );
END Increase_Salary5;

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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
● This procedure is defined in the packet DBMS_STANDARD
PROCEDURE RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR
( error-cod, error-message )
error-cod: range [-20999..-20000]
error-message: maximum length string 512 bytes

• The error code must be within the allowed range.

• The error code must not be a predefined code (-1,+100,...).
• The error code must be easily recognizable (ex. -20555).

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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR:

• Raises the exception.

• Sets and sends the message associated with the exception.
• Undoes the changes made by the program, only if the
exception is handled in the body of the subprogram, not
in the EXCEPTION section.

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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
Format:
...
BEGIN
...
IF <error condition> THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(cod-error, mensaje);
END IF;
END <programme>;

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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
15. Implement a procedure that increases the commission and salary of the given worker by 100 euros.
CREATE OR REPLACE
PROCEDURE Increase_Salary6 (num_emple IN emp.empno%TYPE) IS
vsalary emp.sal%TYPE;
vextra emp.comm%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT sal, comm INTO vsalary, vextra FROM emp
WHERE empno = num_emple;
IF vextra IS NULL THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20888, '***commission NULL ');
ELSE
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal+100, comm = comm+100
WHERE empno = num_emple;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Salary and commission increased ');
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('*** The employee doesn’t exist ');
END Increase_Salary6; cc-by-sa Gema Cervigón. Guadalupe Bermejo UT7 DDBB 8
CREATE OR REPLACE
PROCEDURE Increase_Salary6 (num_emple IN emp.empno%TYPE) IS
vsalary emp.sal%TYPE;
vextra emp.comm%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT sal, comm INTO vsalary, vextra FROM emp
WHERE empno = num_emple;
IF vextra IS NULL THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20888, '***commission NULL ');
ELSE
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal+100, comm = comm+100
WHERE empno = num_emple;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Salary and commission increased ');
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('*** The employee doesn’t exist ');
END Increase_Salary6; cc-by-sa Gema Cervigón. Guadalupe Bermejo UT7 DDBB 9
 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
16. What happens if the WHEN OTHERS clause is added?
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Increase_Salary7 (num_emple IN emp.empno%TYPE) IS
vsalary emp.sal%TYPE;
vextra emp.comm%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT sal, comm INTO vsalary, vextra FROM empl
WHERE empno = num_emple;
IF vextra IS NULL THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20888, '***commission NULL ');
ELSE
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal+100, comm = comm+100
WHERE empno = num_emple;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Salary and commission increased ');
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('*** The employee doesn’t exist ');
WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('*** Unexpected error ');
END Increase_Salary7; cc-by-sa Gema Cervigón. Guadalupe Bermejo UT7 DDBB 10
 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
• Any exception that is raised and does not have a specific
treatment is redirected to be treated by the WHEN OTHERS
clause, if it exists.
• Therefore, if the RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR procedure is invoked
the program is redirected to the WHEN OTHERS branch.

EXECUTE Increase_Salary7(7934);
*** Unexpected error

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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
How to solve this issue ?
● By treating in the WHEN OTHERS clause the code of the raised
exception.
● The message corresponding to the exception will also be
handled in the WHEN OTHERS, instead of invoking the
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR procedure.

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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
17. RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR and WHEN OTHERS

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE Increase_Salary8 (num_emple IN emp.empno%TYPE) IS

vsalary emp.sal%TYPE;
vextra emp.comm%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT sal, comm INTO vsalary, vextra FROM empl
WHERE empno = num_emple;
IF vextra IS NULL THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20888, '');
ELSE
UPDATE emp SET sal = sal+100, comm = comm+100
WHERE empno = num_emple;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' Salary and commission increased ');
END IF;
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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
17. RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR and WHEN OTHERS
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('***The employee doesn’t exist ');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
IF SQLCODE = -20888
THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('***Commission NULL ');
ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('*** Unexpected error ');
END IF;
END Increase_Salary8;

EXECUTE Increase_Salary8(7934);
***Commission NULL
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 PL/SQL. Partially Programmer's exceptions
(RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR)
18. Implement another procedure that also raises the salary and
commission of the employee's manager.

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