Binary Number System
Professor Dr. Hasinur Rahaman Khan
Institute of Statistical Research and Training (ISRT)
University of Dhaka
July 12, 2024
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Number Systems
Popular number systems in connection with digital computers are:
I Decimal
I Binary
I Octal
I Hexadecimal
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Decimal System
I Most commonly used number system in real life.
I Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (total 10 digits).
I Base: 10 (since total number of digits is 10).
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Binary System
I Used by digital computers for internal operations.
I Digits: 0 and 1 (total 2 bits, a bit is a short of binary digit).
I Base: 2 (since total number of digits is 2).
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Octal System
I Not commonly used.
I Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (total 8 digits).
I Base: 8 (since the total number of digits is 8).
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Hexadecimal System
I Popular among computer scientists, engineers, and
information technologists.
I Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F (total 16
digits).
I Base: 16 (since the total number of digits is 16).
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Decimal System
A positive integer, represented as a string of decimal digits, may be
expressed as a sum of powers of 10.
Example
8253 = 8 × 103 + 2 × 102 + 5 × 101 + 3 × 100 = 8000 + 200 + 50 + 3
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Decimal System (contd.)
Any fractional value, represented by a string of decimal digits
together with an embedded decimal point, may also be expressed
by negative powers of 10.
Example
654.526 = 6×102 +5×101 +4×100 +5×10−1 +2×10−2 +6×10−3 =
600 + 50 + 4 + 0.5 + 0.02 + 0.006
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Binary System
A binary number is a sequence of bits. The place values in the
binary system are the powers of the base 2.
Example
Decimal Counting Binary Counting
0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
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Binary to Decimal Conversion
Binary number can be expressed as the sum of the product of each
of its digit and the digits place value.
Example
1101012 = 1 × 25 + 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 5310
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Decimal to Binary Conversion
To convert a decimal number to binary, convert its integral part
and fractional part separately.
Example
Convert 109.78125 to binary.
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Decimal to Binary Conversion (contd.)
To convert the integral part 109 to binary, divide the number and
each successive quotient by 2, noting the remainders:
Example
Divisions Remainders
109 2 1
54 2 0
27 2 1
13 2 1
6 2 0
3 2 1
1 2 1
0 1
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Decimal to Binary Conversion (contd.)
To convert the fractional part 0.78125 to binary, multiply the
fractional part and each successive product by 2, noting the
integral part of the product:
Example
Multiplications Integral parts
0.78125 2 1
0.5625 2 1
0.125 2 0
0.25 2 0
0.5 2 1
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Binary Arithmetic
Binary addition is performed in the same manner as decimal
addition.
Example
Addition Result
0+0 0
0+1 1
1+0 1
1+1 0 with carry 1
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Binary Addition Example
Example
Add the binary numbers 101 and 10.
1012 + 102 = 1112 (binary) 510 + 210 = 710 (decimal)
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Binary Subtraction
Binary subtraction can be performed by borrowing just as in
decimal subtraction.
Example
Subtraction Result
0-0 0
1-0 1
1-1 0
0-1 1 with borrow 1
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Binary Subtraction Example
Example
Subtract 101 from 1101.
11012 − 1012 = 10002 (binary) 1310 − 510 = 810 (decimal)
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Binary Multiplication
Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication but
simpler because it involves only 0s and 1s.
Example
Multiply 101 by 11.
1012 × 112 = 11112 (binary) 510 × 310 = 1510 (decimal)
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Exercise (A)
I Convert the following binary numbers to decimal:
I 110011
I 10101
I 1011.101
I 101.1101
I 11.0011
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Exercise (B)
I Convert the following decimal numbers to binary:
I 1.325
I 625.625
I 235.07
I 13.6875
I 4325
I 10043
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Exercise (C)
I Add the binary numbers:
I 100111 and 11011
I 1011 and 101
I 1010110 and 1011010
I 10111 and 1011
I Subtract:
I 0110111 from 1101110
I 01010 from 10000
I 011011 from 110111
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