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ANCY

CHAPTER 8
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
This chapter contains logarithmic and exponential functions as a continuous study of those of
logarithms and exponents of numbers from Grade 10.
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8.1 Logarithmic Function
For a number 𝒃𝒃 > 𝟎𝟎, 𝒃𝒃 ≠ 𝟏𝟏, the logarithmic function 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 is de�ined as 𝑦𝑦 is a number
such that 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒃𝒃𝒚𝒚 for 𝑥𝑥 > 0.
The graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 are as follows.

Domain of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 : 𝒙𝒙 > 𝟎𝟎

Range : R
Asymptote: 𝒚𝒚 – axis (𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎)

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The graph of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 are as follows.
𝟐𝟐

Domain of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 : 𝒙𝒙 > 𝟎𝟎

Range : R
Asymptote: 𝒚𝒚 – axis (𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎)

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For 𝒃𝒃 > 𝟏𝟏, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 is an increasing function that means if 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 > 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 then
𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 > 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 . For example, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 is an increasing function .
For 𝟎𝟎 < 𝒃𝒃 < 𝟏𝟏, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 is a decreasing function that means if 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 > 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 then
𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 < 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 . For example, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 is a decreasing function .
𝟐𝟐

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To prove log 1 𝑥𝑥 = − log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥

𝑏𝑏

log𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
Proof: log 1 𝑥𝑥 = 1
𝑏𝑏 log𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏

log𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
=
log𝑏𝑏 1−log𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
log𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
=
0−1
= − log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
Therefore, log 1 𝑥𝑥 = − log 2 𝑥𝑥.
2

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as the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 𝑥𝑥 .

2

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1
For 𝑏𝑏 > 1, the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is vertical scaling with scale factor of the graph 𝑦𝑦 =
log2 𝑏𝑏

log 2 𝑥𝑥 .

1
For 0 < 𝑏𝑏 < 1, the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is vertical scaling with scale factor of the graph
log1 𝑏𝑏
2

𝑦𝑦 = log 1 𝑥𝑥 .
2

Therefore all graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 are vertical scaling of the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥 or the graph
of 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 𝑥𝑥 . So as in 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 𝑥𝑥 , we have
2 2

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Example 1.
Draw the graphs 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥 , draw step – by – step transformation graphs to get the graph of
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 2 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 (𝑥𝑥 + 2) − 1
2

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Solution: (a)

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Solution: (b)

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Example 2.
Draw the graphs 𝑦𝑦 = 2 log 2 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥 2 .
Solution:

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Solution:

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Note : 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥 2 is an even function. It is symmetric about 𝑥𝑥 - axis

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Exercise 8.1
1. Draw the graph of (a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 2) + 1
Solution:

Domain = {𝑥𝑥| 𝑥𝑥 > 2} Range = 𝑅𝑅 Asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 2

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1. Draw the graph of (b) 𝑦𝑦 = log 2(𝑥𝑥 + 1) − 2
Solution:

Domain = {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 > −1} Range = 𝑅𝑅 Asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = −1

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1. Draw the graph of (c) 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 2
2

Solution:

Domain = {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 > −1} Range = 𝑅𝑅 Asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = −1

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1. Draw the graph of (d) 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 (𝑥𝑥 − 2) − 1

2

Solution:

Domain = {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 > 2} Range = 𝑅𝑅 Asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 2

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2. Draw the graph of (a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 𝑥𝑥 2 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = 2 log 1 𝑥𝑥 .
2 2

Solution: (a)

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Note : 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 𝑥𝑥 2 is an even function. It is symmetric about 𝑦𝑦 - axis

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Solution: (b)

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3. Draw the graphs (a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 (−𝑥𝑥) and (b) 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 (−𝑥𝑥) .
2

Solution: (a)

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Domain = {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 < 0 } Range = 𝑅𝑅 Asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 0

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Solution: (b)

Domain = {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 < 0 } Range = 𝑅𝑅 Asymptote: 𝑥𝑥 = 0

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4. Draw the graphs (a) 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 |𝑥𝑥| and (b) 𝑦𝑦 = log 1 |𝑥𝑥| .
2

Solution: (a)

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Solution: (b)

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8.2 Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions
Derivative of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙
Let 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
Let 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 be a small increment in 𝑥𝑥 and 𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦 be corresponding small increment in 𝑦𝑦. Then
𝑦𝑦 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = log 𝑏𝑏 (𝑥𝑥 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿) 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 1 1
Let = 𝑡𝑡, then = .
𝑥𝑥 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑏𝑏 (𝑥𝑥 + 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿) − log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦 1
𝑥𝑥+𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = log 𝑏𝑏 (1 + 𝑡𝑡)𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= log 𝑏𝑏 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
1 1
𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦 1 𝑥𝑥+𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = log 𝑏𝑏 (1 + 𝑡𝑡) 𝑡𝑡
= log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥
𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
Then 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 ⟶ 0 , so 𝑡𝑡 ⟶ 0, Then
1
𝑥𝑥+𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 lim 𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦
= log 𝑏𝑏 � � =
𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 ⟶ 0 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥
1
𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥
1 lim 1
= log 𝑏𝑏 �1 + �
𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑏𝑏 (1 + 𝑡𝑡) 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ⟶ 0
1 lim (1 1
= log 𝑏𝑏 � + 𝑡𝑡) 𝑡𝑡 �
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ⟶ 0

lim (1 1
The following table shows + 𝑡𝑡) 𝑡𝑡 = ?
𝑡𝑡 ⟶ 0

1
The above table shows that (1 + 𝑡𝑡) 𝑡𝑡 ⟶ 2.7183 as 𝑡𝑡 ⟶ 0.
This limit value is denoted by 𝑒𝑒 which is called the exponential number. In fact, 𝑒𝑒 is an
irrational number.
Therefore,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= log 𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 1
log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
If 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) > 0 is a function of 𝑥𝑥,

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𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
log 𝑏𝑏 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒 . 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Logarithm of 𝑥𝑥 to the base 𝑒𝑒 is called

natural or Napierian Logarithm and denote
log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 .
𝑑𝑑 1
Since log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 1
log 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 1
∴ ln 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
In general, ln 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) = .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Example 3.
Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥𝑥.
(a) log10 𝑥𝑥 3 (b) log 2 𝑥𝑥 3 (c) ln 𝑥𝑥 3 (d) ln √𝑥𝑥 2 + 5
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2
(e) ln sin 2𝑥𝑥 (f) ln 𝑥𝑥 . log10 𝑥𝑥 (g) ln (h)
√𝑥𝑥 2 +2 log10 𝑥𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 3
(a) log10 𝑥𝑥 3 = log10 𝑒𝑒 (𝑥𝑥 3 ) = log10 𝑒𝑒 (3𝑥𝑥 2 ) = log10 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 3
(b) log 2 𝑥𝑥 3 = log 2 𝑒𝑒 (𝑥𝑥 3 ) = log 2 𝑒𝑒 (3𝑥𝑥 2 ) = log 2 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 3
(c) ln 𝑥𝑥 3 = (𝑥𝑥 3 ) = (3𝑥𝑥 2 ) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 𝑑𝑑
(d) ln √𝑥𝑥 2 + 5 = �√𝑥𝑥 2 + 5� = (𝑥𝑥 2 + 5)−2 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 5)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥 2 +5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥 2 +5 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1 1 𝑥𝑥
= (2𝑥𝑥) =
√𝑥𝑥 2 +5 2 √𝑥𝑥 2 +5 𝑥𝑥 2 +5
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
(e) ln sin 2𝑥𝑥 = (sin 2𝑥𝑥) = cos 2𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥) = cot 2𝑥𝑥 (2) = 2 cot 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(f) ln 𝑥𝑥 . log10 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 (log10 𝑥𝑥) + log10 𝑥𝑥 (ln 𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1
= ln 𝑥𝑥 log10 𝑒𝑒 + log10 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
1
= ( ln 𝑥𝑥 . log10 𝑒𝑒 + log10 𝑥𝑥 )
𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 2 +2 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
(g) ln = . � �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥 2 +2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥 2 +2

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2 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑
√𝑥𝑥 2 +2 √𝑥𝑥 +2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥)−𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥 +2
= . 2
𝑥𝑥 �√𝑥𝑥 2 +2�
1
2 1 2 −
√𝑥𝑥 2 +2 √𝑥𝑥 +2 (1)−𝑥𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑥 +2) 2 (2𝑥𝑥)
= .
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 +2
𝑥𝑥2
√𝑥𝑥 2 +2 −
√𝑥𝑥 2 +2 �𝑥𝑥2 +2 √𝑥𝑥 2 +2 𝑥𝑥 2 +2−𝑥𝑥 2 2
= . = . =
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 +2 𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 2 +2. (𝑥𝑥 2 +2) 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 2 +2)
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 log10 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 )−𝑥𝑥 2 (log10 𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(h) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 log10 𝑥𝑥 (log10 𝑥𝑥)2
1
log10 𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥)−𝑥𝑥 2 log10 𝑒𝑒
𝑥𝑥
=
(log10 𝑥𝑥)2
2𝑥𝑥 log10 𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥 log10 𝑒𝑒
=
(log10 𝑥𝑥)2

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Logarithmic Differentiation : The derivatives of positive functions can be found by taking the
natural logarithm of both sides before differentiating as in the following examples.
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Example 4.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Find if 𝑦𝑦 = �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution:
𝑦𝑦 = �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2
1
ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 = . ln �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 �
2
1
= {ln (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + ln (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 }
2
1
ln 𝑦𝑦 = {ln (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + 2 ln (𝑥𝑥 − 1) }
2
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1
ln 𝑦𝑦 = {ln (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + 2 ln (𝑥𝑥 − 1) }
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
= � 2 +1 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) + 2 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)�
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 2
= � 2 +1 (2𝑥𝑥) + (1)�
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥−1

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 1
= +
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 +1 𝑥𝑥−1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 1
= 𝑦𝑦 � + �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 +1 𝑥𝑥−1

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𝑥𝑥 1
= �(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 � + �
𝑥𝑥 2 +1 𝑥𝑥−1

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Example 5.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋
Find if 𝑦𝑦 = , 0 < 𝑥𝑥 <
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √sec 𝑥𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = , 0 < 𝑥𝑥 <
√sec 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln = ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥𝑥 − ln √sec 𝑥𝑥
√sec 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 1
ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln = ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥𝑥 − ln sec 𝑥𝑥
√sec 𝑥𝑥 2
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥𝑥 − ln sec 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝑑𝑑
= + (sin 𝑥𝑥) − (sec 𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 1
= + (cos 𝑥𝑥) − (sec 𝑥𝑥. tan 𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 2 sec 𝑥𝑥
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
= + cot 𝑥𝑥 − tan 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
= 𝑦𝑦 � + cot 𝑥𝑥 − tan 𝑥𝑥�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 1 1
= � + cot 𝑥𝑥 − tan 𝑥𝑥�
√sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2

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Exercise 8.2
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥𝑥 .
(a) ln (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3) (b) ln |𝑥𝑥| (c) 𝑥𝑥 2 log 2 𝑥𝑥
(d) sin 3𝑥𝑥 . log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1) (e) ln √5𝑥𝑥 − 4 (f) ln (ln 𝑥𝑥)
Solution:
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 4𝑥𝑥
(a) ln (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3) = (2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3) = (4𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (2𝑥𝑥 2 +3) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (2𝑥𝑥 2 +3) (2𝑥𝑥 2 +3)
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
(b) ln |𝑥𝑥| = |𝑥𝑥|
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 |𝑥𝑥| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1
if 𝑥𝑥 > 0, |𝑥𝑥| = (𝑥𝑥) =
|𝑥𝑥| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
1 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1
if 𝑥𝑥 < 0, |𝑥𝑥| = (−𝑥𝑥) =
|𝑥𝑥| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

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𝑑𝑑 1
So, ln |𝑥𝑥| = if 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(c) 𝑥𝑥 2 log 2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 (log 2 𝑥𝑥) + log 2 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= 𝑥𝑥 2 log 2 𝑒𝑒 + log 2 𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 log 2 𝑒𝑒 + 2𝑥𝑥 log 2 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(d) sin 3𝑥𝑥 . log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = sin 3𝑥𝑥 (log10 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)) + log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1) (sin 3𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= sin 3𝑥𝑥 log10 𝑒𝑒 + log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1) cos 3𝑥𝑥 (3)
𝑥𝑥+1
1
= sin 3𝑥𝑥 log10 𝑒𝑒 + 3 cos 3𝑥𝑥 log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
𝑥𝑥+1
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 𝑑𝑑
(e) ln √5𝑥𝑥 − 4 = ln (5𝑥𝑥 − 4) = (5𝑥𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2 5𝑥𝑥−4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1 5
= (5) =
2 5𝑥𝑥−4 2(5𝑥𝑥−4)
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 1 1
(f) ln (ln 𝑥𝑥) = (ln 𝑥𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Use logarithmic differentiation to �ind the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 with respect to 𝑥𝑥 .
𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 2 +1
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = �𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1) (b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) (c) 𝑦𝑦 = 2
(𝑥𝑥+1)3

Solution:
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = �𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
1 1
ln 𝑦𝑦= ln �𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = ln 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = (ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1))
2 2
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥,
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1
ln 𝑦𝑦 = � (ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1))�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1
= � + �
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1
= 𝑦𝑦 � + �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1

1 1 1
= �𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1) � + �
2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1

(b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)

ln 𝑦𝑦= ln 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) + ln (𝑥𝑥 + 2)
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥,

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𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
ln 𝑦𝑦 = (ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) + ln (𝑥𝑥 + 2))
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1
= + +
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1
= 𝑦𝑦 � + + �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+2

1 1 1
= 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) � + + �
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+2
(𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥+2)+𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥+2)+𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥+1)
= 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥+1)(𝑥𝑥+2)

= 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 2

Alternative method
(b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 2 +1
(c) 𝑦𝑦 = 2
(𝑥𝑥+1)3

𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 2 +1 2
ln 𝑦𝑦= ln 2 = ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln √𝑥𝑥 2 + 1 − ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1)3
(𝑥𝑥+1)3
1 2
ln 𝑦𝑦= ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) − ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1)
2 3
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥,
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 2
ln 𝑦𝑦 = �ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) − ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1) �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 3

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 𝑑𝑑 2 1 𝑑𝑑
= + (𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) − (𝑥𝑥 + 1)
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3 𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1 2 1
= + (2𝑥𝑥) − (1)
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 +1 3 𝑥𝑥+1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑥𝑥 2
= 𝑦𝑦 � + − �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 +1 3(𝑥𝑥+1)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥√𝑥𝑥 2 +1 1 𝑥𝑥 2
= 2 � + − �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 +1 3(𝑥𝑥+1)
(𝑥𝑥+1)3

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8.3 Exponential Functions
A function of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , where 𝑏𝑏 > 0, 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1 is called an exponential function of 𝑥𝑥.
The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = 2−𝑥𝑥 , and 𝑦𝑦 = 3−𝑥𝑥 are as follows.

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The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥

The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥

Domain = R
Range = {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 > 0}
Asymptote : 𝑥𝑥 – axis (𝑦𝑦 = 0)

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The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = 2−𝑥𝑥 , and 𝑦𝑦 = 3−𝑥𝑥 are as follows.

Note that 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 are inverse of each other.

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For 𝑏𝑏 > 1, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is an exponential growth function as the functions 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 .
1 𝑥𝑥
For 0 < 𝑏𝑏 < 1 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is an exponential decay function as the functions 𝑦𝑦 = 2−𝑥𝑥 = �2� and
1 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = 3−𝑥𝑥 = � � .
3

From the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑎𝑎 > 0 can be obtained as

From the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 , the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 can be obtained as

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Example 6.
Draw the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 1.5. 2𝑥𝑥−1 − 1 from 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 , and 𝑦𝑦 = −2−(𝑥𝑥+1) + 2 from 𝑦𝑦 = −2−𝑥𝑥 .
Solution: (a)

Domain = R
Range : {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 > −1}
Asymptote : 𝑦𝑦 = −1

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Solution: (b)

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Example 7.
Points (0,1) and (1, 𝑏𝑏) are on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 . Find the corresponding points on the graphs
of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 . What is the asymptote of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 ? Find the range of 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 if 𝑎𝑎 > 0 and if 𝑎𝑎 < 0.
Solution:

Asymptote of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 is 𝑦𝑦 = 0 ( 𝑥𝑥 – axis )
Asymptote of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 is 𝑦𝑦 = 0 ( 𝑥𝑥 – axis )
Asymptote of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 is 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘 ( parallel to 𝑥𝑥 – axis )
If 𝑎𝑎 > 0, range of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 is {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 > 𝑘𝑘} . (above the asymptote)
If 𝑎𝑎 < 0, range of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘𝑘 is {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 < 𝑘𝑘} . (below the asymptote)
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Exercise 8.3
1. Draw the graphs of (a) 𝑦𝑦 = 2. 3𝑥𝑥+1 − 2 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥−1 + 3
Solution: (a)

Domain = R
Range : {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 > −2}
Asymptote : 𝑦𝑦 = −2
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Solution: (b)

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Domain = R
Range : {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 < 3}
Asymptote : 𝑦𝑦 = 3
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2. Draw the graphs of (a) 𝑦𝑦 = 2|𝑥𝑥| (b) 𝑦𝑦 = 2−|𝑥𝑥|
Solution: (a)
If 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦𝑦 = 2|𝑥𝑥| = 2𝑥𝑥
It passes through (0,1), (1,2), (2,4)
If 𝑥𝑥 < 0, 𝑦𝑦 = 2|𝑥𝑥| = 2−𝑥𝑥

It passes through (−1,2), (−2,4)

Domain = R
Range = {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 ≥ 1}

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Solution: (b)
If 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦𝑦 = 2−|𝑥𝑥| = 2−𝑥𝑥
It passes through (0,1), (1,0.5), (2,0.25)
If 𝑥𝑥 < 0, 𝑦𝑦 = 2−|𝑥𝑥| = 2𝑥𝑥

It passes through (−1,0.5), (−2,0.25)

Domain = R
Range = {𝑦𝑦|0 < 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 1}
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3. Find the 𝒚𝒚 – intercept, asymptote and the range of

(a) 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥−1 + 2 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥+1 + 3
Solution:
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥−1 + 2 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥+1 + 3
3
When 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑒𝑒 −1 + 2 = + 2 When 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑒𝑒 + 3
𝑒𝑒
3 𝑦𝑦 – intercept = ( 0, −2𝑒𝑒 + 3 )
𝑦𝑦 – intercept = ( 0, 𝑒𝑒 + 2 )
Asymptote , 𝑦𝑦 = 3
Asymptote , 𝑦𝑦 = 2
Range = {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 < 2}
Range = {𝑦𝑦|𝑦𝑦 > 2}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.4 Differentiation of Exponential Functions
Derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑏𝑏 > 0, 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑏𝑏 > 0, 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 1
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = log 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥,
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1= log 𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒 .
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= 𝑦𝑦. = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 log 𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑏𝑏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 log𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒
𝒅𝒅
Therefore, 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 = 𝒃𝒃𝒙𝒙 ln 𝒃𝒃
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
Since ln 𝑒𝑒 = 1, 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 and 𝒆𝒆𝒖𝒖(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒆𝒆𝒖𝒖(𝒙𝒙) . 𝒖𝒖(𝒙𝒙)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
In general, 𝒃𝒃𝒖𝒖(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒃𝒃𝒖𝒖(𝒙𝒙) . ln 𝒃𝒃 . 𝒖𝒖(𝒙𝒙)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 8.
Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝒙𝒙
2
(a) 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (b) 𝑒𝑒 1−𝑥𝑥 (c) 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥 (d) 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
3𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
(e) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 sin 3𝑥𝑥 (f) (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 )2 (g)
1−2𝑥𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(a) 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (3𝑥𝑥) = 3 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 2 2 𝑑𝑑 2 2
(b) 𝑒𝑒 1−𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 1−𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒𝑒 1−𝑥𝑥 (−2𝑥𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 1−𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(c) 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥 (sin 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝑥𝑥 . cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(d) 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (3) + 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥)
= (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(e) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 sin 3𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 sin 3𝑥𝑥 + sin 3𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 cos 3𝑥𝑥 (3) + sin 3𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 (2)
= (3 cos 3𝑥𝑥 + 2 sin 3𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(f) (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 )2 = 2 (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 ) (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2 (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 ) (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 (−1))
= 2 (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 ) (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 )
𝑑𝑑 3𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 1 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(g) =3 �(1 − 2𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥𝑥)�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1−2𝑥𝑥 (1−2𝑥𝑥)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

3
= [(1 − 2𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 (2) − 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 (−2)]
(1−2𝑥𝑥)2
3
= [(2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 2) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ]
(1−2𝑥𝑥)2
3
= [(4 − 4𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ]
(1−2𝑥𝑥)2

12(1−𝑥𝑥)𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
=
(1−2𝑥𝑥)2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 9.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Find
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = log10 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
(c) 𝑦𝑦 = log 3 (sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ) (d) 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + ln (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥
Solution:
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥
1
= �𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥� 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
2
(b) 𝑦𝑦 = log10 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 log10 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= log10 𝑒𝑒 (𝑥𝑥 2 ) = log10 𝑒𝑒 (2𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 log10 𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(c) 𝑦𝑦 = log 3 (sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )

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𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝟏𝟏 𝑑𝑑
= log 3 𝑒𝑒 . (sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin 𝑥𝑥+ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝟏𝟏
= log 3 𝑒𝑒 . (cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )
sin 𝑥𝑥+ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
cos 𝑥𝑥+𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
= log 3 𝑒𝑒
sin 𝑥𝑥+ 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 9.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Find
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 (b) 𝑦𝑦 = log10 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
(c) 𝑦𝑦 = log 3 (sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ) (d) 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + ln (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥
Solution:
(d) 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + ln (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = sin 𝑥𝑥
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + + = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
�𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 + � = cos 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 −
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 −
𝑥𝑥
= 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 +
𝑦𝑦

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 10.
Differentiate 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑥𝑥 > 0.
Solution:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥,
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 (ln 𝑥𝑥) + ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 1 + ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑦𝑦 (1 + ln 𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 (1 + ln 𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise 8.4
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝒙𝒙.
(a) (5 + 3𝑥𝑥)𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 (b) 3𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 3 (c) 2𝑥𝑥 . log 2 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 2 +tan 3𝑥𝑥
(d) 10𝑥𝑥 . log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1) (e) (f) 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(a) (5 + 3𝑥𝑥)𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 = (5 + 3𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 (5 + 3𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
= (5 + 3𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 (−2𝑥𝑥) + 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 (3)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= (5 + 3𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 (−2) + 3 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥

= (−10 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 3) 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
= (−6𝑥𝑥 − 7) 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(b) 3 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑥 3 3𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 3𝑥𝑥 (3𝑥𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑥 3 3𝑥𝑥 ln 3
= 3𝑥𝑥 (3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 3 ln 3)
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(c) 2𝑥𝑥 . log 2 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 log 2 𝑥𝑥 + log 2 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= 2𝑥𝑥 log 2 𝑒𝑒 + log 2 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 ln 2
𝑥𝑥
1
= 2𝑥𝑥 log 2 𝑒𝑒 + log 2 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥 log 𝑒𝑒 2
𝑥𝑥
1
= 2𝑥𝑥 ( log 2 𝑒𝑒 + ln 𝑥𝑥 )
𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(d) 10𝑥𝑥 . log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1) = 10𝑥𝑥 log10 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) + log10 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) 10𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑
= 10𝑥𝑥 . . log10 𝑒𝑒 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) + log10 (𝑥𝑥 + 1) . 10𝑥𝑥 . ln 10
𝑥𝑥+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
= 10𝑥𝑥 . . log10 𝑒𝑒 + 10𝑥𝑥 . log 𝑒𝑒 10 . log10(𝑥𝑥 + 1)
𝑥𝑥+1
1
= 10𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥+1 . log10 𝑒𝑒 + ln (𝑥𝑥 + 1)�

𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 +tan 3𝑥𝑥 1 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
(e) = �𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 2 + tan 3𝑥𝑥) − (𝑥𝑥 2 + tan 3𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1
= (𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥 + sec 2 3𝑥𝑥 . 3) − (𝑥𝑥 2 + tan 3𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )
(𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )2

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1
= (2𝑥𝑥 + 3sec 2 3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + tan 3𝑥𝑥)
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
(f) 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 2
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 . ln 𝑦𝑦 + ln 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 . . + ln 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥� = 0
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 . . + ln 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 � = 0
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� + 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � = − ln 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ln 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦

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𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2. Given that 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥 , prove that −6 + 13𝑦𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Solution:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥 + sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (cos 2𝑥𝑥) (2) + sin 2𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (3)
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥𝑥) + (2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 [2 (− sin 2𝑥𝑥) (2) + 3 cos 2𝑥𝑥 (2)] + (2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥𝑥) 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (3)
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (−4 sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 6 cos 2𝑥𝑥) + 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (6 cos 2𝑥𝑥 + 9 sin 2𝑥𝑥)
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (5 sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 12 cos 2𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
−6 + 13𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (5 sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 12 cos 2𝑥𝑥) − 6 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 13 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (5 sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 12 cos 2𝑥𝑥 − 12 cos 2𝑥𝑥 − 18 sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 13 sin 2𝑥𝑥)
= 𝑒𝑒 3𝑥𝑥 (0) = 0
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3. Use logarithmic differentiation to �ind the derivative of 𝒚𝒚 with respect to 𝒙𝒙.
𝑥𝑥
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = �√𝑥𝑥� (b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 (c) 𝑦𝑦 = (ln 𝑥𝑥)ln 𝑥𝑥
Solution:
𝑥𝑥
(a) 𝑦𝑦 = �√𝑥𝑥�

Grade 12 Mathematics
P a g e | 26 Aung Pan Tine (Education Center) Saya. ANCY

1
ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln (√𝑥𝑥)𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 ln �√𝑥𝑥� = 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥
2
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥 ,
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= �𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥�
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
= �𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥�
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= 𝑦𝑦 (1 + ln 𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑥𝑥
= �√𝑥𝑥� (1 + ln 𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
(b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 . ln 𝑥𝑥
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥 ,
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= cos 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= cos 𝑥𝑥 + ln 𝑥𝑥 (− sin 𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= 𝑦𝑦 � cos 𝑥𝑥 − ln 𝑥𝑥 . sin 𝑥𝑥�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥

1
= 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 − ln 𝑥𝑥 . sin 𝑥𝑥�

(c) 𝑦𝑦 = (ln 𝑥𝑥)ln 𝑥𝑥

ln 𝑦𝑦 = ln (ln 𝑥𝑥)ln 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 . ln (ln 𝑥𝑥)
Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥 ,
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
= ln 𝑥𝑥 ln (ln 𝑥𝑥) + ln (ln 𝑥𝑥) ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1
= ln 𝑥𝑥 . ln 𝑥𝑥 + ln (ln 𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ln 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
=1. + ln (ln 𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
= 𝑦𝑦 . (1 + ln (ln 𝑥𝑥))
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
1
= (ln 𝑥𝑥)ln 𝑥𝑥 (1 + ln (ln 𝑥𝑥))
𝑥𝑥
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Grade 12 Mathematics
P a g e | 27 Aung Pan Tine (Education Center) Saya. ANCY

Grade 12 Mathematics