Name:- Sarang Ananda Kumbhar

Roll no:-36 Enrollment No:-2209650045

Chapter 04:Digital Evidence
Assignment No:04
4.1.Digital Evidences

1. What is digital evidence?

A) Any data stored or transmitted in digital form that can be used in court
B) Any handwritten document
C) Only images and videos collected from a crime scene
D) Only data found in computer hard drives

Answer: A) Any data stored or transmitted in digital form that can be used in court

2. Which of the following is NOT an example of digital evidence?

A) Emails
B) Hard drive data
C) Handwritten notes
D) Network logs

Answer: C) Handwritten notes

3. What is the primary challenge of using digital evidence in court?

A) It is difficult to store
B) It can be easily altered or tampered with
C) It is not considered reliable evidence
D) It is always encrypted

Answer: B) It can be easily altered or tampered with

4. What is the most important factor for digital evidence to be admissible in

court?

A) It must be stored in a cloud server

B) It must be legally obtained and preserved
C) It must be printed on paper
D) It must be encrypted before collection
Answer: B) It must be legally obtained and preserved

5. Which of the following is an example of volatile digital evidence?

A) RAM data
B) Hard drive files
C) USB flash drive content
D) Cloud storage backups

Answer: A) RAM data

6. What is the best practice for collecting digital evidence?

A) Directly modifying the evidence to make it more readable

B) Creating a forensic copy of the original data
C) Deleting duplicate data to save space
D) Using unverified tools to extract data

Answer: B) Creating a forensic copy of the original data

7. What does the "Chain of Custody" refer to in digital forensics?

A) The process of encrypting digital evidence

B) The record of handling and movement of evidence
C) The software used for analyzing digital evidence
D) The method of permanently deleting evidence

Answer: B) The record of handling and movement of evidence

8. Which of the following is a non-volatile form of digital evidence?

A) RAM data
B) Browser cache
C) Hard drive data
D) Running processes

Answer: C) Hard drive data

9. Which of the following is NOT a valid source of digital evidence?

A) Social media posts
B) USB flash drives
C) Telephone call transcripts
D) Password-protected files

Answer: C) Telephone call transcripts

10. Digital evidence should always be:

A) Collected without a warrant

B) Verified for integrity using hash values
C) Modified to fit the case
D) Stored in multiple locations without encryption

Answer: B) Verified for integrity using hash values

11. What is hashing used for in digital forensics?

A) Encrypting data to protect evidence

B) Creating an exact duplicate of digital evidence
C) Verifying the integrity of digital evidence
D) Speeding up the forensic process

Answer: C) Verifying the integrity of digital evidence

12. What type of digital evidence is considered the most fragile?

A) Browser history
B) RAM contents
C) External hard drive data
D) Server logs

Answer: B) RAM contents

13. What is an example of embedded digital evidence?

A) Hidden metadata in a digital photo

B) A video file on a hard drive
C) A text document stored on a USB device
D) A printed email
Answer: A) Hidden metadata in a digital photo

14. What is the role of write blockers in digital forensics?

A) Preventing modification of digital evidence

B) Encrypting digital evidence
C) Speeding up the forensic process
D) Automatically organizing evidence

Answer: A) Preventing modification of digital evidence

15. What is the main purpose of forensic imaging?

A) To create an exact copy of a digital storage device

B) To modify the evidence for easy readability
C) To delete unnecessary files from evidence
D) To change the format of digital evidence

Answer: A) To create an exact copy of a digital storage device

16. What kind of digital evidence can be found on a mobile phone?

A) Call logs
B) SMS messages
C) GPS location data
D) All of the above

Answer: D) All of the above

17. What is the most common file system used in Windows computers for
storing digital evidence?

A) NTFS
B) ext4
C) HFS+
D) FAT16

Answer: A) NTFS
18. What is the first step when handling digital evidence?

A) Reporting findings to the court

B) Preserving the evidence properly
C) Immediately analyzing the data
D) Modifying the files for better readability

Answer: B) Preserving the evidence properly

19. Which of the following is NOT considered a challenge in digital evidence

handling?

A) Encryption of data
B) Data volatility
C) Physical degradation of paper records
D) Jurisdictional issues

Answer: C) Physical degradation of paper records

20. What is metadata in digital evidence?

A) A summary of digital data

B) Data that describes other data, such as timestamps
C) A type of encrypted file
D) A form of deleted data

Answer: B) Data that describes other data, such as timestamps

21. What tool is commonly used for analyzing digital evidence?

A) FTK (Forensic Toolkit)

B) Microsoft Word
C) AutoCAD
D) Photoshop

Answer: A) FTK (Forensic Toolkit)

22. Why should investigators avoid working on original digital evidence?

A) To protect their own security

B) To prevent accidental alteration of the evidence
C) To speed up the forensic process
D) To make the evidence more readable

Answer: B) To prevent accidental alteration of the evidence

23. What is the biggest legal concern with digital evidence?

A) The cost of forensic software

B) The possibility of it being altered or fabricated
C) The difficulty of presenting it in court
D) The large storage size of digital evidence

Answer: B) The possibility of it being altered or fabricated

24. What is log file analysis used for in digital forensics?

A) Tracking user activity on a system

B) Encrypting sensitive data
C) Deleting unnecessary data
D) Formatting digital evidence

Answer: A) Tracking user activity on a system

25. What is an example of network-based digital evidence?

A) Browser history
B) Firewall logs
C) Recycle bin data
D) USB file transfers

Answer: B) Firewall logs

26. Why is cloud forensics challenging?

A) Data ownership and jurisdiction issues

B) Lack of digital evidence in cloud storage
C) Inability to collect data remotely
D) No laws governing cloud-based evidence

Answer: A) Data ownership and jurisdiction issues

27. What is the importance of timestamps in digital evidence?

A) They provide details on when files were created, modified, or accessed

B) They encrypt the evidence
C) They make the forensic process faster
D) They remove sensitive data from a file

Answer: A) They provide details on when files were created, modified, or accessed

28. What does a forensic examiner do if digital evidence is encrypted?

A) Use decryption techniques to access the data

B) Ignore the encrypted files
C) Modify the encryption settings
D) Delete the encrypted files

Answer: A) Use decryption techniques to access the data

29. Which standard governs digital evidence handling?

A) ISO 27037
B) GDPR
C) HIPAA
D) PCI DSS

Answer: A) ISO 27037

30. What is a digital signature in forensic investigations?

A) A cryptographic method to verify file authenticity

B) A type of handwritten document
C) A password used for accessing forensic tools
D) A deleted file that is recovered

Answer: A) A cryptographic method to verify file authenticity

4.2.Rules of Digital Evidences

1. What is the primary rule for digital evidence to be admissible in court?

A) It must be in a physical format

B) It must be relevant, authentic, and legally obtained
C) It must be encrypted
D) It must be printed and signed by a witness

Answer: B) It must be relevant, authentic, and legally obtained

2. The chain of custody for digital evidence refers to:

A) The encryption process of digital files

B) The record of handling, storage, and transfer of evidence
C) The physical storage location of digital evidence
D) The method used to delete digital evidence after a trial

Answer: B) The record of handling, storage, and transfer of evidence

3. Why is hashing important in handling digital evidence?

A) It helps in compressing large digital files

B) It prevents unauthorized access to digital evidence
C) It ensures the integrity of digital evidence by verifying that it has not been altered
D) It automatically categorizes digital evidence

Answer: C) It ensures the integrity of digital evidence by verifying that it has not been
altered

4. Which international standard provides guidelines for digital evidence

handling?

A) ISO 27001
B) ISO 9001
C) ISO 27037
D) ISO 14000

Answer: C) ISO 27037

5. What does the Best Evidence Rule state regarding digital evidence?
A) Only original digital evidence or an exact copy should be used in court
B) Digital evidence is only admissible if printed
C) Handwritten notes are superior to digital evidence
D) Only encrypted evidence is allowed in court

Answer: A) Only original digital evidence or an exact copy should be used in court

6. Which of the following is a major challenge in the legal acceptance of digital

evidence?

A) Digital evidence cannot be copied

B) Digital evidence is difficult to modify
C) Digital evidence can be easily altered or deleted
D) Digital evidence cannot be transferred

Answer: C) Digital evidence can be easily altered or deleted

7. In the Daubert Standard, what is required for digital evidence to be

admissible?

A) The evidence must be stored in a cloud database

B) The forensic method used must be scientifically tested and widely accepted
C) The evidence must be printed on paper
D) The evidence must be more than five years old

Answer: B) The forensic method used must be scientifically tested and widely accepted

8. What should be done if a forensic investigator finds digital evidence that is

beyond the scope of a search warrant?

A) Use the evidence immediately

B) Ignore it and continue the investigation
C) Stop and obtain legal authorization before using the evidence
D) Modify the evidence to fit within the warrant’s scope

Answer: C) Stop and obtain legal authorization before using the evidence

9. The Hearsay Rule in digital evidence means that:

A) Only audio recordings are considered as evidence

B) Any digital evidence without a witness is inadmissible
C) Digital records must be authenticated and verified before being admitted in court
D) Only first-hand physical evidence is allowed in legal cases

Answer: C) Digital records must be authenticated and verified before being admitted in court

10. What is the role of forensic imaging in handling digital evidence?

A) It allows investigators to modify the evidence for better readability

B) It creates an exact copy of the digital storage without altering the original evidence
C) It permanently deletes unwanted evidence
D) It converts digital evidence into paper documents

Answer: B) It creates an exact copy of the digital storage without altering the original
evidence

4.3.Chracterestics of Digital Evidences

1. Which of the following is a key characteristic of digital evidence?

A) It is always in a physical form

B) It is easily altered or modified
C) It cannot be duplicated
D) It is immune to tampering

Answer: B) It is easily altered or modified

2. What makes digital evidence different from physical evidence?

A) It can be duplicated without degradation

B) It is visible to the naked eye
C) It does not require authentication
D) It cannot be stored for a long time

Answer: A) It can be duplicated without degradation

3. Digital evidence is considered volatile because:

A) It is always stored on removable devices

B) It cannot be recovered once deleted
C) Some forms of it, like RAM data, disappear when power is lost
D) It is difficult to analyze

Answer: C) Some forms of it, like RAM data, disappear when power is lost
4. Why is the integrity of digital evidence crucial?

A) It ensures the evidence is admissible in court

B) It allows investigators to modify data as needed
C) It makes data more readable
D) It removes unwanted information from the evidence

Answer: A) It ensures the evidence is admissible in court

5. What role does hashing play in maintaining digital evidence integrity?

A) It encrypts the evidence

B) It verifies that evidence has not been altered
C) It permanently deletes digital evidence
D) It compresses large files

Answer: B) It verifies that evidence has not been altered

6. Digital evidence must be authentic. What does this mean?

A) It should be physically signed by the forensic investigator

B) It must be proven to be unaltered and relevant to the case
C) It should be printed and stored in hard copy
D) It should always be encrypted

Answer: B) It must be proven to be unaltered and relevant to the case

7. One of the major challenges of digital evidence is:

A) It cannot be used in court

B) It is difficult to store
C) It can be altered or deleted easily
D) It does not require forensic analysis

Answer: C) It can be altered or deleted easily

8. Why is digital evidence considered fragile?

A) It takes up too much storage space
B) It can be modified or deleted without leaving visible traces
C) It requires special paper to print
D) It cannot be used for legal proceedings

Answer: B) It can be modified or deleted without leaving visible traces

9. What characteristic of digital evidence makes it difficult to determine its

origin?

A) It is easily copied and distributed

B) It is always stored in a single location
C) It does not contain metadata
D) It cannot be analyzed using forensic tools

Answer: A) It is easily copied and distributed

10. Digital evidence must be admissible in court. What are the key
requirements for admissibility?

A) Authenticity, integrity, reliability, and relevance

B) Accessibility, cost, encryption, and availability
C) Size, format, encryption, and speed
D) Anonymity, storage location, and physical form

Answer: A) Authenticity, integrity, reliability, and relevance

4.4.Chracteristics of Digital Evidences

1. Which of the following is an example of volatile digital evidence?

A) RAM data
B) Hard drive files
C) USB drive contents
D) Cloud storage backups

Answer: A) RAM data

2. Non-volatile digital evidence is defined as evidence that:

A) Disappears when power is turned off

B) Can be altered only by hackers
C) Remains stored even when the device is powered off
D) Cannot be used in court

Answer: C) Remains stored even when the device is powered off

3. Which of the following is an example of non-volatile digital evidence?

A) Cache memory
B) Hard drive files
C) Running processes in RAM
D) Temporary browser history

Answer: B) Hard drive files

4. Metadata found in digital files can be classified as which type of digital

evidence?

A) Direct evidence
B) Indirect evidence
C) Embedded evidence
D) Volatile evidence

Answer: C) Embedded evidence

5. Which of the following is an example of active digital evidence?

A) Deleted files that are recovered
B) Log files stored on a server
C) Files currently in use or open in an application
D) Data stored on an unplugged hard drive

Answer: C) Files currently in use or open in an application

6. Which type of digital evidence includes emails, text messages, and chat
logs?

A) Active evidence
B) Network-based evidence
C) Communication-based evidence
D) Volatile evidence

Answer: C) Communication-based evidence

7. Logs from firewalls and intrusion detection systems are classified as:

A) Hardware evidence
B) Software evidence
C) Network-based evidence
D) Cloud evidence

Answer: C) Network-based evidence

8. Deleted files that can be recovered using forensic tools are considered:

A) Residual digital evidence

B) Volatile digital evidence
C) Non-admissible evidence
D) Immutable evidence

Answer: A) Residual digital evidence

9. Cloud-based digital evidence can include:

A) Locally stored documents

B) Online transaction records
C) Files on a disconnected hard drive
D) Data only stored on RAM
Answer: B) Online transaction records

10. Which of the following is NOT a type of digital evidence?

A) Browser history
B) Physical crime scene photos
C) GPS location data
D) System log files

Answer: B) Physical crime scene photos

4.5.Challanges in Evidence Handling

1. What is the biggest challenge in handling digital evidence?

A) Digital evidence is difficult to store

B) Digital evidence can be easily altered or deleted
C) Digital evidence is not admissible in court
D) Digital evidence is always encrypted

Answer: B) Digital evidence can be easily altered or deleted

2. Why is maintaining the chain of custody important in digital evidence

handling?

A) To prevent unauthorized access and ensure integrity

B) To reduce the size of the digital evidence
C) To modify evidence for better presentation in court
D) To keep the evidence encrypted permanently

Answer: A) To prevent unauthorized access and ensure integrity

3. One of the major challenges in collecting digital evidence from cloud

storage is:

A) The evidence cannot be used in court

B) Data is stored in multiple locations and jurisdictions
C) Cloud storage does not contain digital evidence
D) Cloud data is not accessible to investigators

Answer: B) Data is stored in multiple locations and jurisdictions

4. What is the primary difficulty in collecting digital evidence from encrypted

devices?

A) The evidence gets corrupted during extraction

B) Investigators need decryption keys to access the data
C) Encrypted devices do not store digital evidence
D) Encryption automatically deletes all evidence

Answer: B) Investigators need decryption keys to access the data

5. Which of the following is a challenge in acquiring evidence from mobile
devices?

A) Different operating systems and security features

B) Mobile data cannot be extracted
C) Mobile devices do not contain useful digital evidence
D) Courts do not accept mobile data as evidence

Answer: A) Different operating systems and security features

6. What is a common challenge in preserving digital evidence?

A) It is difficult to create a copy of digital evidence

B) The data format changes over time, making it hard to access
C) Digital evidence does not require preservation
D) Only printed copies of digital evidence can be preserved

Answer: B) The data format changes over time, making it hard to access

7. Why is digital evidence collection from social media platforms challenging?

A) The data is publicly available, so no legal process is needed

B) Social media data can be deleted or modified at any time
C) Social media data is not considered digital evidence
D) Digital forensic tools cannot analyze social media data

Answer: B) Social media data can be deleted or modified at any time

8. What is a legal challenge in handling digital evidence?

A) Digital evidence cannot be duplicated

B) Different countries have different laws on digital evidence
C) Digital evidence is never considered reliable
D) Only physical evidence is accepted in court

Answer: B) Different countries have different laws on digital evidence

9. Which of the following is a major issue in handling volatile digital evidence?

A) It cannot be duplicated
B) It disappears when the system is powered off
C) It does not require forensic analysis
D) Volatile evidence is always stored in hard drives

Answer: B) It disappears when the system is powered off

10. What is a major risk of improper evidence handling in digital forensics?

A) It makes digital evidence easier to analyze

B) It increases the size of the digital evidence
C) It can lead to the evidence being rejected in court
D) It allows investigators to modify evidence easily

Answer: C) It can lead to the evidence being rejected in court