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6. COMS1015 Computing Components

The document outlines the fundamental components of computer design, focusing on the von Neumann architecture, including its key units such as the CPU, memory types (RAM and ROM), and auxiliary storage devices. It details the fetch-decode-execute cycle, various parallel computing configurations, and the organization of memory and data flow. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of high-performance computing resources in South Africa.

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antmadondo035
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4 views

6. COMS1015 Computing Components

The document outlines the fundamental components of computer design, focusing on the von Neumann architecture, including its key units such as the CPU, memory types (RAM and ROM), and auxiliary storage devices. It details the fetch-decode-execute cycle, various parallel computing configurations, and the organization of memory and data flow. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of high-performance computing resources in South Africa.

Uploaded by

antmadondo035
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The base components of

computer design and the way they


are structured.
CHAPTER 5
 List the components and their function
in a von Neumann machine
 Describe the fetch-decode-execute cycle of
the von Neumann machine
 Describe how computer memory is organized
and accessed
 Name and describe different auxiliary storage
devices
 Define three alternative parallel computer
configurations
Figure 5.1 The von Neumann architecture
Memory
A collection of cells,
each with a unique
physical address; both
addresses and
contents are in
binary
 Performs basic arithmetic operations such as
adding
 Performs logical operations such as AND, OR,
and NOT
 Most modern ALUs have a small amount of
special storage units called registers

6
Input Unit
A device through which data and programs
from the outside world are entered into the
computer;

Output unit
A device through which results stored in the
computer memory are made available to the
outside world

7
Control unit
The organizing force in the computer
Instruction register (IR)
Contains the instruction that is being
executed
Program counter (PC)
Contains the address of the next instruction to
be executed
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
ALU and the control unit.

8
Bus
A set of wires that connect all major sections

Figure 5.2 Data flow through a von Neumann architecture

9
Figure 5.3 The Fetch-Execute Cycle
Replace A by A+1. Branch if A<0 to instruction
00110: Instruction Register Program Counter
Fetch
IfTest<0
Add A
+1
TRUE… 01010
01100
01110
10000
00110

 00110 … ... ...

01000 Get A
00110 ...
 00111 ...
 01010 Add 1 to A 01000
01001
Get
A
 01100 Test A<0 01010 Add
01011 +1
 01110 If True, go to 01100 Test

00110 01101
01110
<0
If TRUE
 10000 … 01111 branch 00110
10000 ...
... ...
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory in which each location can be
accessed and changed

Read Only Memory (ROM)


Memory in which each location can be
accessed but not changed

RAM is volatile, ROM is not

13
Figure 5.5 The organization of a magnetic disk
Seek time
Time it takes for read/write head to be over
right track
Latency
Time it takes for sector to be in position
Access time
Total time required to obtain data
Transfer rate
Rate at which data is transferred to internal
memory.

15
CD
A compact disk that uses a laser to read information
stored optically on a plastic disk; data is evenly
distributed around track
CD-ROM read-only memory
CD-DA digital audio
CD-WORM write once, read many
CD - RW or RAM both read from and written to
DVD
Digital Versatile Disk, used for storing audio and
video in particular.

16
Touch screen
A computer monitor that can respond to the
user touching the screen with a stylus or
finger
There are several types
◦ Resistive
◦ Capacitive
◦ Infrared
◦ Surface acoustic wave (SAW)

17
Idea is to speed up the execution of large jobs
based on design rather than processor speed.
There are four approaches to this:
 Bit level
Manipulate bigger words in each process;
 Instruction level
Instructions done in parallel rather than
sequentially,
Superscalar is one CPU with multiple
resources;
 Data Level
Execute instruction blocks on multiple data
sets at the same time,
Different ALUs do the same instructions on
multiple data sets – SIMD;

Task level
Distribute tasks between different processors.
One approach to data level parallelism is to have
multiple processors apply the same program to
multiple data sets

Figure 5.7 Processors in a synchronous computing environment

20
Arranges processors in tandem, where each
processor contributes one part to an overall
computation

Figure 5.8 Processors in a pipeline

21
Communicate through shared memory

Figure 5.9 Shared memory configuration of processors

22
 South Africa has a well-equipped central
resource with high end computers – top 500.
 Centre for High Performance Computing
www.chpc.ac.za
◦ SUN Constellation System: 2000 8-core processing
units, 400 terabytes, state of the art water cooling
system;
◦ Training courses;
◦ Technical support;
◦ Access through high speed links;
◦ Flagship projects – Computational Imaging and
Remote Sensing (Wits).

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