Answers

1. Data :- Data is a raw and unorganized fact that required to be processed to make it meaningful. Data
can be simple at the same time unorganized unless it is organized. Generally, data comprises facts,
observations, perceptions numbers, characters, symbols, image, etc.

Information :- Information is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way according to the
given requirement. Information is processed, structured, or presented in a given context to make it
meaningful and useful.

Data Information
➢ Data is used us input for the computer ➢ Information is the output of the data
System after processing
➢ Data is unprocessed colletion of fact and ➢ Information is processed data
figure
➢ Data is not depend on Information and ➢ Information depends on data and without
data is not specify data information can’t be processed.
Information is specific
➢ Data doesn’t carry a meaning ➢ Information must carry a logical meaning
➢ Data is row ➢ Information is analyzed
➢ Data is a single unit ➢ Information is a group of data which
carries news and meaning
➢ Data is based on observation and records ➢ Information is reliable aa s proper
analysis and information is convert data
into information by the researchers

2. A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a
computer system.

Example:
A simple database for a school management:
• Students (Name, ID, Grade)
• Teachers (Name, ID, Subject)
• Classes (Class Name, Room, Time)

3.
• Provides security and removes redundancy
• Self-describing nature of a database system
• Insulation between programs and data abstraction
• Support of multiple views of the data
• Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
• DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables
• DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and manipulate data in
parallel.
4. Hierarchical Model :-

In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is Stored

Network Model :-

The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to address the
need to model more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In
this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.

Relational model :-

Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. This model is
based on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed
structures and manipulated using SQL

1|Page
 Object-Oriented Model :-

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure which is called classes
which display data within it. It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data
members values and operations.

5.
• DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data
• DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same
data
• Uniform administration procedures for data
• A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently
• Offers Data Integrity and Security
• The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against prohibited access
to data.
• A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one user can access
the same data at a time
• Reduced Application Development Time

6.
• Buffer management
• Stored data manager
• DDL compiler
• Interactive query interface
• Query compiler
• Query optimizer
• Pre-compiler
• Runtime database processor
• System catalog
• Concurrency control system
• Backup and recovery system

2|Page
❖ System Catalog :-

A system catalog is a detailed directory within a database that stores important information about
its structure and objects, such as tables, views, and indexes. It helps the database manage data
effectively, facilitates quick queries, and maintains security by tracking user access and permissions.
Essentially, it acts like a library's card catalog, providing essential details about where to find and
how to access the data in the database.

❖ Query Compiler :-
A query compiler in a Database Management System (DBMS) transforms SQL queries into
executable plans for data retrieval. It involves several key steps:

Parsing: Checks the query for syntax errors and creates a parse tree.
Analysis: Validates the query by ensuring tables and fields exist and checking permissions.
Optimization: Determines the most efficient way to execute the query, considering different strategies.
Plan Generation: Produces a detailed execution plan outlining the steps the DBMS will follow.

❖ Stored data manager :-

Stores Data: It decides how and where data is saved on devices like hard drives.
Retrieves Data: When you request information, it quickly finds and delivers it to you.
Keeps Data Safe: It ensures that the data stays accurate and consistent, checking for any errors.
Backs Up Data: It creates copies of your data so you don’t lose it if something goes wrong.
Protects Data: It keeps your data secure by making sure only authorized users can access it.

The SDM is crucial for making sure that data is stored properly, accessed quickly, and kept safe and
secure.

7. A database helps an organization by keeping all information in one place, reducing errors, and
making it easy to find and share data. It improves decision-making, keeps sensitive info secure, saves time
through automation, and grows with the business. Overall, it makes work more organized, efficient, and
reliable.

Example:
Imagine a hospital without a database — patient records are on paper, and nurses waste time
searching for files. With a database, doctors and staff can instantly see a patient’s medical history,
medications, and test results, leading to faster, safer care

3|Page
8. DBMS architecture helps in design, development, implementation, and maintenance of a database.

1 tier Architecture

The simplest of Database Architecture are 1 tier where the Client, Server, and Database all reside on
the same machine

2 tier Architecture

If the architecture of DBMS is 2-tier, then it must have an application through which the DBMS can
be accessed.

3-tier Architecture

A 3-tier architecture separates its tiers from each other based on the complexity of the users and
how they use the data present in the database. It is the most widely used architecture to design a
DBMS.

Reference :- https://www.perfmatrix.com/software-architecture-and-its-types/

4|Page