CN 1shortanswerquestion
CN 1shortanswerquestion
MODELS
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
14. Define MAN.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a network that covers a city or a large campus.
15. What is topology?
Topology refers to the arrangement of devices and cables in a network.
16. What is meant by data representation?
Data representation means displaying or encoding data in formats like text, numbers, audio, and video.
17. List layers of TCP/IP model.
Application
Transport
Internet
Network Access (Link layer)
Dial-up
DSL
Cable
Fiber optic
Satellite
Mobile data (3G, 4G, 5G)
Accuracy
Timeliness
Flow control is a mechanism to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver with too much data
too quickly.
Character Count
Flag Bytes with Byte Stuffing
Starting and Ending Flags with Bit Stuffing
Physical Layer Coding Violations
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): Divides time into slots assigned to users.
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): Divides bandwidth into frequency bands assigned to
users.
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Message Switching
Station (STA)
Access Point (AP)
Basic Service Set (BSS)
Extended Service Set (ESS)
Distribution System (DS)
Master
Slave
Piconet
Scatternet
Routing of packets
Logical addressing
Packet forwarding
Fragmentation and reassembly
Congestion control
Addressing
Routing
Packet forwarding
Fragmentation
Inter-networking
Flow control manages data transmission speed between sender and receiver.
Error control ensures data is delivered accurately and retransmits corrupted packets.
6. What is an IP address?
An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to each device on a network for communication.
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D (Multicast)
Class E (Experimental)
8. Define masking:
Masking uses a subnet mask to extract the network portion of an IP address.
Agent Discovery
Registration
Tunneling
Unicast
Multicast
Anycast
Process-to-process communication
Segmentation and reassembly
Flow control
Error control
Connection management
Congestion control
4. Define pulling:
Pulling (or polling in some contexts) is when a client repeatedly checks or requests data from a server.
5. What is a buffer?
A buffer is a temporary storage area used to hold data while it's being transferred between two locations or
processes.
7. Define congestion:
Congestion in the transport layer occurs when too much data is sent too quickly, overwhelming the network
resources and causing packet loss or delays.
8. List transport layer protocols:
Process-to-process communication
Low overhead data transfer
Multiplexing and demultiplexing
Suitable for real-time applications