SHARDA SCHOOL OF NURSING SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

ASSIGNMENT
ON
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

DR. NITIKA THAKUR VARSHA SINGH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MSC. NURSING 2ND YEAR
CHILD HEALTH NURSING 2023308897

SUBMISSION DATE-
INTRODUCTION OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The Organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian’s aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in
order to lessen the impact of the disasters is the Disaster Management.

MEANING:
Disaster means that any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life
or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant and extraordinary
response from outside the affected community or area (WHO 1995)
DEFINITION:
Disaster is any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or
deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected community or area.
TYPES OF DISASTER
 Natural Disaster
 Man made Disaster
NATURAL DISASTERS
Include droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, forest fires, landslides and mudslides, blizzards,
hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and volcanic disruptions.
MAN-MADE DISASTER
Includes hazardous substance accidents (e.g., chemicals, toxic gases), radiologic accidents, dam
failures, resource shortage (e.g., food, electricity and water), structural fire and explosions and
domestic disturbances (e.g.. terrorism, bombing and riots), Bioterrorism. Explosions Fires, Toxic
materials, Pollution, Civil unrest (e.g., riots, demonstrations), Terrorists' attacks
Throughout history natural and man-made disasters have disrupted food and water supplies and.
salutation causing communicable diseases, injury, illness and death.
Major natural disasters:
 Flood
 Cyclone
 Drought
 Earthquake
Minor natural disasters:
 Cold wave
 Thunderstorms
 Heat waves
  Mud slides
Major manmade disaster:
 Setting of fires
 Epidemic
 Deforestation
 Pollution due to prawn cultivation
 Chemical pollution.
 Wars
Minor manmade disaster:
 Road/ train accidents, riots
 Food poisoning
 Industrial disaster/ crisis
 Environmental pollution

Aspects of Disaster Management

The International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies defines disaster
management as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all the humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and
recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters .

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Grab and Eng 1995)

1.Prevent the occurrence of the disaster whenever possible.

2. Minimize the number of casualties if the disaster cannot be prevented.
3. Prevent further casualties from occurring after the initial impact of the disaster.
4. Rescue the victims.
5. Provide first aid to the injured.
6. Evacuate the injured to medical facilities.
7. Provide definitive medical care.
8. Promote reconstruction of lives.
Epidemiology
DISASTER AGENT
Primary agents include falling buildings, heat, wind, rising water and smoke.
Secondary agents include bacteria and viruses that produce contamination or infection after the
primary agent has caused injury or destruction.
HOST

Human kind.

Age, sex, immunization status, pre-existing health, degree of mobility, emotional stability,

ENVIRONMENT

 PHYSICAL FACTORS include the weather conditions, availability of food and water
and the functioning of utilities such as electricity and telephone service.

 CHEMICAL FACTOR includes leakage of stored chemicals into the air, soil, ground
water or food supplies.

 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS include contaminated water, improper waste disposal, insect

or rodent proliferation, improper food storage, or lack of refrigeration owing to
interrupted electrical services.
  SOCIAL FACTORS are those that contribute to the individual's social support systems,
loss of family members, changes in roles, religious beliefs, social factors to be examine
after disaster.

 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS distress of victim to the disaster site.

PHASES OF A DISASTER
Pre-Impact Phase:
It is the initial phase of the disaster, warning is given prior to the actual occurrence, Emergency
centers are opened Communication, radio and television, community must be educated.
Impact Phase:
This occurs at the time of disaster; The impact phase continues until the threat of further
destructions has passed and the emergency plan is in effect. Emergency Operation Center (EOC)
has been established. Physical and psychological support
Post impact Phase:
Recovery beings during the emergency phase and end with the return of normal community
order and functioning. For persons in then impact area this phase may last a lifetime (e.g.,
victims of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima).
What is Disaster Management?

 Preparedness -- activities prior to a disaster.

Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
 Response -- activities during a disaster.
Examples: public warning systems; emergency operations; search and rescue.
 Recovery -- activities following a disaster.
Examples: temporary housing; claims processing and grants; long-term medical care and
counseling.
 Mitigation-activities that reduce the effects of disasters.
Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
Phase 1: Mitigation
Meaning: To prevent future emergencies and take steps to minimize their effects
The mitigation phase occurs before a disaster takes place. Here, an organization will take steps
property, while also decreasing risks and consequences from a given disaster situation. The org
reduce vulnerability to disaster impacts (such as property damage, injuries, and loss of life).
Examples of mitigation may can include measures such as:
Clearing space around buildings to create a defensible space against fires
Adding levees or improving property drainage to protect from flooding
Securing furniture to floors and walls to help prevent damage/injuries during earthquakes
Re-locating structures to less disaster-prone areas
Phase 2: PREPAREDNESS:

PERSONAL PREPAREDNESS: Stress and conflict among disaster workers.

PROFESSIONAL PREPAREDNESS: License, Equipment, Personal
equipment, such as a Stethoscope, a flashlight and extra batteries, Cash, Warm clothing and a
heavy jacket (or weather- appropriate clothing), Record-keeping materials, Pocket-sized
reference books
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS: Participation.
Role in preparedness:

1. Within the employing organization: Help initiate or update the disaster

plan, provide educational programs and material regarding disasters specific to the area, and
organize disaster drills.
2. Community health nurse: Provide an updated record of vulnerable
populations within the community. Individualized strategies should be reviewed, including the
availability of specific resources, in the event of an emergency.
3. Leader: An intimate knowledge of the institution and familiarity with the individuals who
work there. Persons with disaster management training, and especially those who have served on
"real" disasters, make valuable members of any preparedness team as well
As a community advocate: Should always seek to keep a safe environment. Recalling that
disasters are not only natural but also man- made, the nurse in the community has an obligation
to assess for and report environmental health hazards.
5. Others:
a. What community resources will be available after a disaster strikes and most important
b. How the community will work together
c. What "should" occur before, during, and after the response and his or her role within the plan.
d. Community health nurse who seeks greater involvement or a more in- depth understanding of
disaster management can become involved in any number of community organizations that are
part of the official response team, such as the Red Cross, Salvation Army, or Emergency Medical
System/ Ambulance Corps.
Phase 3:RESPONSE
It includes community assessment, case finding and referring, prevention, health education,
surveillance, and working with aggregates. Local and regional emergency and public health
resources can be readjusted as assessment reports continue to come in.
1.SHELTER MANAGEMENT
Responsibility of the local Red Cross, building of "tent cities"
Assessing and referring, ensuring medical needs, providing first aid, serving meals, keeping
patient records, ensuring emergency communications and transportation, and providing a
safe environment.
Phase 4:Recovery:Meaning: To rebuild after a disaster in an effort to return operations back to
normal
The recovery phase takes place after a disaster. This phase is the restoration of an organization
following any impacts froe a disaster. By this time, the organization has achieved at least some
degree of physical, environmental, economic and social stability.
The recovery phase of a disaster can last anywhere from six months to a year (or even longer
depending on the severity of the incident).
An example of recovery is creating strategic protocols and action plans to address the most
serious impacts of a disaster The protocols should give clear steps to follow for various disaster
events and cover multiple scenarios.
For example, a flood protocol could include:
The organization's internal plan to mitigate the effects of water (fan deployment, etc.)
The preferred water remediation service and their contact information
If that vendor is unavailable, secondary and tertiary services to contact
DISASTER MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
o Chairman, Medical superintendent/ Director
o Additional Medical Superintendent
o Nursing Superintendent/ Chief Nursing Officer
o Chief medical officer (casualty)
o Head of departments- surgery, medicine, orthopedics, radiology,
o anesthesiology, neurosurgery
o Blood bank in charge
o Security officers
o Transport officer
o Sanitary personnel
MULTIDISCIPLINARY DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM

o Physician
o Surgeon
o Orthopedics
o Nurses
o Fire Service
o Police
o Politician,
o Safety Officer
 o Chaplains
o NGOS.
o Multi-Disciplinary Team
QUALITIES OF A NURSE WORKING IN DISASTERS
•Cooperation
•Commitment
•Coordination
•Control
•Value of human life
•Gentleness and devotion
•Strength
•Trust
•Interdependence and Team spirit
•Accept Self criticism
•Toughness & Sensitivity
•Leadership
ROLE OF NURSING IN DISASTERS
Residential
Disaster preparedness, including risk assessment and multi-disciplinary management
strategies at all system levels, is critical to the delivery of effective responses to the short,
medium, and long term health needs of a disaster-stricken population.
ROLE OF A NURSE IN DISASTER MITIGATION
Diagnose Community Disaster Threats
Determine actual and potential disaster threats
Preventive measures is been taken care of
Is there collabative activities are undertaken
Are the people aware about
Community preparedness.
Diagnose community disaster threats.

Activation of disaster management plans

 "Failure to plan is planning to fail".

 Develop a standard operating procedure

 Reception area-Disaster control room.

 Triage system

 Documentation at control room

 Public relation

 Crowd management
NURSES' TASK IN DISASTERS IMPACT

 Determine magnitude of the event

 Define health needs of the affected groups
 Establish priorities
 Identify actual and potential public health problems
 Determine resources needed to respond
 Collaborate with other professional disciplines, governmental and non-governmental
agencies
 Maintain a unified chain of command,
 Communication
 Determine the actual and potential disaster threats.
 effectiveness of Community based disaster plan
 Community awareness
 Community participation
MENTAL WELLNESS
In any major disaster, people want to know where their loved ones are?
In case of loss, people need to mourn:
Give them space,
Find family friends or local healers to encourage and support
Most are back to normal within 2 weeks
About1% to 3%, may need additional help
Little attention is paid to the children
Listen attentively to children without denying their feelings
Give easy-to-understand answers to their questions
In the shelter, create an environment in which children can feel safe and secure (e.g. play area)
TRIAGE (categorizing)

•Red - Most urgent, first priority

•Yellow - Urgent, second priority
• Green - Third priority
• Black - Dying or dead
WHY IS DISASTER TRIAGE NEEDED
Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of their severity of injuries and
likelihood of their survival with prompt medical interventions.

ADVANTAGES OF TRIAGE

 Helps to bring order and organization to a chaotic scene.

 It identifies and provides care to those who are in greatest need
 Helps make the difficult decisions easier
 Assure that resources are used in the most effective manner
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India,
is the apex body for Disaster Management in India. Setting up of NDMA and the creation of an
enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the State and District levels is mandated by
the Disaster Management Act, 2005. NDMA is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and
guidelines for Disaster Management. India envisions the development of an ethos of Prevention,
Mitigation, Preparedness and Response.
The Indian government strives to promote a national resolve to mitigate the damage and
destruction caused by natural and man-made disasters, through sustained and collective efforts of
all Government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations and People’s participation. This is
planned to be accomplished by adopting a Technology-Driven, Pro-Active, Multi-Hazard and
Multi-Sectoral strategy for building a Safer, Disaster Resilient and Dynamic India.
The NDMA Logo reflects the aspirations of this National Vision, of empowering all stakeholders
to improve the effectiveness of Disaster Management in India. NDMA has 5 major divisions viz.
Policy & Plans, Mitigation , Operations & Communications & Information & Technology ,
Administration and Finance.
SUMMARY
Emergency management, also referred to as disaster management, means preparing for potential
calamities and responding to them as quickly, strategically and effectively as possible. Typically,
this involves following the basic disaster management cycle, which comprises five crucial stages.

CONCLUSION
A disaster prevention and recovery plan is not a substitute for the good sense, sound
management, and creativity that are required when responding to a disaster or crisis. The format
and elements of a disaster plan vary widely from the comprehensive disaster plan of a multi-
national corporation with complex legal, insurance, information, and security needs to the brief
disaster prevention and recovery guide for small organizations or departments.
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
 Srivastava A.K. Textbook, of disaster management scientific publication ;2021
 https://www.slideshare.net/RatheeshR9/disaster-managementppt-253933799
 https://www.google.com/search?q=disaster+management
 https://home.akitabox.com/blog/4-phases-of-disaster-management/