LINEAR ALGEBRA

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

MODULE 1
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES

A. Systems of Linear Equations

• A linear equation is an algebraic equation where each term has an exponent of 1 and when graphed always
results in a straight line. The equation
𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏
Where 𝑎’s are coefficients, 𝑥′𝑠 are variables and 𝑏 is the constant represents a linear equation.

• A system of linear equation is a collection of one or more linear equations involving the same variable.
Example: 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
• The solution of a linear equation is defined as the points, in which the lines represent the intersection of two
linear equations. In other words, the solution set of the systems of linear equations is the set of all possible
values to the variables that satisfies the given linear equation.

Example 1. 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
a. Multiple 2 to the 1st equation
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −3 → 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −6
b. Subtract 2nd equation to the equation derived in (a)
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −6
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
−7𝑦 = −14
c. Solve for y.
−7𝑦 = −14
𝑦=2
d. Solve for x using any of the given equations given that y is equal to 2.
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −3
𝑥 − 3(2) = −3
𝑥 = −3 + 6
𝑥=3

Example 2. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = −12
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −5
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1

Prepared by: Priscaly Ann O. Castillo

 LINEAR ALGEBRA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MODULE 1
Note:
• A linear system is said to be consistent if it has either one or infinitely many solutions.
• A linear system is inconsistent if it has no solution.
• If b1 =b2=…=bn= 0, then the linear system is called a homogeneous system.
• The solution x1 =x2=…=xn= 0 to a homogenous system is called the trivial solution.

EXERCISES. Solve the following systems of linear equations.

1. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 4 5. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 14
2. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10
6. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −11
3. 𝑧 = 4 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3
3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7 −𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −6
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = −5
7. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
4. 𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 6 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =4
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1

B. Matrices

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers denoted by;

If a matrix 𝐴 has 𝒎 rows and 𝒏 columns, we say that 𝐴 is an 𝑚 by 𝑛 matrix (written 𝑚 × 𝑛). Then, the matrix
below is a 3x4 matrix. If 𝑚 = 𝑛, we say that 𝐴 is a square matrix of order n.

Prepared by: Priscaly Ann O. Castillo

 LINEAR ALGEBRA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MODULE 1

C. Matrix Operations
1. Matrix Addition
If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] are both 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices, then the sum 𝐴 + 𝐵 is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix 𝐶 = [𝑐𝑖𝑗 ].
Thus, 𝐴 + 𝐵 is a matrix whose element is the sum of the corresponding elements of matrix 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵.

Example:

2. Matrix Subtraction
If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then we define 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + (−𝐵)
Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 2 x 2. Then, the difference is given by:

Example:

Prepared by: Priscaly Ann O. Castillo

 LINEAR ALGEBRA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MODULE 1
3. Scalar Multiplication
The term scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix. In scalar multiplication,
each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the given scalar.

4. Matrix Multiplication
If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] is an 𝑛 × 𝑝 matrix, then the product of 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶 =
[𝑐𝑖𝑗 ] , is an 𝑚 × 𝑝 matrix defined by

𝑐𝑖𝑗 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖1 𝑏1𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝑏2𝑗 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑛𝑗 𝑖 = 1,2, … 𝑚

𝑗 = 1,2, … 𝑝

Note that 𝐴𝐵 is defined only when the number of columns of 𝐴 is the same as the rows of 𝐵. We also
observe that the (i,j) entry in 𝐶 is obtained by using the ith row of 𝐴 and the jth column of B.

Example:

EXERCISES: Solve the following using the matrices below.

1 3 0 0 1 −2
𝐴=[ 2 4 1] 𝐵 = [1 0 3]
−1 2 −2 1 1 2
1. 𝐴+𝐵
2. 𝐴−𝐶
3. 𝐴𝐵
4. 2(𝐴𝐵)

Prepared by: Priscaly Ann O. Castillo

 LINEAR ALGEBRA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MODULE 1
D. Properties of Matrix Operation
1. Properties of Matrix Addition

2. Properties of Matrix Multiplication

3. Properties of Scalar Multiplication

If 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 are real numbers and 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are matrices, the;

a. 𝑟(𝑠𝐴) = (𝑟𝑠)𝐴
b. (𝑟 + 𝑠)𝐴 = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑠𝐴
c. 𝑟(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑟𝐴 + 𝑟𝐵
d. 𝐴(𝑟𝐵) = 𝑟(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑟𝐴)𝐵

E. Transpose of a Matrix
𝑇
If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, then the transpose of 𝐴 , 𝐴𝑇 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is the 𝑛 × 𝑚 matrix defined by
𝑇
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . Thus, the transpose of 𝐴 is obtained from 𝐴 by interchanging the rows and columns of 𝐴.

Example:
1 −3
1 2 −1
𝐴=[ ] and 𝐴𝑇 = [ 2 2]
−3 2 7
−1 7

Prepared by: Priscaly Ann O. Castillo

 LINEAR ALGEBRA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MODULE 1
F. Properties of Transpose
If 𝑟 is a scalar and 𝐴 and 𝐵 are matrices, then
a. (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
b. (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
c. (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
d. (𝑟𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑟𝐴𝑇

G. Special Types of Matrices

1. Augmented and Coefficient Matrices
Consider the linear system;
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4
3𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 5

Augmented Coefficient
2 −1 3 4 2 −1 3
[ | ] [ ]
3 0 2 5 3 0 2

2. Diagonal Matrix, Scalar Matrix, and Identity Matrix

• An 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called a diagonal matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗. Thus, for a diagonal matrix,
the terms off the main diagonal are all zero.
• A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal.
• The scalar matrix 𝐼𝑛 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ], where 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 1 and 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, is called the 𝑛 × 𝑛 identity matrix.

1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
𝐴 = [0 2 0 ], 𝐵 = [0 2 0], 𝐼3 = [0 2 0]
0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 3
From the given matrices above, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 are diagonal matrices; 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 are scalar matrices; and
𝐼3 is the 3 × 3 identity matrix.

3. Triangular Matrix
A square matrix is said to be a triangular matrix if the elements above or below the principal diagonal are
zero, and there are of two types:
a. Upper Triangular Matrix
A square matrix [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called an upper triangular matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, when 𝑖 > 𝑗.
3 1 2
[0 4 3] is an upper triangular matrix of order 3 × 3.
0 0 6

b. Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 when i < j.
1 0 0
[2 3 0] is a lower triangular matrix of order 3 × 3.
4 5 2

4. Symmetric Matrices
A square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is called a symmetric matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all 𝑖, 𝑗 values. In simpler term matrix
A is a symmetric matrix is 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴.
1 2 3 1 2 3
𝐴 = [2 4 5] is a symmetric matrix because 𝐴𝑇 = [2 4 5]
3 5 2 3 5 2

Prepared by: Priscaly Ann O. Castillo

 LINEAR ALGEBRA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MODULE 1
5. Skew Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix is a square matrix that is equal to the negative of its transpose matrix.
Thus, in a skew-symmetric matrix, all diagonal elements are zero.

0 2 4 0 −2 −4
𝐴 = [−2 𝑇
0 3] is a skew symmetric matrix because 𝐴 = [2 0 −3]
−4 −3 0 4 3 0

Prepared by: Priscaly Ann O. Castillo